Pictures of handwritten newspaper for earthquake prevention and disaster reduction

I also drew it, and I think it’s better to draw it in black and white, and don’t draw too happy.

I have information about earthquake prevention and disaster reduction here

Earthquake prevention Disaster reduction means preventing and mitigating earthquake disasters.

Earthquakes are a natural phenomenon

Earthquakes are commonly known as earthquakes. Like ordinary wind and rain, it is a common natural phenomenon and a manifestation of crustal movement, that is, the vibration of the earth's surface caused by the sudden release of slowly accumulated energy inside the earth. According to statistics, approximately 5 million earthquakes occur around the world every year. Among them, the vast majority of earthquakes are very small and cannot be detected without sensitive instruments, accounting for about 99 of the total number of earthquakes. The remaining 1 to 50,000 earthquakes will be felt by people. Under normal circumstances, earthquakes with a magnitude of 5 or above can cause damage and are customarily called destructive earthquakes. They occur about 1,000 times a year on average; strong earthquakes with a magnitude of 7 or above occur an average of 18 times a year; earthquakes with a magnitude of 8 or above occur 1-2 times a year.

Do earthquakes have precursors?

Earthquakes, like natural phenomena such as wind and rain, have precursors and can be predicted. When the stress and strain of the crust gradually accumulate and strengthen, it will cause a series of abnormal changes in physics and chemistry in the earthquake source and nearby materials. We call these abnormal changes related to the birth and occurrence of earthquakes earthquake precursors. Generally, we call the geophysical fields, chemical fields and micro-terrain deformation anomalies observed by seismic instruments as microscopic precursors, while the abnormalities displayed by animals, plants and nature are called macroscopic anomalies.

Anomalies in animals before earthquakes

The scientific reason why animals are more prophetic than humans before earthquakes is not yet completely clear, but abnormal phenomena in animals before earthquakes have long been recorded in ancient earthquake data in my country. . According to incomplete statistics, there were dozens of abnormal animals before the earthquake. They were flying in the air, running underground, and swimming in the water. People in my country's earthquake areas wrote songs to predict earthquakes based on the abnormal reactions of animals before earthquakes: Animals have warnings before earthquakes, so group monitoring and prevention are very important. Cattle, sheep, mules and horses are not allowed to enter the pen, and pigs are not allowed to eat. Dogs bite them indiscriminately. Ducks are making noise on the shore when they don't go into the water, while chickens are flying on the trees and croaking loudly. In the ice and snow, snakes come out of their holes, and big cats run away with kittens in their mouths. The rabbit jumped and bumped with its ears raised, and the fish jumped wildly toward the water. The swarms of bees are noisy, and the doves are frightened and cannot return to their nests. Every household observes and makes forecasts based on anomalies. In short, it is common for animals to have abnormalities before earthquakes, and their behaviors include: irritability, panic, restlessness, abnormal activities, not eating, not entering the pen, and some are wilted and expressionless. The time when animal abnormalities appear is mostly concentrated from a few minutes to two or three days before the earthquake, with most reactions occurring the day before the earthquake, and most concentrated in the epicenter area.

4. How long does it take for animals to have abnormalities and for an earthquake to occur? Generally speaking, the greater the magnitude of the earthquake and the closer it is to an imminent earthquake, the greater the number and type of animal abnormalities and the greater the degree of reaction. strong. The earthquake onset time is: (1) A few hours to a day before the earthquake for cattle, horses, sheep, and pigs. (2) Rats? One to five days, or even half a month before the earthquake. (3) Chicken? One to two days before the earthquake. (4) Dog? Half an hour to two days before the earthquake. (5) Snakes emerge from hibernation two to three days before the earthquake. (6) Pigeons? A few hours or even a day before the earthquake. (7) Fish? A few hours to ten days before the earthquake.

Anomalies in plants before earthquakes

Abnormalities in plants before earthquakes are related to changes in air temperature and ground temperature. The symptoms include fruit tree blooming and heavy fruiting in winter, bamboo blooming, bamboo shoots sprouting, tree trunk cracks, and premature sprouting and leaf growth. In summer, mature pumpkins bloom again, mimosa and ficus tree leaves open and close abnormally, etc.

