What are the problems and reform measures in community management?

1. Problems in the current urban community management system in my country

(1) The community management system has a strong administrative color

Although in recent years, various regions have Cities have made a lot of efforts to reform the government-led community management system, but community management is still very administrative and lacks public participation mechanisms. On the one hand, the situation that the sub-district offices do not distinguish between government and social affairs has not changed significantly. They still bear too many administrative functions, have an excessive workload, and are often in a state of being overwhelmed. The consequence is that they have not been able to significantly reduce the burden on the government. social management burden, and failed to perform its due social management functions well, making it difficult to meet the increasingly higher material and cultural life requirements of community members. At the same time, it also failed to improve the democratic participation of the residents in social management at a deeper level. consciousness. On the other hand, as a self-governing organization of residents, the working methods of neighborhood committees also have a strong administrative color. Residents have no right to speak or choose, and they only passively accept management. Because the residents' committee is actually under the leadership of the street office, its daily work has to obey the arrangements of the street, and then it is also involved in complicated and specific affairs. This not only causes overload operation of grassroots community management and reduces management efficiency, but also goes against the original intention of the establishment of neighborhood committees. Neighborhood committees have strong administrative overtones and lack of community autonomy functions. Community residents committees are the main carrier of community autonomy. Literally, neighborhood committees only have the obligation to assist the government and do not have the administrative function of acting on behalf of government departments to exercise their powers. However, in fact, the community assumes A large number of functional jobs come from the government. Things that should be solved by the community, such as the community's economy, culture, health, leisure, entertainment, mutual aid, and security, are often too busy to take care of due to government affairs. According to the survey, the actual work content of neighborhood committees has more than 100 items in ten categories. These ten categories are: environmental sanitation, social security, property management, civil affairs assistance, family planning, dispute mediation, publicity and education, civilized compliance, and collection of payments. Charges, census. According to statistics from some neighborhood committees, in a year, neighborhood committees have as many as 158 tasks, including 118 administrative matters, accounting for 74.68% of the total. A common situation is that the autonomous functions of neighborhood committees give way to administrative functions. The administrative color of community committees is also reflected in the use of funds and personnel appointments and removals. A community with sufficient autonomy has sufficient decision-making power on its own affairs, can use community financial resources to build all aspects of the community, select and hire the personnel it needs to serve the community, develop community undertakings, and benefit community residents. But at present, the autonomy of communities is limited, and neighborhood committees are more like first-level grassroots governments. In terms of funding, community construction funds, office expenses, and community staff salaries all come from the government. The government enjoys full discretion in how much funding each community allocates each year, so the construction status of the community generally depends on the level of government funding. For the community, striving for more government funding is an important measure for its survival and development, and community workers need to receive corresponding remuneration to live. Therefore, the community is extremely dependent on the government. In terms of employment, the autonomy of the community is also limited. The government generally controls the employment rights to ensure that its various policies can be implemented smoothly in the community. In community construction, some cities began to try direct elections of community committees at the end of the 20th century, which to a certain extent changed the composition of community committees and took a gratifying step towards autonomy. Journal of Beijing Union University (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition) 2010 2 However, the direct election of community committees is still in the promotion stage, and the development of various regions is uneven and regional differences are large. Although model cities are spread across 13 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government, more than half of the provinces are still missing.

(2) The organizational structure of the community is unscientific

Under the old economic system, the organizational structure of urban grassroots communities consists of interconnected three-level organizations of district, street and residence. The government is the grassroots political organ of our country's cities, the sub-district office is the dispatched agency of the district government, and the residents' committee is the grass-roots self-governing organization under the guidance of the sub-district office. This organizational system formed in the early 1950s is a major innovation in the construction of grassroots community organizations in cities in my country. However, this organizational structure is obviously unscientific. First, there are too many street and residential organizations and they lack due authority. At the three management levels of city, district and street, the organizational structure and authority are in the shape of an "inverted pyramid", with "a thousand lines above and a needle below."

