Were Hard Translation and Literary Enthusiasm written by Lu Xun?

Without such a topic, Lu Xun wrote a similar article entitled "Hard Translation and the Class Nature of Literature", which reads as follows:

"Hard Translation" and "Class Nature of Literature"

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I heard that people in the Yueyue group (2) are saying that the market is getting better now. This may be true,

Like me, people who don't communicate much have also read the volume 2, issue 67, in the hands of two young friends. observe

Then a turn, it is for "freedom of speech" text (3) and novels. Near the tail, there is Mr. Liang Shiqiu's

As for Mr. Lu Xun's "hard translation", I thought it was a "near-death translation". (4) and "the wind of dead translation can't last long",

I quoted three passages I translated and said in the postscript of Literature and Criticism: "But due to the translator's ability,

Lack of strength, short board of China characters, obscure or even difficult to understand after translation. Ruoruojiang

When I took it off, I lost my original timbre. In my opinion, in addition to such hard translation, there is only binding.

Hand this way, the only hope, only when the reader is willing to bite the bullet and read these words,

Carefully added a circle next to the word, and also added a circle next to the word "hard translation", thus "solemnly" underground.

"Criticism" way: "We" crustily skin of head to see ",but found nothing. Hard translation and dead translation are

What is the difference? "

Although there is no organization in the statement ⑦ of the crescent society, it seems that I hate the proletarian style in the paper.

The words "organization" and "group" are actually organized. At least, this paper on politics.

Everyone in school "takes care of each other"; On literature, this article was written by the same critic who published it.

Are there any classes? "The aftermath. There is a paragraph in that article that says, "... but unfortunately, no one."

I can read this kind of book. ..... The most difficult thing for me is that words ... are even more difficult to read than gobbledygook. ……

At present, no one from China has written an article telling us anything in a language that China people can understand.

What is the theory of learning? There is a circle next to the word ",so I won't take pictures for fear of typesetting trouble." Anyway,

Mr Liang considers himself a representative of all the people in China. These books are not only for himself, but also for all China people.

Don't understand, should cut off his life in China, so show the proverb "this wind can't last long" cloud.

I can't represent the opinions of other "gobbledygook" translators. Personally, I think things will not be so simple.

After you, Mr. Liang thinks he is "crustily skin of head", but whether he is hard or not, whether he can or not,

It's still a problem. Pretending to be hard, but actually soft as cotton, is the characteristic of crescent society. Second, the light beam

Although Mr. Wang represents all the people of China, it is also a question whether he is the best person in this country. this

The question is "Is literature class-oriented?" In this article, you can explain. The word preface is not necessary.

Transliteration, which can translate meaning, is reasonable. But the critic said, "Actually, if you look it up in the dictionary, the word is."

The meaning is not necessarily decent. According to Webster's dictionary (9), the preface means: a citizen.

The lowest class that serves the country depends not on property, but on it.

Having children ... The proletariat is the class that can only have children in the country! (At least in Rome.

In fact, there is no need to fight for this "decent". People with a little common sense will not always take the present as a gift.

In the era of horses, proletarians today are regarded as Romans. It's like translating Chemie into "Shemi Xue" and reading.

A writer will not be confused with "alchemy" in Egypt, and he will never study the articles written by Mr. Liang.

The source, misunderstood as "wooden bridge" should be written. Even "turn to the dictionary" (Webster's dictionary! )

Is still "nothing", all China people are not necessarily so.

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But what interests me most is that in Mr. Liang's words quoted in the last section, one is used in two places.

"We" smells like "majority" and "group". Naturally, although the author wrote it separately, the gas category is

Not just one person. Speaking with "we" is good, and it makes people look more powerful, but it is not uniform.

However, when "thoughts cannot be unified" and "speech should be free", people's shoulders are responsible, just like Mr. Liang's.

Generally speaking, criticizing the capital system also has a "drawback". That is, outside of us, there are both "us" and "him".

",so the" we "of the crescent society thought that my" the wind of dead translation can't last long ",but they watched it again.

