What needs to be done in apple orchards to promote production, improve quality, and ensure a bumper harvest?

With the rapid development of the apple industry in recent years, competition has become increasingly fierce. If we want to obtain good economic benefits, ensuring quality is the key, followed by output. This is very important for our apple orchards. Production management has put forward higher requirements. If you want to grow good apples, applying base fertilizer in autumn, pulling branches, and protecting leaves are the top three management tasks. If all the apple orchard management work is described in two words, these three items are timely help, and other management tasks are the icing on the cake. Therefore, today we will talk about how to do these three production management tasks well.

Proper fertilization management is the basis for promoting apple production, improving quality, and ensuring a good harvest

In fertilization management, the most important thing is to apply base fertilizer in autumn, and our fruit farmer friends also know it importance, but there are still many problems. The most common one is that the timing of fertilization cannot be grasped well. Most of them are done after the apples are picked and sold out. Even most fruit farmers only apply base fertilizer in the spring of the second year. Applying a large amount of organic fertilizer and urea in spring will cause many problems, which will affect the yield and quality and increase the difficulty of orchard management.

Before May, the growth and development of fruit trees includes budding, leaf expansion, flowering, fruit setting, and spring shoots. The nutrients they need come from the nutrients stored in the tree itself, and these nutrients are all in early autumn. The accumulation of nutrients due to backflow after growth is stopped, which is why it is important to apply base fertilizer in autumn.

Since September to October in autumn is the peak period of root growth of apple trees, a large number of growing roots and absorbing roots will be produced. Therefore, we often say that fertilizing during this period is to "feed the tree". Nutrients can be better absorbed and used; if you miss this optimal fertilization period, you will "feed the soil". If the nutrients cannot be absorbed, they will remain in the soil, causing soil acidification, salinization, hardening, etc., and you will spend money to do bad things.

For early-maturing varieties such as Gala, base fertilizer should be applied immediately after picking the apples; for mid- to late-maturing varieties such as long-branched Fuji and short-branched Fuji, strictly speaking, it should be sooner rather than later. When applying basal fertilizer in autumn, two 70-percent principles should be followed: 70% of the total fertilizer required by fruit trees throughout the year should be applied when basal fertilizer is applied in autumn; organic fertilizer should account for 70% of the total amount of basal fertilizer applied in autumn.

Top dressing management should be determined based on actual conditions. Nowadays, most experts advocate that "three nitrogens, six phosphorus, eight potassium, organically take charge in September". This is a general trend, but it is not necessarily the case. Top dressing during the growing season should be based on the growth of the branches, the load of the orchard, the amount of bagging, etc. "One fertilization per tree and one fertilization per production". Take summer fertilization as an example: If there are few fruits and long branches, water and fertilizer should be properly controlled. Fertilization should also be based on high-phosphorus compound fertilizers or water-soluble fertilizers. This will help promote flower bud differentiation and increase next year's yield. Lay the foundation; moderate fruit quantity: orchards with strong branch growth still use high-phosphorus compound fertilizers and water-soluble fertilizers; if the branches have weak growth, balanced compound fertilizers or water-soluble fertilizers should be applied; large fruit quantity: comparative fruit quantity There are many trees, and the branch growth is weak. Use balanced compound fertilizer or water-soluble fertilizer as amino acid as the main fertilizer. Add amino acids to enhance the tree vigor and promote long branches.

In short, top dressing management should be flexibly controlled based on the production situation and should not be too dogmatic.

Doing a good job in pulling branches is the key to promoting apple production, improving quality, and ensuring a good harvest

Fruit farmers often say that people’s paths are made by walking, and the flower buds of apples are pulled by pulling branches. The result shows the importance of pulling branches. It is also said that if you pull branches in spring, they will become flowers, but in autumn, there will be no buds. This means that if you want fruit trees to bear more fruit in the second year, you must pull branches before June. During this period, branches may become flowers that year. , it will bear apples in the second year; it will bloom in the autumn and bear fruit the year after that. In specific production management, branch pulling is mainly done before budding and after bagging. Pulling branches during the flowering period is prohibited. Pulling branches during the flowering period will weaken the tree vigor and affect fruit setting.

The branches of the apple tree grow twice a year. The ones before June are called spring shoots; the branches that grow after July are called autumn shoots. Fruit growers say: "Spring is treasure, autumn is firewood; spring promotes autumn and autumn controls, so the trees will not grow wild." This is because the spring shoots can form flower buds, but the autumn shoots are not full and cannot form flower buds.

Therefore, before June, a combination of promotion and control should be used, with promotion as the main focus, to encourage the fruit trees to grow branches and fruits. In places where there is no space, slivers should be controlled early.

After July and August, it is necessary to control the branches, control the early stop growth of autumn shoots, promote fruits, and protect leaves. When the autumn shoots stop growing, it is the time when the tree nutrients begin to flow back from top to bottom. In short, as a fruit-bearing tree, you must grasp a degree, that is, 30 branches will grow autumn shoots, and 70 branches will not grow autumn shoots. This is a degree. If you control this degree, the apple tree will be well managed.

There are three main functions of pulling branches in autumn: improving nutrient return: By pulling branches in autumn, the level of nutrient return to the tree can be improved. If the autumn shoots stop growing early, nutrients will flow back early and more nutrients will be accumulated, which can provide a nutrient foundation for the growth and development of fruit trees next year. Improve the quality of the flower buds of the current year: The flower buds that bear fruit in the second year will begin to differentiate in May of that year until the morphological differentiation period in September and October. If there is a lack of nutrients and incomplete differentiation, they will turn into leaf buds in the second year. Since pulling branches in autumn promotes the return of nutrients, it can provide sufficient nutrients for the differentiation of flower buds, which can promote the morphological differentiation of flower buds. Increase the number of flowers in the second year: Although the branches in autumn will not produce flowers that year, it determines the number of flowers in the second year, and thus determines the yield in the following year.

