The enterprises founded by the Westernization School with the slogan of "self-improvement" are:

One is to make guns, cannons and ammunition, and the other is to make ships. Several military factories and machinery bureaus established in the early days of the Westernization Movement were small in scale and poorly equipped. The military factories with single product, large scale and good equipment include Jiangnan General Manufacturing Bureau, Fuzhou Shipping Bureau and Hubei Gun Factory. Jiangnan manufacturing general bureau was founded by Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang in Tongzhi four years. It covers 65,438+06 factories, and imitates and manufactures British muzzle guns, Limmington rifles, German muskets, various cannons and armored ships. Fuzhou Shipbuilding Bureau was the main production base of Zuojian shipbuilding in Tongzhi for five years, and its shipbuilding speed was unmatched by other military factories at that time. Hubei Gun Factory was founded by Zhang Zhidong in the 15th year of Guangxu. It is mainly divided into gun factories, gun factories and bullet factories. Mainly produces small-caliber new fast guns and fast guns. However, in the process of military self-improvement, the army's military has also been reformed. The armed forces of the Qing Dynasty were divided into three grades: soldiers, brave men and soldiers. Soldiers, namely the Eight Banners and green camp, are the regular armed forces of the country, and their numbers, establishment, salaries and defense zones are customized, so they are called the national army. Courage refers to the official courage to recruit and retire afterwards. The amount, establishment and salary are not customized, but everything is customized according to the specific situation, so its quantity, equipment and status cannot be compared with the Eight Banners and green camp. Ding, that is, Tuanding scattered in urban and rural areas, belongs to an uninterrupted organization and is actually armed with half soldiers and half people. In the early years of Jiaqing, when the Qing Dynasty suppressed the Anbaili Uprising, the Eight Banners and green camp were unable to suppress it. At this time, Yingyong Armed Forces played a huge role. Therefore, when the Taiping Revolution broke out, the Qing government placed high hopes on the militia. It specially issued decrees, printed relevant documents for the reference of local officials and gentry, and appointed dozens of officials across the country to take charge of the Yong Tuan. However, due to the change of historical conditions, the expected effect has never been achieved. However, in the process of suppressing the revolution of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Yong Lian, represented by Xiang Army and Huai Army, played an unexpected role. Source: learning and popular science