There can be more than 30 various committees, leading groups and similar temporary organizations established in a sub-district office. One office director can hold more than 20 positions, and one department has to deal with more than 20 functional departments. This greatly reduces the burden of the sub-district office. The work efficiency of the office has caused many units within the subdistrict jurisdiction to shirk and perfunctory the community work assigned by the subdistrict office, and a considerable number of residents obviously despise the subdistrict and neighborhood committee organizations. Second, social groups and intermediary social organizations are underdeveloped. In addition to street offices and neighborhood committees, in my country's urban grassroots communities, other social groups and intermediary social organizations are not only limited in number, but also lack independence. For example, in many residential areas, the main work of organizations such as community service volunteer associations, family planning associations, and senior citizens' associations are mostly performed by neighborhood committee cadres. Even autonomous organizations such as residents' committee members often become the "legs" of street offices.

(3) Irregular community management system

For a good community to function as a synergy, it must have a series of norms, systems, order and management. It is necessary not only to determine the correct way for the organization and its members to interact with each other and solve problems, but also to regulate the limits of tolerance for deviants. The shortcomings of the traditional community management system are: first, as a government administrative agency, the sub-district office has not formulated clear institutional specifications for the scope of its own administrative services and management, resulting in no or ultra vires management; second, the municipal and district-affiliated agencies in the community Government agencies and enterprises and institutions are under the leadership of their respective departments and act according to the instructions of the departments. The relationship between them and the sub-district offices lacks effective policy and legal basis, which often leads to mutual blame-shifting in community affairs; thirdly, conflicts within the community Social groups and other organizations have not formed effective codes of conduct for community members to abide by. For those who deviate from community behavior, community organizations also lack administratively or legally appropriate and effective punishment; fourthly, community management operations have not yet formed a combined supervision mechanism, and the power of relevant professional management departments is too concentrated, and they have no control over the quality of their work and some It is difficult to supervise and restrict unhealthy trends.

(4) The differentiation of different interest groups and the disharmony between the growing awareness of rights and the mechanism for expressing opinions

Marketization has given rise to the emergence of private business owners, white-collar workers, etc. who use professional differentiation as a New classes with unique characteristics and groups with similar interests are also constantly emerging and dividing. Chinese society has changed from the original binary rigid structure of "state-individual" to the flexible structure of "state-society-individual" change.

Emerging social classes and interest groups are gradually forming class and group consciousness, and contradictions and conflicts inevitably exist between different social classes and interest groups. In commercial housing communities, frictions between owners and developers and property management companies occur from time to time, and owners’ rights protection incidents are common; in old industrial communities, the employment placement and basic living security of laid-off workers are prominent issues; in urban fringe areas, municipal construction and Economic development affects and changes the production and lifestyle of local residents. In recent years, fierce conflicts caused by demolition and land acquisition have become a serious social problem; in communities where migrant workers live together, conflicts between migrant workers, local residents, and urban management departments Improper handling of relationships can lead to conflicts.

For a long time, our country has implemented "strong control" on society from two aspects: ideology and resource allocation. The traditional ways of expressing opinions are characterized by few institutionalized formal channels and single forms, and most of them are based on the system. Within the system, that is to say, only formal employees within the system have the opportunity to express their interests, and civil society lacks institutional arrangements to ease conflicts. Due to the lack of institutionalized and formalized mechanisms, residents are more inclined to adopt irrational methods such as intense emotions and emotional catharsis in expressing their interests. However, the "blocking" and "blocking" methods of power and management departments can only make conflicts more difficult. and escalation of conflict. Our government has accelerated the legal and institutional construction of this issue. For example, it has successively issued important bills and regulations such as the "Property Management Regulations" and the "Property Rights Law (Draft)" to protect the interests of owners.

2. The main reasons for the main problems existing in my country’s urban community management system

The reasons for the above problems are generally due to the fact that the whole society does not have a deep understanding of community construction. There is a lack of attention to the highly heterogeneous characteristics of urban community construction, and the important role of "community" in social development has not been truly understood. Community residents have not yet realized the transition from dependence on work units to return to the community. Community residents, society The awareness of extensive voluntary participation and involvement in community work among various units and even government departments has not yet been formed, leaving the community lacking motivation and support for construction. At the same time, since the community lacks other effective channels for funding sources in addition to relying on government investment, the potential for community development is insufficient. However, the community system is not perfect, the responsibilities are vaguely defined, the system is not implemented in place, and the development of non-governmental organizations that undertake government functions is slow, which will inevitably lead to the lag in the functional role of the community.

