Health care and nursing in neonatal period

Health care and nursing in neonatal period

Health care in the neonatal period is very important for the growth of children, and it is also inseparable from the careful care of parents. Complementary and balanced development in all aspects is the main means of children's healthy growth. Let's share with you the contents of neonatal health care.

Neonatal health care 1 neonatal care routine

Newborns often have constipation, diarrhea, diaper rash, red buttocks and other symptoms, because the intestinal tract is not fully developed and the buttocks skin is tender. Therefore, it is particularly important to correctly handle the urine and urine of newborns.

Neonatal shit: There are many little secrets hidden in neonatal shit. Parents can understand the baby's digestive state by observing the characteristics of the baby's stool and the frequency of defecation, and adjust the baby's diet in time. Parents should pay attention to the number of times their children defecate every day, and pay attention to whether the color of the stool is abnormal and whether there is a special smell.

Baby diaper rash: diaper rash is an inflammatory skin disease that occurs in the diaper wrapping area, also known as baby's red bottom. It is characterized by redness and swelling of the skin in the contact area between buttocks and diapers, and even ulceration, ulcer and infection. Slight external force or friction can cause damage. If it continues to develop, exudation, epidermal exfoliation and superficial ulcers will occur. If not treated in time, it will develop into deeper ulcers and even bedsores.

Hip care: the baby's skin is delicate, especially the buttocks are often wrapped in diapers, which can easily cause diaper rash. Protecting and caring for the baby's hip skin has become a compulsory course for novice parents. The most important thing to care for your baby's buttocks is to change diapers frequently to keep your baby's buttocks dry.

Umbilical cord care: after the baby's umbilical cord is cut, the umbilical cord stump will gradually dry up and turn black. Usually within 3-7 days after birth, the umbilical cord stump will gradually fall off. The umbilical cord ligation and shearing site is easy to be infected, and the umbilical cord can directly reach the baby's blood vessels, so it is very important to care for the umbilical cord stump after umbilical cord disconnection.

Neonatal health care and nursing II. Vitamin AD

Lack of VA can lead to night blindness, which is caused by the decrease of VA in eyes and the decrease of rhodopsin concentration in eyes.

Protein's nutrition and zinc deficiency can also reduce the content of rhodopsin in cornea and aggravate symptoms. (white and yellow).

VA deficiency causes dry eye, and conjunctival dry eye will appear in the eyes, which is manifested as conjunctival keratosis, which makes the cells secreting mucus move, and the shed epithelial cells will block the lacrimal passage and reduce the secretion of tears.

VA deficiency can lead to skin keratosis such as ichthyosis, pityriasis and keratosis folliculi. , common in upper thigh closure.

When VA is deficient, the resistance is poor and it is easy to get upper respiratory tract infection.

The deficiency of VD hinders the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus, while vitamin D can promote the synthesis of bone collagen. Vitamin D must also participate in the maturation of collagen. Without VD, long bones stagnate, osteoporosis, load-bearing bones are deformed by gravity, forming abnormal legs and X-shaped legs, chicken pottery, funnel chest, beaded chest and rib eversion. Children are inactive, lack of appetite, easily excited, eccentric and irritable, easily wake up from sleep, sweat (obvious head), accompanied by muscle weakness. Due to osteoid protuberance (more common in infants aged 3-9 months), the parietal bone and occipital bone form a square skull.

Suggestion: Infants should be supplemented with vitamin D/ vitamin AD about fifteen days after birth.

Second, calcium.

The growth and development of the body is a process of continuous accumulation and increase of calcium in the body. There is no calcium deposition in the embryo at the beginning of pregnancy, and then the calcium content in the fetus increases rapidly with the development of the embryo. The calcium content of full-term newborns is about 25-30g, accounting for 65,438+0% of body weight. After adulthood, the calcium content in the body can reach 1000~ 1200g or higher. Bone formation and resorption continue in adulthood. Therefore, bone is not only a scaffold for the whole body, but also plays a role in supporting, exercising and protecting internal organs, and is also a huge repository of various inorganic salts in the body.

1, calcium deficiency:

Due to congenital or acquired lack of D3 or calcium and collagen, the bones are soft and the elasticity of tendons is insufficient, resulting in rickets. Children often have night terrors, sweaty helmets, thin and yellow hair, bald pillows, hyperactivity and irritability. It may also cause growth retardation, skeletal deformity, late teething and dysplasia.

Adults and pregnant women often suffer from insomnia, dreaminess, hyperhidrosis, leg pain and cramps.

2. How to make up for calcium deficiency?

My mother insisted on supplementing calcium during pregnancy.

(2) Take the baby out in the sun, so that the skin can be in direct contact with the sun, which can help absorb calcium.

(3) Older infants can eat calcium-containing foods properly.

④ Supplementing children with vitamin AD+ special plant calcium.

3. The daily intake of calcium is recommended by China Nutrition Society.

0-6 months: 300mg/day

7- 12 months: 400 mg per day.

1-3 years old: 600 mg/day

4-65438 years old +00 years old: 800 mg/day

11-17 years old: 1000 mg/

Adults: 800 mg/day

Early pregnancy: 800 mg/day

Second trimester: 1000 mg/day

Third trimester:1200—1500mg/day.

Over 50 years old: 1000 mg/day

Third, iron.

According to the statistics of the World Health Organization, more than 30% of the global population suffers from anemia. The main causes of anemia are insufficient reserves during pregnancy, rapid growth and large demand, unreasonable diet structure, excessive loss and impaired absorption.