Readers who don't "get nothing" exist, and my "hard translation" is still between "them" and "dead translation"

There are some differences.

I am also one of the "them" of the crescent society, because my translator and teacher Liang require the same conditions.

It's different.

At the beginning of the article "On Hard Translation", it is said that mistranslation is better than dead translation: "A book will not be completely translated. ...

Even if part of the song translation is wrong, it is still wrong for you, which may be really harmful.

And when you read it, you really fell. "You can add a clip ring at the end of two sentences, but I never do that.

Business activities My translation is not "refreshing" for readers, and it often makes people uncomfortable and even popular.

Boredom, disgust, resentment. After reading something that will be "refreshing", someone from Crescent Society translated it: Xu Zhi.

Mr. Mo's poems, Shen Congwen's novels, Ling Shuhua's novels, (that is, Chen Yuan's) Gossip, Liang

Mr Shi Qiu's criticism, Mr Pan Guangdan's eugenics and Mr Babbitt's humanism.

So Mr. Liang later said, "This kind of book is like reading a map. You have to stretch out your finger to find a sentence. "

The clue position of the law "I think these words are nonsense, too, although it seems that I didn't say them." Yes, from my point of view,

Reading such a book is like reading a map. You have to stretch out your finger to find the "syntactic clue position"

Although reading a map is not as refreshing as reading Shower in Yang Fei or Three Friends in Cold Years, it is even necessary.

Give a finger (in fact, I'm afraid this is just Mr. Liang himself. People who are used to reading maps can only use their eyes.

But the map is not a dead map; Therefore, "hard translation" is somewhat different from "dead translation" even with the same efforts.

What is the difference? People who know ABCD think they are new scientists, and they still know nothing about chemical equations, so they can use abacus.

I thought mathematicians looked at the performance of the pen and found nothing. Now in the world, the original is not a scholar, but

Everything is predestined

But Mr. Liang has an example, quoting three paragraphs I translated, although he knows that "it may be because there is no context."

Because of this, the meaning is not very clear. "Literature have a class? In this article, it is also used.

In a similar way, I quoted two translated poems ⒂, and generally commented: "Perhaps the great proletarian literature has not yet appeared, then

I am willing to wait, wait, wait. "These methods are really' frank', but I can be here.

The creation in this new moon monthly is creation! -"Touched" page 8, give a paragraph.

——

"Does the chicken have ears?"

"I have never seen a chicken with ears."

"How did it hear me call it?" Sipo told her the day before yesterday, she thought, her ears were listening, but her eyes were watching.

See things.

"Is this egg a white chicken and a black chicken?" ZhiEr see temple Shiva didn't answer her, stood up and touched an egg shaped thing and asked.

"I can't see it now. I don't know until the chicken hatches."

"Sister Wan'er said that chickens will become big and small chickens. Will these chickens become big chickens? "

"After feeding it, it will grow up, like this chicken was not so big when it was bought?"

That's enough. "Words" are understandable. There is no need to stretch out your fingers to find clues, but I'm not "waiting".

I think this passage is neither "refreshing" nor much different from not creating.

Finally, Mr. Liang asked: "Chinese and foreign languages are different, and the difficulty of translation lies in:" ...

This place. If the grammar, syntax and morphology of the two texts are exactly the same, will translation still be a job? ……

We might as well change the grammar so that readers can understand it as the first priority, because' crustily skin of head' is not a thing.

Good things to listen to, and' hard translation' may not be able to retain the' original sharp sound'. If "hard translation" and

It is a miracle that the "original tune" can still be preserved. Can you say that China has "shortcomings"? "

I'm not that stupid. I want to seek the same foreign language as China, or I want the grammar of two languages.

Syntax and morphology are exactly the same. "But I think Mandarin with complicated grammar is easier to translate foreign languages. Those with similar language families,

It is also easy to translate, and it is also a kind of work. Holland overthrew Germany and Russia overthrew Poland. It can be said that this money doesn't work.