Meteorological anomalies before the earthquake

There are many types of meteorological anomalies in the face of an earthquake, with various forms, including wind, frost, clouds, rain, hail, snow, sound, light, Electricity, air pressure, ground temperature, air temperature, drought and flood, sun and moon light phenomena, etc. are very rich.

Before the earthquake, there were blue and white flashes, red and green lights to promote earthquake prevention and disaster reduction

Belt, fireball, sheet light, strip light, columnar light, spherical light, stars falling like rain, strong wind and heavy rain, dust covering the sky Blocking out the sun, strong winds, continuous rain, thunder and lightning, hail and snow, sudden changes, sweltering heat, abnormal temperature, severe cold, sudden drop in air pressure, black air like fog, dim moonlight, dusty sky, rising fog, and ground Cracked gas rising and unpleasant odor are very common. These abnormal phenomena generally appear a few seconds, minutes or even days before an earthquake. If such an abnormality is discovered, measures should be taken immediately to prepare for earthquakes and reported to the relevant departments in a timely manner.

Abnormal groundwater before the earthquake

Earthquakes occur underground, and groundwater is buried in the stratum. Changes in stress before the earthquake cause the groundwater level to rise and fall, causing well water to bloom and bubble. , swirling, becoming muddy, making noises, changing temperature, changing smell, oil slick or causing changes in chemical composition, etc. are all abnormal phenomena before groundwater earthquakes. Well water is a treasure, and the signs come early. There is no rain and the water in the springs is muddy, and there is water in the wells due to drought. The water level rises and falls greatly, turning flowers and bubbles. Some change color, some change taste. The sky changes and rain is coming, and the water changes and the ground becomes violent. Establish a forecast network and report exceptionally quickly. This is the experience summary of the people in my country’s earthquake areas on the changes in groundwater before previous earthquakes. How to use groundwater to predict earthquakes? Groundwater has trend changes in the years before earthquakes, and sudden changes occur in the days to hours before an earthquake, with faster speed and greater amplitude. Spatially, before the earthquake, it gradually concentrated from the periphery to the epicenter, while after the earthquake, it spread from the epicenter to the periphery. We have mastered these general abnormal changes, and by using the simplest method, regularly observing well water every day, and catching obvious and special changes, we can provide a reliable basis for earthquake prediction.

Earthquake monitoring and forecasting

What are the earthquake monitoring methods in my country?

In the process of earthquake preparation, geophysics, geochemistry, geology, geodesy, Various abnormal phenomena in meteorology, biology and other disciplines. Since the 1966 Xingtai earthquake, more than 1,000 precursor anomalies have been recorded before more than 70 moderately strong or above earthquakes in my country. Because the process of earthquake preparation and occurrence is extremely complex, earthquake precursors are also rich and diverse. After sorting and research, these anomalies can be classified into 10 categories: seismological precursors, crustal deformation, geomagnetism, geoelectricity, gravity, hydrology, geochemistry, underground fluid (water, steam, gas, oil) dynamics, stress and strain, Meteorological anomalies, macro precursor phenomena, etc. Earthquake workers have carried out scientific monitoring of the above precursors. Only by comprehensively analyzing and studying these precursors can we capture earthquake precursor information.

Who invented the world's first seismograph

The instrument for observing and recording earthquakes is called a "seismograph". In July 132 AD (the first year of Yangjia, Emperor Shun of the Eastern Han Dynasty), Zhang Heng invented the world's first instrument for observing earthquakes, the Houfeng Seismometer, which ushered in a new era of human use of instruments to observe earthquakes. Zhang Heng is known as the father of seismographs.

What is earthquake prediction

What are the three elements of earthquake prediction? Earthquake prediction is the prediction of the time, location, magnitude, intensity of earthquake impact and vulnerability to damage. Usually, the three elements of earthquake prediction mainly refer to the time, location and magnitude of the earthquake.

