I want to review the syllabus for mid-term, seventh grade volume 1, Chinese (People's Education Edition), mathematics (Shanghai Science Edition), English (new goals), geography, biology, history

1. The shape and size of the Earth

1. The Earth is an irregular sphere with slightly flattened poles. (The equatorial circumference is about 40,000 kilometers, the equatorial radius is 6,378 kilometers, the polar radius is 6,357 kilometers, and the average radius is 6,371 kilometers. The surface area is 510 million square kilometers.)

2. How humans understand the shape of the earth Process: ancient times (intuition) - "the sky is round and the earth is square"; modern times (observation, Magellan's successful voyage around the world) - "spherical"; now (measurement and calculation) - irregular ellipsoid.

3. From "Stand high and see far"; "Lunar eclipse"; "Standing on the seaside and looking at ships coming from afar, you see the mast first and then the hull"; "Satellite photos of the Earth" It can be proved that the earth is a sphere.

2. The model of the earth - the globe

1. The earth's axis - the imaginary axis

2. The earth's axis passes through the intersection of the earth's center and the earth's surface, pointing to The North Pole (N) is the North Star, and the South Pole (S) is the opposite.

3. Longitude and latitude lines and latitude and longitude

1. Latitude lines and latitude

(1) Latitude lines are defined on the globe, along the east-west direction, and circle around the globe. circle.

(2) Characteristics of latitude lines

A. Shape All weft lines are circles and can be called weft loops;

B. The length varies, with the longest at the equator, gradually shortening towards the poles, and finally reaching a point.

C． Direction indicates east-west direction.

D. There are countless numbers

(3) Division of latitude

North of the equator (0° latitude) is northern latitude, which is customarily represented by "N"; south of the equator is southern latitude, It is customary to express it with "S". The north and south latitudes are divided into 90° each; the north and south poles are 90°S and 90°N respectively.

(4) Division of low, middle and high latitudes

Low latitude: 0°~30°

Middle latitude: 30°~60°

High latitude: 60°~90°

(5) Division of Northern and Southern Hemispheres North of the equator is the northern hemisphere, south of the equator is the southern hemisphere; all northern latitudes are located in the northern hemisphere, and all southern latitudes are located in the southern hemisphere .

2. Longitude and longitude

(1) Definition of longitude On the globe, the line connecting the north and south poles and intersecting perpendicularly with the latitude is called a longitude, also called a meridian.

(2) Characteristics of meridian

A. Shape: All meridians are semicircular;

B. Length All warp lengths are equal;

C. Directions All meridians point to north and south.

D. There are countless numbers

(3) Longitude is divided from the prime meridian (0° longitude) to the east and west, and each is divided into 180°. The 180° in the east is the east longitude. It is customary to use " E" is the code name, and 180° to the west is the west longitude. It is customary to use "W" as the code name.

(4) Meridian coil All meridian lines are semicircular, so two opposite meridian lines on the globe form a meridian loop. The sum of the meridian coils is equal to 180°, and one of the two longitudes is the east longitude and the other is the west longitude.

(5) Division of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres Internationally, it is customary to use the longitude lines of 20°W and 160°E as the boundaries between the Eastern and Western hemispheres. East of 20°W to 160°E is the Eastern Hemisphere. West of 20°W to 160°E is the Western Hemisphere. (Remember: although 0°--20°W is west longitude, it is in the eastern hemisphere; although 160°E--180° is east longitude, it is in the western hemisphere.

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4. Movement of the Earth

1. Rotation of the Earth: The Earth keeps rotating around its axis. This is called the rotation of the Earth

(1) Direction: From west to east

(2) Period: about 24 hours

(3) Phenomenon: the phenomenon of day and night alternation, jet lag

2. Earth's revolution:

(1) Direction: from west to east

(2) Period: one year.

(3) Phenomenon produced: seasonal changes in the four seasons, changes in the length of day and night

(4) Important characteristics of revolution: the orbital plane of revolution and the earth’s axis always maintain 66.5° angle, and

the North Pole always points near Polaris.

(5) The length of day and night:

The sun shines directly on the equator (vernal and autumnal equinoxes), and day and night are equally divided around the world.