What is the difference? Japanese is very different from Europe and America, but they gradually add new syntax, compared with ancient Chinese.

It is more suitable for translation in the future, without losing the original sharp tone. At the beginning, it is natural to "find syntactic clues".

It is very unpleasant for some people, but after searching and getting used to it, it has now assimilated and become its own. China

Grammatically, it is more incomplete than Japanese ancient prose, but there are some changes, such as the differences between Shangshu and Hanshu.

Scripture [16], the present vernacular Chinese is different from historical books and Chinese books; There are supplements, such as Tang translation of Buddhist scriptures and Yuan translation.

In the imperial edict, ⒄ invented some "grammar, syntax and morphology" at that time. Once they are used, they don't need to stretch out their fingers.

I see. Now, "foreign language" is coming again, and many sentences, that is, they must be newly made-at worst, they are hard made.

Build. According to my experience, this kind of translation can retain the original sharp tone better than turning it into a few sentences, but because

It needs new creation, so the original China language is flawed. What is a "miracle" and why is it "real"?

However, for some people, "sticking out your fingers" and "gritting your teeth" are not pleasant things. no

But I don't want to dedicate "frankness" or "pleasure" to those gentlemen, as long as there are a group of readers.

With the harvest, Mr. Liang Shiqiu's "children" have joys and sorrows, but without the harvest, they are really "floating clouds on me."

But one thing about Mr. Liang is that he can't do it without resorting to proletarian literary theory. For example, he said,

"The literature translated by Mr. Lu Xun a few years ago, such as" Symbol of Depression "by Beichuan Shirakawa, was not deeply impressed.

Something I don't understand, but the style of the recently translated book seems to have changed. "As long as some people with common sense will know:

"Chinese and foreign languages are different", but they are also foreign languages, because the author's approach is different, but "wind"

Case "and" syntactic clue position "can also be very different. Sentences can be complex or simple, nouns can always be specialized, never.

Foreign languages are easy to understand. My translation of Symbol of Depression is the same as now.

Word for word, even word for word translation, but Mr. Liang Shiqiu actually thinks that what he can't understand is the original text.

It's easy to understand, because Mr. Liang Shiqiu is a new critic in China, and it's also difficult to do.

Grammar, because I am used to it. If you are in Sancun, there are scholars who specialize in "China's view of ancient literature". Look.

It's no more difficult than "gobbledygook".

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However, this time, the translation of the Theory of Proletarian Literature, which is "more difficult than gobbledygook", has given Mr. A Liang a lot.

Influence. If you don't understand, it will have an impact. Although it looks funny, it's true. The critic wrote in "Literature is"

Are there any classes? "I now criticize the so-called proletarian literary theory, and I can only understand it according to what I can.

Just a little material. (2 1) In other words, the knowledge of this theory is extremely incomplete.

But for this sin, we (including all the translators of "gobbledygook", hence the name "we") can only bear one responsibility.

Part of the responsibility lies in the author's own carelessness or laziness. "What luna kaski, pu?

I don't know the book "Khan's", three articles (22) of "The Flow of Bog Danov" by Joaf and Torozky's.

Half of Literature and Revolution (23) do have English translations. There is no "Mr. Lu Xun" in Britain.

This is easy to solve. Mr. Liang once indicated that he was "waiting, waiting, waiting" for the appearance of great proletarian literature.

Patience and courage, this time for theory, why not wait for a while and look for it? I don't know what this is, but I don't know.

Seek carelessness, but not laziness. If you just sit silently, you may be "refreshed" but open.

Mouth, but it is easy to swallow air conditioning.

For example, the article "Is literature class-oriented? Gawaine's conclusion is that there is no class. erase

In class, I think the cleanest ones are "What Max Knox" and "What Sir" by Wu Zhihui (24).

There is no such thing as class in the world. Then, everything will be quiet. But Mr. Liang

But I was poisoned by some "what Marx". First of all, I admit that many places are now owned by assets, among which

There are proles below. However, this "proletarian" has no class consciousness. Some people are too compassionate.