What types of earthquake forecasting include

(1) Long-term earthquake forecasting refers to the forecasting of areas where destructive earthquakes may occur in the next 10 years; (2) Medium-term earthquake forecasting is Refers to the forecast of areas where destructive earthquakes may occur in the next one or two years; (3) Short-term earthquake forecast refers to the forecast of the time, location, and magnitude of earthquakes that will occur within three months;

Human In order to reduce earthquake disasters, a series of strategies and tactics to deal with earthquakes have been formulated to obtain certain social and economic benefits. This is the earthquake countermeasures. In short, it is the methods and measures to deal with earthquakes, that is, what to do when an earthquake comes. The main contents of earthquake countermeasures are: earthquake monitoring, earthquake prediction, engineering earthquake resistance, social disaster prevention, post-earthquake disaster relief, recovery and reconstruction, quelling panic, etc.

Earthquake emergency and rescue knowledge

Daily preparations

Making daily preparations is the basic condition for reducing disaster losses to the minimum. (1) Home safety measures: Fix wardrobes, sideboards, refrigerators, etc. to prevent them from falling over. ·Add transparent film or tape to the glass of cupboards, windows, etc. to prevent the glass from flying around when broken. ·To prevent cupboard doors from opening due to earthquake shaking and items inside falling out, install hinges on cupboard and closet doors to secure them. ·Do not place TVs, vases, etc. in high places. ·To prevent injuries caused by glass fragments scattered on the ground, always prepare thicker slippers. ·Pay attention to the placement of furniture to ensure a safe space. ·Pay full attention to the management and storage of fire appliances such as kerosene heating and dangerous goods. ·Reinforce cement prefabricated board walls to make them strong and resistant to collapse. ·Always place fire extinguishers and fire buckets close to the fire source. ·Carry out building maintenance and reinforcement work (especially foundation pillars, roof tiles, etc.). (2) Preparation of emergency supplies: · Drinking water; · Food, baby milk powder; · First aid medicines; · Portable radios, flashlights, dry batteries; · Cash, valuables; · Underwear, towels, toilet paper, etc. (3) Hold a monthly family disaster prevention meeting. Where is the safe place at home? Confirmation of evacuation sites and evacuation roads; Learn emergency response and rescue knowledge; Division of labor among family members; Confirmation of places where fire extinguishers are placed; ·In case of emergency, the contact method and meeting place for family members; ·Inspection of firearms, etc.; ·Inspection of emergency carrying bags and confirmation of storage locations. (4) Establish a cooperation system for neighborly mutual assistance in normal times. After a major earthquake occurs, it will cause serious disasters in a large area. In this case, fire engines and ambulances cannot arrive at any time. Therefore, it is necessary to pass through the streets from normal times. etc. organized exchanges with local residents and established a mutual assistance and cooperation system for responding to earthquakes, fires and rescuing the injured. · A cooperation system should be established between neighbors in normal times; · Actively participate in citizen disaster prevention organizations; · Actively participate in disaster prevention training.

Here's how to avoid earthquakes

Seize the opportunity and avoid earthquakes scientifically

When an earthquake occurs, you should be calm and take immediate action to avoid earthquakes. If you behave calmly, you will be safe and avoid disasters, otherwise, you will cause unnecessary losses. The early warning phenomenon, early warning time and the existence of earthquake-absorbing space of major earthquakes are the objective basis for people to save themselves and survive during earthquakes. As long as you have a certain knowledge of earthquake-absorbing and have certain preparations in advance, you can make use of the early-warning phenomena and seize the early warning during earthquakes. If you have the right timing and choose the correct shock absorber method and shock absorber space, you will have hope of survival. Early warning phenomena: Early warning phenomena mainly include shaking of the ground, shaking of buildings, strong and weird ground sounds, bright and scary ground lights, etc. Warning time: the time when you can escape. There are about ten seconds from when you feel the earthquake to when the house collapses. As long as you are prepared in advance, you can use these precious ten seconds to escape from danger and turn the corner into safety. Shock-absorbing space: A space where you can hide in the ruins. Don't think that a collapsed house is a dead end. There will always be a certain amount of living space left in the ruins with the support of furniture, items, etc. indoors.

What should you pay attention to during an earthquake emergency?