(1) Low awareness

First, the leadership does not pay enough attention. Although these communities already have the prototype of communities, they are very inconsistent in the handling of specific problems. They are still treated as a village in work, but they cannot enjoy the preferential policies for new rural construction in terms of treatment, and their construction and development have not caused any concern. Attention is attached great importance to it, and community work is difficult to operate. Second, residents do not have a strong sense of belonging. They are indifferent to community construction and do not provide enough support for the work of neighborhood committees. For example, the environmental sanitation of the community is in urgent need of improvement, but the neighborhood committee hires full-time cleaners and does not have special funds for the work. When charging residents for sanitation and cleaning fees, residents have great opinions and have a poor sense of cooperation. There are few contacts among residents and poor awareness of mutual aid. If a natural or man-made disaster occurs to some residents in the community, little will be collected from donation activities. It is true that "everyone sweeps the snow in front of his own door and does not care about the frost on other people's tiles."

(2) The investment is not large

First, the financial investment is not large. The work funds are small, and there is no investment in the construction of community infrastructure. It only relies on "alms" raised by the director of the neighborhood committee. Many administrative tasks are assigned to the community, which only undertakes the work but has no work funds. Second, there is little support from resident units. There is little concern for the community, little support, and poor awareness of ***'s construction in the community. The community formed a patrol team, and the security situation improved overall. However, when the neighborhood committee went to the resident unit to request support, they were stalled and rejected by them for various reasons. Because there was no work funds, the work had to be aborted.

(3) Ineffective measures.

The first is to temporarily hold the "Buddha's feet". When it comes to the construction and development of urban communities, there is the idea of ??"treating the head when it hurts and the foot when it hurts". There is neither long-term nor short-term planning. Second, there are many administrative matters. The community has become an administrative subordinate agency of the town government. It is unable to deal with daily administrative affairs and has no energy to fully consider community affairs. Third, community autonomy is not strong. Residents' rights to vote, know, participate, and supervise have not been fully implemented.

3. Solutions

(1) Clarify the functional positioning of neighborhood committees and develop multi-level and multi-form community autonomous organizations

The direct impact of unclear positioning of community neighborhood committees With the improvement of autonomy ability, the community neighborhood committee is a grassroots mass autonomous organization for residents to self-manage, self-educate, self-service and self-supervise, and is the organizer of community autonomy work. Its main functions should be to handle public affairs and public welfare undertakings in the community, and to assist the government and its dispatched agencies in doing work related to the interests of residents. Only by clarifying your position can you clarify your responsibilities. Neighborhood committees should gradually clarify their relationship with grassroots governments and their dispatched agencies, and focus their main energy on running the community's own affairs. Communities in our country are often large in scale, which affects the communication among community residents. Neighborhood committees should support and encourage the development of various autonomous groups such as owners' committees and various autonomous groups in the community. They can also encourage building-based communication to be strengthened and the establishment of autonomous organizations. The most important issue in community autonomy is the status of residents' autonomy, and neighborhood committees should play an active role in this process. Encouraging residents to organize themselves through various correlations such as interests, geography, and interests can better solve the organizational problems of the community. In addition, through various activities, neighborhood committees can also attract residents' attention, stimulate residents' enthusiasm for participation, and enhance residents' sense of belonging and identification with the community.

(2) Building a community self-governing organization system. Effective organizations are the basis for cultivating community self-governing capabilities and improving community self-governing functions.

Therefore, the important content and first priority of urban community management system reform is The first step is to rebuild the community autonomous organization system to replace the neighborhood committees under the original system.

The author recommends the establishment of a "one conference, two institutions" system: community members' representative conference, community consultation committee and community residents' committee.

(1) The community member representative assembly is the highest authority in the community. The main responsibility is to elect the community consultation committee and the community residents committee to review and decide on major issues related to the social development of the community. The community members' representative assembly is a channel for community members to express their wishes. It exercises democratic functions, has control over autonomous organizations, and is a faithful representative of the vital interests of community members.