The leader taught them this class concept in a provocative manner ",(25) to promote their alliance and inspire him.

Children's desire to fight. Yes, but I think teachers should be out of sympathy, but out of the idea of transforming the world.

Besides, what is "internal" cannot be consciously inspired, but if it can be consciously inspired, it means it is.

Something original. The original things, soon be covered up, that is, as grilli (26) said the earth movement, Darwin (2

7) When it comes to biological evolution, why not be burned to death by religious scholars or attacked by conservatives at the beginning, but now?

It is not surprising that people say that the earth is finally moving and that life is indeed evolving.

Admit what it has and disguise it as nothing. There can be no stunts.

But Mr. Liang has his own method to eliminate this struggle, and thinks that as Rousseau said, "assets are the foundation of civilization", (2)

8) "So attacking the asset system is anti-civilization", "If a proletarian has a future, he only needs.

Diligent housekeeping, honest life, how much is bound to get considerable assets. This is the life that should be.

Means of struggle. "I think Rousseau has gone for one hundred and fifty years, but he should not be regarded as a civilization of the past and the future.

Are all based on assets. (But if it is based on economic relations, it is naturally right. ) Greece and India, both.

Civilization and prosperity are not in bourgeois society, he probably knows; If you don't know, it's also his fault.

As for the "proper" way for proletarians to "strive" to climb the proletariat, China is rich.

In fact, the old adage of teaching poor workers when old people are happy is now "work hard and be honest"

There are also many proletarians who miss by going up one flight of stairs. However, no one has "taught this class concept"

When they ". Once taught, they refused to climb, as Mr. Liang said,

"They are a class, they want to be organized, they are a group, so they don't follow the normal track.

Seize political power and financial power and become the ruling class. But I still want to "work hard honestly". "

In a lifetime, how many "proletarians" are bound to acquire considerable assets? Of course there is. However, he thought

It is a "property owner who has not made a fortune." Mr. Liang's suggestion will be vomited by proletarians and have to be reconciled with the old one.

Great grandfather went to admire each other.

What happened after that? Mr. Liang thinks it is thoughtless. Because "this revolutionary phenomenon cannot last forever.

For a long time, after natural evolution, the law of survival of the fittest has to be proved again, and he is still a smart and talented person.

Superior position, proles or proles. "But the proletariat probably knows that" the forces against civilization will sooner or later. "

Conquered by the power of civilization ",so" establish the so-called' proletarian culture', ... this includes the text.

Art academic "(29).

Since then, this has entered the theme of literary criticism.

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Mr. Liang first thinks that the mistake of proletarian literary theory is to "impose class constraints on literature"

Because a capitalist and a laborer have different places, but they have the same place, "their humanity."

"(the word has a ring) there is no difference, for example, there are joys and sorrows, and there is love (but what is it)

Love itself, not the way of love ")," literature is the art of expressing this most basic human nature "(3

0)。 These words are contradictory and empty. Since civilization is based on assets, the poor try their best to climb up.

Interest rate ",then, comparison is an important truth of life, the rich are the supremacy of mankind, and literature only needs to express the bourgeoisie.

Enough is enough. Why should we be so "merciful" and include the "poor and defeated" proletarians? Let's talk about "humanity"

How is "itself" manifested? For example, the chemical properties, binding force, physics of the original substance or impurity.

The bottom has the property of hardness. To show this strength, two substances are needed to express it. If we say we don't need matter,

There is no magical way to show the resultant force and hardness like simple "itself"; But once the substance is used, this phenomenon is caused by the substance.

It's different. Literature can't express "sex" without borrowing people. Once it employs people, it is still in a class society, which is never possible.

It is inevitable to get rid of class and not be bound. Nature, "joys and sorrows, people.

Love is also ",however, the poor will never worry about opening an exchange, and the kerosene king will know the old woman who checks cinders in Beijing."

Suffering from bitterness, victims in hungry areas generally don't grow orchids, just like the rich man's grandfather, they were burned to death by the Jia family.

