What is rhetoric?

Rhetoric is the study of rhetoric, and rhetoric is an artistic method to strengthen the effect of words or sentences. Since the appearance of language, human beings have had the need of rhetoric. Modify your own articles and language, attract others' attention, deepen others' impression and lyric effect. Rhetoric mainly studies figures of speech (commonly known as rhetorical methods), speech rhetoric activities (mainly involving context and style) and speech style.

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introduce

The origin of a word

catalogue

Rhetoric types

history

The relationship between rhetoric and pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar

figure of speech

Comprehensive application of figures of speech

[Edit this paragraph] Introduction

A discipline of linguistics. Study the law of improving the effect of language expression, that is, how to follow the theme situation. By using Chinese famous articles and various means of expression, we can properly express our thoughts and feelings, reveal the order of rhetorical phenomena and the system of rhetorical concepts, and guide people to use and create various rhetorical methods to properly express what they want to convey. It is closely related to pragmatics. rhetoric

Rhetoric mainly studies figures of speech (commonly known as rhetorical methods), speech rhetoric activities (mainly involving context and style) and speech style.

Rhetoric can be divided into: information rhetoric, pragmatic rhetoric, psychological rhetoric, social psychological rhetoric, fuzzy rhetoric, reception rhetoric and comparative rhetoric.

Rhetoric is the study of rhetoric, and rhetoric is an artistic method to strengthen the effect of words or sentences. Since the appearance of language, human beings have had the need of rhetoric. Sweet words can make people:

Modify your own articles and language, attract others' attention, deepen others' impression and lyric effect;

Know what others mean more clearly and will not be misunderstood by rhetorical devices.

It is convenient to analyze and appreciate literary works.

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The earliest rhetorical word in Chinese appeared in the Book of Changes: "Ci Cheng". It means to modify the language.

Rhetorical "word" can be divided into words (for writing articles) and words (or words, for oral use). It turns out that rhetoric, like language, focuses on speech; Even the word "word" originally refers to a word, not a combination of words-explain the word in words: "litigation words also." Later, the focus developed to literary expression.

[Edit this paragraph] table of contents

1 etymology 2 history 3 rhetorical types 4 references 5 references 6 external links etymology The earliest rhetorical word in Chinese appeared in the Book of Changes: "Ci Cheng". Rhetorical "words" that modify the meaning of words can be divided into words (for writing articles) and words (or words, for oral use). It turns out that rhetoric, like language, focuses on speech; Even the word "word" originally refers to a word, not a combination of words-explain the word in words: "litigation words also." Later, the focus developed to literary expression.

[Edit this paragraph] Rhetoric types

Metaphor-simile, metaphor, contrast and exaggeration-irony transformation (time, space, image, human feelings, quantity)-personification, imitation, visual slogan foil-positive contrast, contrast and metonymy foil doubt-doubt, doubt, stimulus words embedded in intertextuality duality-words of the same kind reversed, true palindrome vertically copied to show the quotation of graceful songs-explicit quotation and implicit quotation symbolize Tibetan.

[Edit this paragraph] History

Rhetoric was developed by Plato's student Aristotle. Rhetoric at this time is more suitable to be called rhetoric, referring to the art of speaking. In the first sentence of Aristotle's work The Art of Rhetoric, rhetoric is described as the relative object of dialectics, that is, dialectical method is the element of discovering truth, and rhetorical method is used to communicate truth. History of rhetoric

In ancient China, there were sporadic remarks about rhetoric in the pre-Qin period. For example, Zhuangzi attaches great importance to the effect of fables; Hui Shi attached great importance to metaphor. Scholars in Han Dynasty had a heated discussion on the basic rhetorical devices in The Book of Songs: Fu, Bi and Xing.

Many literary criticism works after Wei and Jin Dynasties, such as various poems and songs, all talked about rhetoric, but few works devoted to rhetoric. For example, Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long is the first work with the same meaning as the word "rhetoric" in modern understanding, and many rhetorical devices are also discussed in the book. Chen Xun's Wen Ze in Song Dynasty can be said to be the first rhetoric monograph in China.

After the May 4th Movement, rhetoric got rid of the category of literary criticism and became an independent discipline. At that time, there were two main trends in rhetoric research:

Imitate western rhetoric works;

Compile old sayings.

The most important rhetoric work in Chinese is The Origin of Rhetoric published by Chen Wangdao 1932.

[Edit this paragraph] The relationship between rhetoric and pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar

Phonetics, vocabulary and grammar are the three elements of a language. Rhetoric is neither the fourth element nor the third element of language. The three elements of language are the material, means and foundation of rhetoric; Rhetoric is the comprehensive artistic processing and effect of the three elements of language, and it is the advanced embodiment of the three elements of language. Without the three elements of language, rhetoric is impossible for a clever woman to cook without rice; Language has only three elements. Without rhetoric, language will be dull. Please read the textbook for the specific relationship.

[Edit this paragraph] Metaphor

Rhetoric is short for "metaphor". Also known as figures of speech, rhetoric, decoration and rhetoric. Rhetoric is a special rhetorical way or method that people have produced and developed in the process of using language for a long time, which has strong vitality and improves the expression effect in language.