(2) The community consultation committee is an acting standing body during the intersessions of the community members’ congress. During the intersession of the residents’ congress, it exercises deliberative, decision-making and supervisory functions on behalf of the residents’ congress and is responsible for community construction and management. Provide opinions and suggestions on major management issues. The community consultation meeting, like the community member representative assembly, is generally a social position and does not receive salary or subsidies. The members of the council are elected by the community members’ congress and are accountable to the residents’ congress.

(3) The community residents’ committee is the permanent executive body of the community members’ congress. Under the authorization and supervision of the community members’ congress and the community consultation committee, it organizes and implements the social business mechanism—effective services, Vocational and technical talents should make the best use of their talents. Vocational and technical talents assume the main tasks of the technical labor force. Modern technology is developing rapidly. If technicians want to keep up with the pace of technological development, in addition to constantly recharging themselves, vocational and technical schools should also improve the service mechanism to cultivate the skills that society needs. Starting from a high level of talent, we provide technical talents with opportunities to recharge and re-educate, so that everyone can make the most of their talents. This is also a social responsibility that vocational education cannot shirk. Under the authorization and supervision of the discussion committee, organize and implement community management, services and other matters. Implement the resolutions of the community member congress and the community consultation committee, assist the government in completing prescribed tasks, and exercise the functions of community self-management, self-service, self-education and self-supervision.

(3) Improve relevant laws and ensure that community autonomy has legal basis

According to the needs of the new situation, the current constitution and regulations must be revised as soon as possible on the basis of continuing to promote the practice of community democratic autonomy. Relevant laws, the "Urban Community Autonomy Law" should be promulgated as soon as possible to clearly and specifically stipulate the carrier of the community, the nature and status of community autonomy, the rights and obligations of community residents, the rights and obligations of community autonomous organizations, management methods and operating procedures, etc. content. Make the community carrier clear through the law, so that community organizations, government functional departments and sub-district offices can clarify their rights, obligations and functions, prevent government functional departments or sub-districts from transferring their responsibilities to the community, reduce the burden of community work, and ensure the protection of all members of the community. The true implementation of this right of autonomy enables community residents to clarify their rights and obligations and exercise their community rights of democratic election, democratic decision-making, democratic management, and democratic supervision under the protection of the law, ensuring that community autonomy has a legal basis.

(4) Prevent and channel contradictions and conflicts among various interest groups in the community, and give full play to the early warning and "safety valve" functions of grassroots communities

Social contradictions and conflicts are common in any society. inevitable social fact. Grassroots communities are not only a window to understand people's sentiments, public opinion and people's livelihood, but also an important part of the social safety net. They can prevent, channel and resolve social conflicts and are a "safety valve" for maintaining social stability.

In terms of preventing social conflicts: First, communities meet the needs of residents, expand their participation, and enhance their sense of identity and belonging to the community by providing social welfare services and creating a fair and just community environment. sense and reduce the occurrence of contradictions and conflicts from the source; secondly, the community should pay special attention to and care for some special vulnerable groups, understand their voices, find social resources for them, and solve the problems they face; thirdly, the community should vigorously develop and Support social intermediary organizations and establish formal channels for residents to express their interests to avoid the impact of disorderly, arbitrary and abnormal channel interest demands on social stability and sudden outbreaks caused by long-term suppression of interest demands. For example, the community should support, organize and assist the establishment of community owners' committees, not only as a third party to supervise the work of property companies and developers, but also as an intermediary to coordinate the relationship between owners and property and development companies.

When contradictions and conflicts arise, community organizations can act as lubricants and diluents to resolve conflicts, so as to avoid the expansion of local conflicts and reduce the impact of conflicts.

In the past, communities mostly used administrative intervention to deal with contradictions and conflicts in the community. Community social work is "bottom-up" in its working methods and methods, including organizing people to express their opinions, coordinating the interests of all parties, and assisting Relevant departments solve problems, advocate reforms, etc. Their purpose is not limited to solving problems, but also to enhance the ability of community residents and community action and increase the well-being.