Where are you from in Fengkeng?

Feng Keng (1907.10.10—1931.2.7), female, also known as Zhan Chun. Formerly known as Feng Meiling, she was born in the 33rd year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1907). Her ancestral home was in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. She moved to Yunbu Village in the south of Haiyang County (now Yunbu in Fengxi, Chaozhou) with her ancestors in the late Qing Dynasty, and then moved to Shantou City.

Feng Keng was born in an intellectual family and received rich cultural education. As a girl, she boarded at at _ Stone Girls' School, and then studied in Shantou Youlian Middle School. Feng Keng was the most famous woman writer in Chaoshan during the Republic of China. She was arrested by the National Government on 193 10+ 17 in Shanghai Oriental Hotel and was shot on February 7. She is the only female writer among the five martyrs of the Left League.

His representative works include the political essay Destruction and Construction, My Views on the Women's Movement and the short story Under the Moon and a Poor Woman. He has published poems "Deep Meaning", "You Give me a White Candle" and essays "Opening Day" and "Roses on Summer Night" in Literature and Art, the supplement of Lingnan Republic Daily.

Chinese name: Feng Keng.

Alias: Zhan Chun and Ling Mei, formerly known as Feng Meiling.

Nationality: China.

Ethnic group: Han nationality

Place of birth: Chaozhou, Guangdong

Date of birth: 1907 65438+ 10/0.

Date of death: 193 1 February 7th.

Occupation: writer, proletarian revolutionary.

Graduation school: Shantou Zuolian Middle School

Belief: China * * * Production Party.

Representative works: Destruction and Construction, My Opinion on Women's Movement and Under the Moon.

Origin: Hangzhou, Zhejiang

The life of the character

Feng Keng was born in a poor teacher's family in Chaozhou, Guangdong Province on October 10th, in the thirty-third year of Guangxu (1907).

In the 15th year of the Republic of China (1926), I graduated from Shantou Zuolian Middle School and taught in rural primary schools.

After the "April 12th" coup in the Republic of China 16 (1927), she disguised as a man and hid in the home of a peasant association member in the suburb of Shantou.

In the 17th year of the Republic of China (1928), when I was a primary school teacher, I got in touch with the society, got to know the people's feelings, and gradually understood that the people were the source of revolutionary forces. From 65438 to 0928, he wrote the novella "Get Up Again" and "The Last Way Out" during his hiding in the countryside.

In May of the Republic of China 18 (1929), he joined the China Producers' Party in Shanghai.

In the 19th year of the Republic of China (1930), he joined the Chinese Left-wing Writers' Union and used the opportunity of discussing literature and art to help young people embark on the revolutionary road. In March, she participated in the secret meeting of Soviet representatives in Shanghai on behalf of the Left League. After June, he actively participated in the preparations for the convening of the National Soviet Congress. She is a professional revolutionary and an amateur writer. I have been writing novels all my life, as well as poems, essays and one-act plays.

In the 20th year of the Republic of China (193 1 year) 17 10, he was unfortunately arrested while attending a party meeting with Rou Shi, Hu Yepin, Li Qiushi, Bai Mang and others in Shanghai Oriental Hotel, and died in Longhua prison on February 7th, and was known as the "Five Martyrs of the Left Party".

Anecdotal allusions

The road of growth

childhood

Feng Keng's parents, brothers and sisters are all intellectuals engaged in the teaching profession. Feng Keng loved literature since childhood. At the age of eight, he began to read classical novels such as The Water Margin, The Journey to the West and A Dream of Red Mansions, and published his works at the age of 15. Later, with the colorful school life and the magnificent revolutionary struggle practice, Feng Keng, who was diligent, intelligent and stubborn, began his literary creation. She worked tirelessly in the garden of literature and created a large number of works, which was praised by modern literary circles as "one of the most outstanding and promising new female writers in China".

Schooling career

When Feng Keng was studying in the high school of Youlian Middle School, the national revolution was rising in Guangdong, and Chaoshan area was one of the centers of the national revolution in Guangdong and even the whole country. 1925, the National Revolutionary Army made two expeditions to the east with the goal of occupying Chen Jiongming, a reactionary warlord in Dongjiang and Chaoshan areas. In such a turbulent era, Feng Keng, a high school student who was only seventeen or eighteen years old, took a pen as a fighting weapon and aimed at the reactionary forces. She believes that literature can fuel the revolution and ignite the fire in people's hearts. During this period, Feng Keng published nearly 10 articles on literature, such as National Day Commemoration, Destruction and Construction, and Noble Personality of Students. In view of the fact that the warlords occupying Chaoshan and Guangdong fought for territory and personal gain, regardless of the lives of the people, they lamented that these people did not inherit the "ray of light" that the martyrs of the 1911 Revolution exchanged with their heads and blood. The reason for her analysis of national chaos is that the Revolution of 1911 did not "annihilate" and "destroy" the old ideas and forces. "The great men and martyrs at that time mistakenly thought that changing the name of the Qing Empire to the Republic of China would achieve their goals! Therefore, Rong Puyi still lives in the palace and is worshipped by the old people, causing the chaos of restoration. " As a middle school student, Feng Keng's insight and analysis on politics are very valuable.