Big, also don't love sister Lin. "Whistle!" Lenin!' Not proletarian literature, of course, but

"Everything!" "Everyone!" "Happy event is coming, people are happy!" Nor is it the performance of "people"

Sex "of" self "literature. If literature expressing the most common humanity is supreme, it will express the most common movement.

Literature with physical attributes-nutrition, respiration, exercise and reproduction-or excluding "exercise" and expressing biology.

Literature must be more on it. If we are limited to expressing human nature because we are human beings, then proletarians

Just because it is the proletariat, it is necessary to be proletarian literature.

Secondly, Teacher Liang said that the author's class has nothing to do with the work (3 1). Tolstoy was born into a noble family, but sympathized.

However, the poor do not advocate class struggle; (32) Marx is not a figure in the proletariat; A contract of lifelong poverty

Dr. Hansen, who is determined to vomit, is too noble. (33) Therefore, the evaluation of literature depends on the work itself and cannot be involved.

The author's class and position. These examples are not enough to prove that literature is classless. Tolstoy's positive cause

Born in a noble family, the old nature cannot be erased, so I only sympathize with the poor and do not advocate class struggle. Max is sincere.

He is not a figure in the proletariat, but he doesn't have any literary works. If he does, we can't grasp what he will show.

Love itself must have changed in a different way. As for Dr. John Sun, he was poor all his life, but ambitious and unwilling to be a prince.

I really don't understand why, because I don't understand English literature and his biography. Perhaps, he wants to "heart"

If you work hard honestly all your life, you will definitely get considerable assets, and then climb up the aristocratic class.

Go, the result is in the end "reputation", even can't accumulate considerable assets, so I can only put on airs and "confess".

Let's go

Secondly, Mr. Liang said, "Good works are always the exclusive products of a few people, and most of them are always stupid, forever."

It is far from literature, but the appreciation has nothing to do with class, because "it is natural to appreciate literature."

Planting blessings ",that is to say, even among the proletariat, there will be people who are" born with blessings ". (34) by me

Inference, as long as you have this kind of "blessing", although you are too poor to stand education, you don't know a word.

We can appreciate New Moon as evidence that "humanity" and "literature itself" have no class nature. Danliangxian

Students also know that there are not many proletarians born with this blessing, so they decide another thing (literature and art? ) come and give it to him.

Children see, "such as popular plays, movies, detective stories and so on", because "ordinary workers and farmers need it.

Entertainment may require a little artistic entertainment. In this way, literature is really different from class to class.

However, it depends on the level of appreciation. The cultivation of this kind of power has nothing to do with the economy, but is given by heaven.

-"Blessing" Therefore, if a writer wants to create freely, he can neither be employed by the royal family nor suffer from the proletarians.

Threatened by class, write articles praising virtue. This is good, but in the proletarian literature theory we have seen,

I have never seen anyone say that a writer should be employed by the proletariat instead of the royal family.

Threatening to write articles praising virtue, saying that literature has class nature. In a class society, writers are self-sufficient.

Thought "freedom", thought beyond the class, but unconsciously, was finally dominated by the class consciousness of this class.

Those creations are not just the cultures of other classes. For example, this article by Mr. Liang was originally intended to abolish literature.

Class nature, publicizing truth. But regard assets as the ancestors of civilization and the poor as inferior scum, as long as you look at them,

I know this is the "weapon" of bourgeois struggle-no, "article". Proletarian literary theorists claim that

The literary theories of "all mankind" and "super class" describe very clearly what is helpful to the proletariat.

Examples of. As Mr. Wang said, "They are sure to win, so we should guide them and comfort them",

Say "go" and then "send" proletarian writers like "them" outside us. Right?

Needless to say, just like Mr. Liang, there are mistakes in proletarian literary theory.

Secondly, what Mr. Liang hates most is that proletarian literary theorists regard literature and art as a weapon of struggle, that is, as propaganda.

Pass the goods. He "does not object to anyone using literature to achieve other purposes", but "can't admit the propaganda style.

Words are literature. "I thought it was talking to myself. As far as I can see, all the theories are just model essays.