(1) Should you run or hide during an earthquake? Most experts in my country believe that emergency situations include sheltering nearby during an earthquake and quickly evacuating to a safe place after an earthquake. Better way to avoid shock. This is because the early warning phenomenon during earthquakes is very short, and people often cannot move independently due to violent earthquakes. However, if you live in a bungalow and notice the early warning phenomenon early, you should try to run outside to an open and safe place to avoid earthquakes. The so-called nearby shock absorption refers to taking different countermeasures according to different situations.

(2) What posture should the body adopt? "Luch and wait", that is, squat, sit or lie down, curl up the body as much as possible to lower the center of gravity of the body, and at the same time, hold firmly the solid objects around you with both hands to prevent falling Falling or being injured due to uncontrollable displacement of the body and exposure to objects. (3) How to protect important parts of the body? Protect the head and neck: lower your head and protect your head or back of the neck with your hands. If possible, use items around you such as schoolbags, bedding, sofa cushions, etc. to hold your head. Protect your eyes: lower your head and close your eyes to prevent the intrusion of foreign objects. Protect your mouth and nose: When possible, cover your mouth and nose with a wet towel to prevent dust and poisonous gas from being inhaled. 4. After a major earthquake, will aftershocks cause damage to buildings? Although many buildings have not been damaged after being hit by the main shock, they have become less solid. If there are some stronger aftershocks at this time, even though they The magnitude is smaller than the main shock, but the damage may be greater than the main shock.

Key points for emergency shock avoidance in different environments

(1) How to avoid shock at home·Special reminder: ——Never stay in bed; ——Never stand on The center of the room; this is the most exposed and unsafe place for the body! ·For friends who live in buildings, safer places to hide include: - under a solid table or bed; - beside low, solid furniture; - Rooms with small openings and supports, such as bathrooms; - Corners of internal load-bearing walls; - Shock-absorbing spaces prepared before earthquakes. ·Things you should not do during an earthquake: ——Never jump off the building; ——Don’t go to the balcony; ——Don’t go to the stairs; ——Don’t take the elevator; if you are in the elevator during the earthquake, leave as soon as possible; if the door opens If you don't want to open it, squat down with your head in your hands and hold on to the handrails on the wall. ——Don’t run around, especially don’t go to crowded places in corridors. ·Friends who live in bungalows: If the outdoor space is wide and early warning signs are detected, you can run outside as soon as possible to avoid shocks. ·Safe places to avoid shocks indoors: ——Under the edge of the kang; ——The shock-absorbing space prepared before the earthquake. ·Things you should not do during an earthquake: ——Don’t hide under roof beams; ——Don’t hide by windows; ——Don’t get close to weak walls; ——Don’t break windows to escape to avoid being injured by glass or Fall injury. (2) How to avoid shocks at school ·Special reminder: - Follow the teacher's instructions in all actions; - Students should take care of each other, especially those who are young, frail and disabled. ·During class: ——Under the instruction of the teacher, quickly hold your head, close your eyes, and hide under your desk; ——Don’t panic and run away in crowds during the earthquake. After the earthquake passes, the teacher will lead you in an organized manner. Evacuate the ground; - If the classroom is a building, do not jump off the building, do not rush towards the stairs, etc. ·When in the playground or outdoors: ——If you are in an open area, you can stay still, squat down, and protect your head with your hands; ——Be careful to avoid tall buildings or dangerous objects; ——Don’t run around or crowd around, wait until After the earthquake, follow the teacher's instructions. (3) How to avoid shocks in public places·Special reminder: ——Follow the instructions of the on-site staff; ——Don’t panic and crowd, rush to the exit, and avoid the flow of people; ——If you have to be squeezed into the flow of people , to prevent falling; cross your hands on your chest to protect yourself, and use your shoulders and back to bear external pressure; move with the flow of people to avoid being squeezed into walls or fences; - Unlock your collar and keep your breathing smooth. ·In movie theaters, gymnasiums, etc.: ——Squat under the benches and protect your head with your hands or other objects; ——Avoid hanging objects such as chandeliers and fans; ——After the earthquake has passed, follow the instructions of the service personnel, and Organized evacuation.