Feng Keng's concern for women's fate is vividly reflected in her two novels, A Poor Woman and Under the Moon. The first article describes the tragic life situation of a child bride: she can't get rid of the inhuman torture, and finally get rid of the hell on earth by jumping into the river to end her life. The latter article describes a young woman whose husband is a dude, and her mother-in-law binds her with strict feudal etiquette, making her live a "lifeless life like a slave, a prisoner and a puppet", thus falling into the confusion of life and death.

1June and July, 928, that is, on the eve of high school graduation, Feng Keng wrote four essays in modern prose format in Shantou with Essays by the Sea as the general topic and Shi Lian, Couple and Funny as the sub-topics, and sent them to Shanghai Bailu fortnightly. The works were published in the eighth issue, 1 1 issue and 12 issue of the third volume of this journal, respectively, and described in the first person, outlining the face and posture of women of the times from a corner of the social life of Shantou, a coastal city. These articles embody the unity of ideology, sociality and militancy. The author does not simply write about the scenery or express his feelings, but uses the scenery to express his will, and uses narrative to remember that people absorb a social picture and outline the posture, behavior and smile of a certain character, which is a true record and description of a certain corner of society under the Great Revolution. The publication of this group of works indicates that Feng Keng's ideological and literary creation level reached a certain height in Shantou period.

Step into society

1929 February, Feng Keng arrived in Shanghai from Shantou. From the end of 1920s to 1930s, Shanghai was the center of national revolutionary literature. At that time, there were many national first-class writers and artists such as Lu Xun, the flag bearer of China's new literature, and a large number of Chaoshan revolutionaries and intellectuals such as Du, Hong, Dai, Wang, Tang Yu, Yang Cun, Zhengqiu Zheng, Cai Chusheng, Xu, Li Chunfan, Xu Dixin, etc. Especially after Feng Keng arrived in Shanghai, due to the help of Lu Xun and many Chaoshan teachers and friends and their own efforts, Feng Keng appeared the second peak of her life, thus laying the foundation for her literary history in China.

Join the * * * production party

1930 In March, under the influence of China, the Chinese Left-wing Writers' Union, a famous revolutionary literature and art group with other progressive writers, was established in Shanghai, which was composed of members of the group Creation Society, Sun Society and our society (mainly composed of Chaoshan intellectuals) who advocated proletarian revolutionary literature in Shanghai at that time. Feng Keng was the first group of more than 40 people and 50 allies to attend the inaugural meeting.

As soon as the "Left League" was established, it appeared in a combative posture. Taking Marxist literary theory as a weapon, it not only criticized and debated all kinds of erroneous literary thoughts, including the views of crescent school, nationalist literary movement, freemen and third people, but also stubbornly resisted the reactionary literary policy of Kuomintang authorities and the activities of persecuting and suppressing progressive writers.

Feng Keng bravely threw himself into this struggle with the fighting enthusiasm of a young man who was born in party member. She not only joined the "Left Alliance" to contact trade unions, posted slogans, distributed leaflets and publicized the masses, but also wrote and published many poems, such as Spring Night, prose A Mass of Meat and other short stories, such as Hui, Little A Qiang and Red Diary. These masterpieces and the works of other young revolutionary writers of the "Left-wing League" have received extensive attention and high praise from all walks of life. Just as Lu Xun said, "It is the arrow in the forest, the bud at the end of winter, the first step of progress, the great love for predecessors and the monument of hatred for saboteurs."

Love life

Love encounter

1930101October 20th, the day when Feng Keng and Rou Shi established relations. Rou Shi wrote to Xu. The letter is full of the charm of new ideas: "I am a young man, of course I need a girlfriend, but my main idea is this:' If it helps and encourages my career, I will accept it, otherwise, I will refuse it!'" "I thought it was a simple matter. A month ago, Feng Jun gave me a letter, and I hesitated for a moment. Then, because there were more opportunities to meet, we fell in love. " "If Feng Jun can still marry you and still be happy, I will never see Feng Jun again. I believe in idealism, and I tell my brother frankly. Of course, my brother will not force a lovelorn lover to stay with him all his life; I will never take a lover with love to satisfy my lust. " I don't know how Xu reacted after receiving the letter, but what is certain is that Xu accepted this fact and won't bear a grudge against Feng Keng in the future. After liberation, Xu wrote many articles in the 1950s and 1980s, enthusiastically eulogizing this martyr, who was his lover who left after living together.