Art must be publicized, and no one advocates that as long as the word to be publicized is literature. Indeed, since the previous year, China

There are indeed many poems and novels, full of imported figures and slogans, which think they are proletarian literature. But that's because of the content.

And there are no slogans and slogans, and there is no reason to be "emerging". In fact,

Nor is it proletarian literature. This year, the article of Qian Xingcun, a famous proletarian literary critic, was published in Pioneer.

Or quote luna Karski, thinking that he values literature that the public can understand, so it is not honest to use slogans.

No, defend those "revolutionary literature". But I think, like Mr. Liang Shiqiu, it is intentional.

Or an unintentional misinterpretation. When Lu Karski said that the public can solve it, he meant that Tolstoy gave it to the peasants.

The style of a small notebook, workers and peasants can understand grammar, melody and humor at a glance. As long as it's Ming Patel in the stands.

Demian Bedney once got a red flag seal for his poems, but he didn't use slogans and slogans in his poems.

I can see that.

Finally, Mr. Liang wants to see the goods. This is a good and practical way; But copying two translated poems is a sign.

It is wrong to have many people. There is "On the Difficulty of Translation" (38) in New Moon, not to mention the translated text is a poem. Only me

As far as you can see, Luna Karski's Don Quixote Liberated and Fadeev's Collapse (39),

Gratkov's Cement (40) has no comparable works in China for eleven years.

This refers to the shadow of Mongolian bourgeois civilization such as the "Crescent Society", and it is sincerely for the writers who support it. David

In the works called proletarian writers, I can't give considerable achievements. But Qian Xingcun also defended the emerging order.

Level, of course, naive and simple in literary skills, and it is the evil of the "bourgeoisie" to ask them for good works at once.

Meaning (4 1). This statement is very good for farmers and workers. Such unreasonable demands are like making them hungry for a long time.

I wonder why they are not as fat as the rich. But the author of China, now really not just put it down.

Most of the people who hoe axe handles are educated intellectuals, and some of them are already famous literati. Murphy?

After I was impressed by my petty-bourgeois consciousness, even my previous literary skills disappeared? I won't.

Old Russian writers alexei tolstoy, Willie Sayef and Prishvin (42 years old) still have good works.

I don't think the fundamental reason why China's positivists have slogans without accompanying them lies in "taking literature and art as a weapon of class struggle".

Under the banner of "using class struggle as a literary weapon" and "proletarian literature", many

For those who suddenly tumble, look at last year's new book advertisement. There is hardly a book that is not revolutionary literature, but critics will.

Defending as "liquidation" means inviting literature to sit under the guise of "class struggle", so literature fell down on its own.

There is no need to focus on it, so it has little to do with literature and struggle.

However, the current temporary phenomenon in China is certainly not enough to disprove the emerging proletarian literature. Mr. Liang also knows.

Tao, so he finally gave in and said, "If proletarian revolutionaries insist on calling his propaganda literature the proletariat.

Learning, it is finally a new kind of literature, and it is finally a new harvest in the land of literature. There is no need to devalue assets.

Literature competes for the field of literature, because the field of literature is too big, and new things always have their place. "(4

However, from the point of view of the fledgling proletarians, this seems to be a kind of deception.

I'm afraid some "proletarians" are willing to do so, but this is what Mr. Liang said.

"Xi" climbed to the throne of the bourgeois "proletarians". His works were a poor scholar, but he was not a top scholar when he was in prison.

Sao, from the beginning to climbing and surpassing, is by no means proletarian literature. Proletarian literature uses our strength,

The wing that liberates our own class and opposes all classes wants everything, not a corner position. Take it.

For example, if there is "humanity" in literary criticism in the "palace of art" (44) (this must be obtained from Mr. Cheng.

Temporary rent), put two tiger skins to the south, and ask Mr. Liang Shiqiu and Mr. Qian Xingcun to sit side by side, one for each.

Holding the "new moon" in the right hand and the "sun" in the left hand (45) is really comparable to "labor".