·In shopping malls, bookstores, exhibition halls, subways, etc.: - Choose a sturdy counter, product (such as low furniture, etc.) or beside a pillar, as well as an inner corner, etc. to squat on the spot and protect your head with your hands or other objects; ——Avoid glass doors, windows, showcases and glass counters; ——Avoid tall and unstable shelves with heavy and fragile items; ——Avoid chandeliers, billboards and other tall hanging objects. ·In a moving bus or car; ——Hold the handrails and lower your head to avoid falling or being injured; ——Lower the center of gravity and hide near the seat to prevent injury in the event of an accident; ——After the earthquake has passed Get off again. (4) How to avoid shocks outdoors ·Special reminder: ——Quickly move away from various tall and dangerous objects; ——Choose the nearest open area to avoid shocks; ——Do not return indoors casually. ·Be careful to avoid tall buildings and structures: - Buildings, especially those with glass curtain walls; - Street bridges and overpasses; - Tall chimneys, water towers, etc. ·Be careful to avoid dangerous, tall or hanging objects: ——Transformers, telephone poles, street lights, etc.; ——Billboards, cranes, etc. ·Pay attention to avoid other dangerous places: - Dangerous houses and dangerous walls; - Parapets, high facades, under awnings; - Stacks of bricks, tiles, wood, etc. (5) How to avoid shocks in the wild·Special reminder: If you are traveling in the countryside during an earthquake; or you live in a rural area and are playing in the wild, collecting firewood or herding cattle, what should you do at this time? ——Leave the mountain quickly Dangerous places such as edges and waterside; ——Choose an open and stable place to avoid earthquakes; ——Squat or lie down to prevent falling; ——Take shelter from the wind and face the wind direction to avoid inhaling toxic gases (if there are any nearby chemical plants, etc.). ·Avoid the following dangerous environments near water: ——Rivers, lakes, and seasides to prevent river banks from collapsing and falling into the water, upstream reservoirs from collapsing and rising water, or tsunamis; ——On dams and embankments to prevent dam collapse or Flood; ——on the bridge deck or under the bridge to prevent the bridge from collapsing or encountering floods. ·Avoid the following dangerous environments on the mountainside: - At the foot of the mountain and on the edge of steep cliffs to prevent landslides, rolling rocks and mudslides; - On steep slopes and cliffs to prevent ground cracks, landslides, etc. ·Avoid other dangerous places: - Under transformers and high-voltage lines to prevent electric shock; - Factories or dangerous warehouses that produce dangerous goods to prevent injury in the event of an accident. (6) What should you do if you encounter special dangers during an earthquake? ·Indoors: ——In case of fire. Never run around, let alone go to crowded places. Lie down on the ground and cover your mouth and nose with a wet towel; move to a safe place after the earthquake stops; be careful to crawl forward and go against the wind; - Gas leakage. Cover your mouth and nose with a wet towel; never use an open flame; try to move after the earthquake. ·Outdoors: - If the rivers, lakes and seas are flooded, run to higher ground; - When encountering landslides or landslides, run in a direction perpendicular to the rolling rocks, and do not run down the mountain along the rolling rocks; you can also hide under When you are under a strong obstacle, or squatting under a ditch or ridge, you must especially protect your head; - If you encounter a fire in a chemical plant and there is a leak of poisonous gas, do not run downwind, but go upwind of the factory as soon as possible. ; Try to cover your mouth and nose with a wet towel.

6. Emergency response measures for production posts during earthquakes. In order to avoid secondary disasters caused by earthquakes and ensure the continuity of key system operations, when an earthquake suddenly occurs, all personnel on duty must have the spirit of not being afraid of sacrifice, remain calm, and take decisive measures based on the actual situation. Measures: (1) Pull down the switch urgently and cut off the power supply; (2) Immediately stop heating and pressurizing all high-temperature and high-pressure devices, and take pressure reduction and exhaust measures; (3) Put out the fire and close the fuel furnace door; (4) Put out the furnace fire and close the fuel furnace door; Substances that are prone to chemical reactions should be isolated from each other; (5) Quickly close containers or valves that store toxic gases and bacteria to prevent leaks; (6) Operators of machines must prepare for safe parking; (7) Moving trains, cars, etc. Emergency brakes should be applied quickly; (8) For some production and scientific research departments that cannot be interrupted, on-duty personnel should stick to their posts and deal with various problems that may arise at any time.