1, the role of iron:

Prevention of anemia: rich in easily absorbed iron, promoting hematopoietic function, making children rosy without dizziness;

Enhance immunity: increase the vitality of lymphocytes and natural killer cells, enhance resistance and reduce the number of cases.

Promote appetite: improve bad eating habits such as picky eaters and partial eclipse;

Improve intelligence: accelerate the supply of oxygen and nutrition to the brain and enhance brain vitality.

2, baby iron deficiency anemia

① Reason: The stored iron obtained from the mother after the baby is born can meet the hematopoietic needs of the baby for 3 ~ 4 months. If the mother does not pay attention to iron supplementation or anemia during pregnancy, the baby will have symptoms of iron deficiency anemia earlier.

The source of iron in baby's food is limited and the intake is insufficient, which is easy to lead to excessive loss with diarrhea or other diseases.

The baby's own digestive ability is weak, and the absorption rate of iron is not high or the demand is relatively large. Mild anemia is easy to occur two months after birth, which is called physiological anemia.

② Manifestations: pale face, brittle lips and fingernails, light color, decreased energy, fatigue, fatigue, irritability, inattention and poor anti-infection ability.

3. Harm:

① Nervous system can cause irreversible damage to intelligence.

② Low immunity.

③ Developmental retardation, etc.

④ Digestive system, which affects food and digestion and absorption. The more you don't eat, the more anemia you get, the less you want to eat, a vicious circle.

It is suggested that in China, nearly half of infants are iron deficient (44.7%), and 1/5 infants suffer from iron deficiency anemia (20.5%).

Nursing advice:

(1) Babies under four months can choose iron fortified milk powder and supplement multivitamins.

For breast-fed babies, mothers should pay attention to eating some eggs, animal livers and lean meat to supplement their iron sources.

(3) Babies with iron deficiency anemia for more than four months can supplement iron-rich foods according to their age.

④ Timely supplement of iron nutrients+vitamin C+ high quality probiotics.

Fourth, zinc.

Distribution of zinc

① Zinc exists in all organs, tissues, body fluids and secretion systems, and forms in the body. The zinc content of women is1.5g, and that of men is 2.5g..

② 95% of zinc exists in cells, and 60%-80% of zinc in cells exists in cytoplasm. The zinc content in prostate is the highest, followed by bone and muscle.

(3) Zinc in bones is influenced by parathyroid gland and vitamin D, and becomes a zinc source for the growth of other tissues in children when exogenous zinc is insufficient.

④ The zinc content of semen in body fluid is the highest, which indicates that zinc is closely related to male reproductive activities.

Tips:

The zinc deficiency rate of children in China is as high as 60%, and the daily zinc intake is less than half of the amount recommended by the World Health Organization, which means that 1 child in every two children is zinc deficient.

Why China baby is short of zinc;

Insufficient reserves during pregnancy, large demand, unreasonable diet structure, excessive loss and poor absorption.

Zinc deficiency performance:

(1) Sudden loss of appetite, picky eaters, anorexia, loss of appetite (excluding eating little or being picky eaters occasionally).

2 easy to get sick, sweat, etc. And the wound is difficult to heal.

3 white spots appear on nails, and fingers are prone to grow barbs.

4 hyperactivity, difficulty in concentration, decreased learning ability, and even slow response.

Nursing advice:

① Foods rich in zinc, seafood and nuts.

② Supplementing zinc +VC+ probiotics (conditioning intestines to help absorption)

Health care and nursing in neonatal period. Comfortable environment

Provide a good living environment for the baby. The room where the baby lives should be well lit and ventilated, and the room temperature should be kept between 22 and 25 degrees, because the newborn's thermoregulation ability is poor. If it is hot summer, you should also turn on the air conditioner to adjust the room temperature.

Secondly, you should burp after breastfeeding.

It is very common for newborns to vomit milk. When the contraction function of cardia is mature, the frequency of spitting milk will gradually decrease. In order to prevent the baby from spitting milk, you should stand up after each feeding, let the baby's little head rest on the mommy's shoulder, and then pat the baby's back gently until you hear the baby burping. You can also massage your baby's back if he doesn't burp all the time.

Third, sleep on your side without a pillow.

The baby's best sleeping position is supine or lateral, so as not to oppress the chest and lungs. It is recommended to sleep on your side after feeding, so as not to overflow milk or choke and cause suffocation. When you take a supine posture, you should always change your posture. In addition, the baby does not need a pillow within 3 months after birth, because the cervical vertebra of the newborn is straight and has not yet formed physiological curvature, so it does not need pillow support. However, newborn babies in love sweating often breastfeed. In order to facilitate cleaning, you can fold the towel in half and put it under your baby's head.

Fourth, choose cotton light-colored clothes.

Baby clothes should be made of soft, gentle and non-fading cotton products, and it is recommended to avoid using flammable nylon materials. Cotton underwear is not irritating and easy to absorb sweat, so it is the most suitable clothes. Clothes should be simple, too tight and too wide will hinder the baby's activities. Baby's clothes need to be washed separately from adults' clothes, and it is best to dry them in the sun.

Five, umbilical care

The baby's umbilical cord should fall off 7- 10 days after birth. The key to nursing the navel is to keep it clean and dry, so be careful not to touch the baby's excrement before the umbilical cord falls off, and take care of the navel in time after each bath. The method is to clean the navel with a sterile cotton swab dipped in 75% alcohol, and pay attention to wiping it around from the root of the navel in a spiral motion instead of rubbing it at will, which will easily bring bacteria from the surrounding skin into the navel and cause infection. After the umbilical cord falls off, it is best to keep the umbilical cord cleaning step for a period of time.