It can be said that the first important task of summer and autumn season management is to pull branches. There is a saying that for a high apple yield, the focus is on summer management. Use less scissors and more hands. importance.

Doing a good job of protecting the leaves (preventing and controlling pests and diseases) is the guarantee for promoting apple production, improving quality, and ensuring a good harvest

If apples are compared to children, then the leaves are the mothers. If there is a problem with the leaves, the apples will not grow large and will not produce good-quality fruit. At the same time, the formation and quality of flower buds will be affected. It can be said that one year is delayed by two years. Generally speaking, after bagging in June, the focus of orchard management is to protect the leaves.

Generally speaking, the focus of disease and pest control on apple trees in a year is in the early stage, and the focus of pest control in the early stage is on clearing the garden. Fruit farmers say: "One egg broken in winter will reduce thousands of insects in summer", that's it. The truth is, if the eggs and the source of the disease are controlled, the subsequent prevention and control work will be much easier. How to clear the garden? Nothing more than hands-on work (pruning) and medication.

During the pruning process in autumn and winter, diseased branches, diseased tips, and mechanically damaged branches should be cut off and burned. In particular, fallen leaves should be buried deeply, because leaves are the most likely place to harbor leaf-falling disease germs. If it is not cleaned thoroughly, it will splash onto healthy leaves when it rains after flowering, causing widespread infection in July and August. In short, there is one thing to remember: cut off diseased branches and burn them to ashes, sweep away fallen leaves and bury them deeply.

When using pesticides to clear the garden, comprehensive prevention and control must be carried out based on the occurrence of diseases in previous years. The four key periods of pesticide use are focused on:

The first critical period (Jingzhe) After that, the temperature reaches above 10℃): This period is mainly to reduce the base of pathogenic bacteria in the orchard. The preferred agent is lime sulfur mixture. Lime sulfur mixture is a mineral-derived pesticide with low cost. It can kill bacteria, insects and eggs.

There are two things to pay attention to when using lime sulfur mixture in spring: First, pay attention to the application interval, because lime sulfur mixture is an alkaline pesticide, and most of the pink pesticides used are acidic pesticides, so the second The interval between the first application of Qingyuan and the second application during the dew red period should be 20 to 30 days. If the time interval is too short, problems may arise in acid-base neutralization. Secondly, the concentration of lime sulfur mixture used in spring should not be too high. It is recommended that The concentration is 0.8~1 baume. If the concentration is too high in spring, it will inhibit germination.

The second is to prevent powdery mildew. The bacteria of powdery mildew are hidden in the scales of leaf buds and flower buds. This period happens to be when the leaf buds and flower buds begin to sprout. Using pesticides to prevent powdery mildew can kill them. To kill pathogenic bacteria, it is recommended that the agent contain flusilazole as the active ingredient.

The main pests are scale insects and eggs of green leafhoppers and red spider mites. The recommended pesticide for scale insects and green leafhoppers is chlorpyrifos; for spider mite eggs, the recommended pesticide is etoxazole or chlorpyrifos.

In addition, urea solution 1 and potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.3~0.4 should be added to supplement the tree with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients. Since there are no leaves at this time, the spray can be sprayed thoroughly.

The second key application (when the flower dew is red at 60-70): Many diseases of apple trees are acquired during the flowering period, such as mold heart disease, fruit rot, flower rot, white silk disease, etc. Therefore, during the red dew period, it is necessary to continue to use cloconazole to prevent powdery mildew; polyantimycin to prevent fruit rot, flower rot, white silkworm, etc.

The main pests to be prevented during this period are chafers, and pesticides such as emamectin and pyrethroid pesticides can be used. What fruit farmers need to know is that only pyrethroid pesticides are effective against chafers; secondly, continue to prevent red spider eggs, Due to the low temperature during the first critical medication period, etoxazole was used, but during this period the temperature has already risen, so spirodiclofen is the best drug to use; in addition, brassin and potassium dihydrogen phosphate should be sprayed during the red dew period. , to prevent freezing damage.

The third key application of medication (one week after flowering): The main diseases to be prevented during this period are rust, which we fruit farmers also call sheep’s beard, and leaf falling disease. The recommended agent is carbendazim, which can prevent rust and early defoliation. At the same time, pyraclostrobin should be added. Such a therapeutic agent and a protective agent can have a good control effect; insect pests Mainly aphids, it is recommended to use the chemical imidacloprid.

In addition, attention should be paid to calcium supplementation during this period. Supplementing calcium for young fruits is equivalent to supplementing calcium for children as we do. Doing a good job of supplementing calcium for apples can increase yields and profits by about 20%. If calcium supplementation is not done well, the hardness, color, and storage properties of apples will be affected, and severe calcium deficiency may easily cause bitter pox and water core disease.

The fourth key medication (before bagging): only sterilization and calcium supplementation.

After bagging, medicines should be used flexibly according to the severity of early defoliation, rust, aphids, spider mites and other pests and diseases. And it also depends on the weather conditions. Generally, pests are serious in dry years and months; diseases are serious in rainy years and months, and relatively speaking, diseases are more difficult to control than insect pests. That’s why pests are easy to treat but hard to prevent. Orchard management years It is said that one should enter the industry only after one year of stable production.

In short, in the production management of apples, the first thing is to do the three tasks of fertilizing, pulling branches, and protecting leaves, and then assist with some other daily management. Then, both the yield and quality of apples will be improved. A big improvement.