Earthquakes are preventable

At present, my country's earthquake prevention is generally divided into two aspects: prediction and prevention. Forecasting is to analyze and forecast the data recorded by observation instruments to achieve the purpose of mitigating earthquake disasters. Another way is prevention, because casualties and losses of people and property are mainly caused in buildings, so it is very important to strengthen the earthquake resistance of houses. Strengthening the earthquake-resistant work of houses may increase the investment in capital construction, but it is still beneficial from a long-term perspective, especially in political and economic centers such as certain big cities, large industries and mines, transportation trunk lines, power hubs, and international projects. After determining the earthquake danger zone, construction should be carried out in strict accordance with the requirements of earthquake-proof and anti-seismic design to be prepared.

Numbers related to earthquakes

The world's largest earthquakes

The largest earthquake was the 8.9-magnitude earthquake in Chile, which occurred on May 22, 1960. ·The deepest earthquake occurred on June 29, 1934, east of Sulawesi, Indonesia, with a magnitude of 6.9 and a focal depth of 720 kilometers. ·The country with the highest basic earthquake intensity is Japan. The earthquake intensity across the country is above nine degrees. ·The big country with the fewest earthquakes is Brazil. ·The prediction recognized by scholars from various countries as having practical significance to mankind is China’s prediction of the 7.2-magnitude Haicheng earthquake in 1975. ·The earthquake that caused the largest economic losses was the 7.2-magnitude earthquake that occurred in Hanshin, Japan on January 17, 1995, with a loss of US$100 billion. ·The world's earliest instrument for observing and recording earthquakes, the Houfeng Seismograph, was invented by Zhang Heng, a famous scientist in the Eastern Han Dynasty of my country, and recorded an earthquake that occurred in Longxi in 132 AD.

The most severe earthquake in my country

·The earthquake with the highest intensity was the 8.5-magnitude earthquake that occurred in Haiyuan, Ningxia on December 16, 1920, with an epicenter intensity of 12 degrees. ·The largest earthquakes in my country were the two major earthquakes that occurred in Haiyuan, Ningxia in 1920 and Chayu, Tibet in 1950, both with magnitudes of 8.5. ·The earthquake with the most deaths was the magnitude 8 earthquake that occurred in Huaxian County, Shaanxi Province on January 23, 1556. The death toll "is reported to be more than 830,000, and those who are unknown are countless." ·The earthquake with the greatest damage and losses was the 7.8-magnitude earthquake that occurred in Tangshan on July 28, 1976, with a direct economic loss of 9.6 billion yuan. ·The province with the most earthquakes in my country is Taiwan. ·my country is the country with the most earthquakes within the plate. The death toll accounts for 60% of the world's earthquake-related deaths. ·The first self-built seismic station in my country was the Beijing Jiufeng Seismic Station, which began recording in 1930. ·The deepest earthquake in my country was the earthquake that occurred in Hunchun, Jilin Province on April 10, 1969, with a depth of 555 kilometers.

Numbers related to earthquakes

·There have been a total of 17 earthquakes of magnitude 8 or above in the history of our country. ·my country is divided into 23 earthquake zones. ·There are two extremely large seismic zones in the world, namely the Pacific Seismic Zone and the Mediterranean Himalayan Seismic Zone. 99% of the world's earthquakes occur in these two seismic zones.

·There are more than 300 cities in our country, half of which are located in areas with a basic intensity of seven degrees or above. Of the 20 large cities with a population of more than one million, 70 are located in areas with intensity levels of 7 or above. ·There have been 17 earthquakes in the world that killed more than 50,000 people, 7 of which occurred in my country. There were 4 earthquakes that killed more than 200,000 people at one time, all in China, one in Ningxia and one in Sichuan.