[Edit this paragraph] Comprehensive application of figures of speech

The comprehensive use of figures of speech refers to the use of more than two figures of speech in a sentence or a paragraph. There are three main ways to comprehensively use figures of speech: continuous use, simultaneous use and application. The following will explain them one by one.

(A) the use of figures of speech

Refers to the continuous use of figures of speech in a sentence or a paragraph, and each figure of speech is arranged in chronological order. For example:

(1) University-the altar of desire he admires. It is really painful to be unable to get close to you. But after all, you are not the ultimate in life, nor the beacon of struggle. You are just a well on the roadside to draw water to quench your thirst; It's a gas station halfway through the garage; This is a car with 200 horsepower.

Cars can help you get to your destination as soon as possible by carrying people.

(Zhang Kangkang's "On the hill and by the lake, there is a man ...")

(2) There are still one or two lamps leaking from the cracks in the tree. A listless person is sleepy. (Zhu Ziqing's Moonlight on the Lotus Pond)

Comrades who have seen A Dream of Red Mansions remember that Jia Baoyu once said, "What does everything in the world want? I just want my sister Lin and I to grow old together. " As for me, I changed my sentence: "What does everything in the world want? Just seek to serve the people until they are old. "

(Yang Huaiyuan, "Just Serving the People to the White Head")

(4) Half a year before graduation, he wrote a poem to a female student named Su Su in the Chinese Department. Poetry is not top grade, but its content is brave, like a sudden eruption of magma. After sending it, he was ready to be scratched, because he and the girl with white skin and black hair only met in the library and had little contact. This action is a bit abrupt. Unexpectedly, a few days later, he received a reply. There are only two words in the letter: "fool". It was the weather on March 9, and the northwest wind was at night. However, he took off his cotton-padded jacket and ran wildly on campus with an ecstatic heart. (Ru Zhijuan's "The Ship Without Rudder")

(top truth 2, metaphor 1, analogy 1, irony 1, used together. Irony didn't answer, no penalty)

① It is a metaphor. Firstly, two metaphors are used to compare the university to "the ultimate of life" and "the beacon of struggle", and then three metaphors are used to compare the university to "well", "gas station" and "car" in turn. These metaphors concretely and vividly describe the relationship between university and life from all aspects. (2) used metaphor and metaphor. "listless" is a metaphor, "sleepy" is a metaphor. Write the author's concrete and vivid feelings about the light leakage from the tree gap. ③ is the combination of rhetorical question and rhetorical question or rhetorical question and parody. The answer to the next question is parody of the previous answer. ④ Five figures of speech have been used successively, namely, truthfulness, metaphor, truthfulness, irony and analogy. A vivid and concrete image of "he" writing a letter to a girl and receiving a reply.

(B) the dual use of figures of speech

As mentioned above, various figures of speech are divided from different angles (or different standards). A sentence or a paragraph may contain different figures of speech from different angles and different standards. The so-called dual use of figures of speech refers to the cross-integration of several figures of speech, which is one figure of speech from this perspective and another from another. For example:

Gao Songnian listened and adjusted his expression. His face is thick enough to be scraped with a knife. (Qian Zhongshu's Fortress Besieged)

When autumn comes and the butterfly dies, your green leaves will turn golden and the butterfly will fly out of the garden.

(Guo Moruo, "Ginkgo biloba")

Gong is an impatient person. He wants to hold a doll in the morning and in the evening. He speaks with thorns and has no nails.

(Jiang's threesome)

(1) In "The dignity of the face pile is thick enough to be scraped with a knife", there are both metaphors (imitation) and exaggerations. "Butterfly Flying out of the Garden" is to compare ginkgo fruit to a butterfly and use exaggeration at the same time. (3) The example of "getting married in the morning and wanting to hold a doll at night" uses both metaphor and exaggeration, and at the same time there is a metaphor behind it ("nail" and "thorn" in Say No Nail are unpleasant words).

(C) the application of figures of speech

The use of figures of speech means that some figures of speech occupy a long literal, so they contain another or several figures of speech. For example:

A grain mountain is towering, with white clouds winding around the mountainside. The sun is so tired that I can't climb the mountain for a long time. (Sichuan folk songs)

(2) big holes and small holes, cat holes, crouching tiger, hidden dragon.

Rifles, machine guns, submachine guns, guns, guns are full of anger. (Laoshan warrior couplet)

Examples are always exaggerated and contain analogies (the last three sentences are quasi-objects). (2) There are always two duality, and each duality applies a top truth; At the same time, the first one applied layered delivery ("big hole and small hole cat hole") and metaphor ("tiger" and "dragon" for heroic PLA soldiers); The second kind is true pun (full of anger-homophonic pun) and pun transposition ("anger" is used for "gun").

In short, the comprehensive use of figures of speech should be observed in order, so that the use of figures of speech can be observed; Multi-angle observation, so that we can observe the dual use of figures of speech; From the whole to the local observation, we can observe the application of figures of speech.