Keep regular correspondence with sb.

As can be seen from Rou Shi's letter, he has frequent contacts with Feng Keng and is congenial, "helpful and encouraging to his career". Feng Keng fell in love with Rou Shi and took the initiative to write to him and pour out his feelings. Rou Shi also appreciated and valued Feng Keng, accepted Feng Keng's request for him to change the theme and form of his works, and solemnly told Lu Xun about it. Without thinking, Lu Xun asked, "For example, he is used to using knives. How can he do it this time?" Rou Shi replied categorically: "I just learned". Here we can see the depth of love between Rou Shi and Feng Keng. Afterwards, Lu Xun has a vivid description in the article "In Memory of Forgetting": "What he said (referring to Rou Shi and the author's note) is not empty talk, but really learning from scratch. He once brought a friend to visit me at that time, that is, Ms. Feng Keng. After talking for a few days, I finally lost touch with her. I suspect that she is a little romantic and eager for success. I suspect that Rou Shi can do most of her novels recently. It originated from her point of view. But I doubt myself again. Maybe Rou Shi's firm answer hit the scar of my lazy idea, so I took it out on her unconsciously. -I'm not much better than the neurotic and self-respecting literary youth I'm afraid of. "

unhappy marriage

The love between Rou Shi and Feng Keng is also related to Rou Shi's own unhappy marriage. As early as when studying at Zhejiang Normal University, Rou Shi, 65,438+07 years old, married Wu Suying, two years older than him. Although Wu is hardworking and simple, he has never read a book, and the two sides lack a common language. At this time, Rou Shi, full of thoughts of the times, had a strong desire to write, which undoubtedly made Rou Shi often fall into emotional pain. After marriage, he wandered around and met Feng Keng.

Pursuit of freedom

The love between Feng Keng and Rou Shi is also related to the concept of free love formed by Feng Keng and the rebellious character in marriage. In Fengkeng, there is a sister, Feng Suqiu, who is 10 years older than her. She was quite talented, good at poetry and fu, pursuing marriage autonomy, and was banned by the old ethics. Su Qiu bravely fought and longed for marriage freedom, but under the oppression of the old ethics, she died of illness at the age of 3 1. My sister said to Feng Keng before she died, "We women have suffered a lot. You should be ambitious in the future and avenge women. The old ethical code is really a blessing in disguise. You should learn from Song Wu. Sister's tragedy and the tragic experience of Chaoshan urban and rural women in the shadow of feudal society made Feng Keng particularly yearn for free love. 1in the autumn of 926, 19-year-old Feng Keng wrote a set of love poems on the eve of graduation from Shantou Youlian Middle School, expressing the suppression of love under the suppression of feudal ethics. One of them said, "When the candlelight shines at night, I miss you more blankly-when I miss you to the point of helplessness, I stick a white candle to my face." Candle tears are dripping on my cheeks, mixed with tears, and condensed into tears for you and me! "

Feng Keng and Rou Shi did not live together openly when they traveled together in Hangzhou on about 1929+00, and19310 lived together openly. Unfortunately, this love is too short. In early February of the same year, both of them spilled blood on Longhua.

Personality assessment

Public trust. Com: Feng Keng, a talented young woman.

Gu _: Feng Keng, the most promising female writer.

Left-wing writers: Feng Keng is one of the most outstanding and promising female writers newly born in China.

Modern literary world: Feng Keng is regarded as one of the most outstanding and promising female writers born in China in 1930s.

Lu Xun: I have a heavy feeling that I lost my good friend and China lost a good youth.

Lu Xun: I finally lost touch with her. I suspect that she is a little romantic and eager to get things done. I also suspect that Rou Shi's recent novels, most of which are about to be written, are all based on her ideas. But I doubt myself again. Maybe Rou Shi's firm answer hit the scar of my lazy idea before, so I took it out on her unconsciously. -I'm actually not much better than the neurotic, self-respecting literary youth I'm afraid of.

Smedley: a rare new female writer.

Si Nuo: One of the six people killed was a talented female novelist.

personal work

Zaiqi (portfolio) 1986, Huacheng

Morning light (portfolio) edited by Rou Shi and Feng Keng, edited by Lu Bo, 1986, bibliography.

Little A Qiang and the Red Diary,

Commemoration of future generations

In memory of forgetting

Lu Xun's memorial after his murder in Fengkeng was published.