When the sun shines directly on the Northern Hemisphere, the days are longer and the nights are shorter in various parts of the Northern Hemisphere. The farther north you go, the longer the days are. When it shines directly on the Tropic of Cancer (summer solstice), the daytime is the longest in all parts of the Northern Hemisphere, and polar day occurs in areas north of 66.5°N. On the contrary, the southern hemisphere has shorter days and longer nights. The further south you go, the longer the nights, and polar night occurs south of 66.5°S

The sun shines directly on the southern hemisphere, while the days are shorter and longer in the northern hemisphere. The farther north you go, the longer the days are. Short, directly at the Tropic of Capricorn (winter solstice), the daylight hours are at their shortest in all parts of the Northern Hemisphere. Polar night occurs in areas north of 66.5°N. On the contrary, the southern hemisphere has long days and short nights. The further south you go, the longer the days, and polar day appears south of 66.5°S

5. The formation and distribution of temperature zones

1. Five zones Division: Basis - how much solar heat the earth's surface receives.

2. Range: 23.5°N~~ 0°~~23.5°S is the tropical zone; 23.5°N~66.5°N is the north temperate zone; 23.5°S~66.5°S is the south temperate zone; 66.5° N~90°N is the northern cold zone; 66.5°S~90°S is the southern cold zone.

3. Characteristics: Tropical zone - there is direct sunlight, there is no polar night and no polar day, and the most solar heat is obtained; cold zone - there is oblique sunlight, there is no polar night and no polar day, and the least solar heat is obtained;

Temperate zone - slanting sunlight, endless night and day, and obvious changes in the four seasons.

6. Map

(1) Three elements of the map: scale, direction and legend

1. Scale: The scale is a fraction. The larger the denominator, the larger the scale. The smaller the map

For a map of the same size, the larger the scale, the smaller the range it can represent, and the more detailed the content it represents

Tips for reading the scale: Remember: 1 kilometer = 100,000 Centimeter = 100000 centimeters (1 followed by 5 zeros)

Scale representation method: digital, line segment, text

2. Direction: There are three basis for determining the direction on the map: Pointing beacon, latitude and longitude network, up, north, south, left, west, right, east

How to determine which direction A is from B: draw a cross cursor at B, mark the southeast, northwest, and see which two points A is. Between directions, the answer is which direction,

The map pointed by the cursor: When drawing the cross cursor, pay attention to the same direction as the cursor. The drawing method is: move the cursor to B, and then use this as Basic drawing of the cross cursor (after the north and south directions are determined, turn the test paper over and turn north and N to the top, you can easily judge left, west, right and east!

Latitude and longitude network map: Since the longitude lines indicate the north and south directions, The latitude lines indicate the east-west direction. On a map with a latitude and longitude network, if the reference point B is at the intersection of the latitude and longitude lines, then you can directly mark the direction at point B to determine the direction.

Tip: Pointing towards the North Pole is north, the opposite direction is south, then turn north to the top, left is west and right is east!

3. Legends and notes

Legend = symbols text = words and numbers

(2) Topographic map

Contour lines Topographic map: A map that uses contour lines (lines with equal elevations) to represent the ups and downs of the surface;

Contour lines are different for different forms of mountains:

Mountain forms: mountain tops, ridges and valleys Saddle cliff

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Text describing the center (point) of the closed curve, the contour line protruding toward the foot of the mountain (line), the contour line protruding toward the top of the mountain (line) two The place (line) where the contour lines overlap between the tops of the mountain

Tip: The ridges and valleys here are both routes up the mountain. The ridge generally leads to the top of the mountain, which is a mountaineering route and also a watershed; the valley generally leads to the top of the mountain. Toward the saddle is the route over the mountain and the water catchment area, usually the source of creeks and rivers.

2. Layered color topographic map (see terrain at a glance)

Look at the characteristics of different terrain contours, and the text description is as follows:

Terrain type Plains, mountains, plateaus, hilly basins[/td]

Altitude is generally low and 200 meters, more than 500 meters, more than 500 meters, less than 500 meters, not necessarily lower than 500 meters[/td]

The undulating conditions are flat and undulating. : The slope is steep (the mountains are high and the valleys are deep), the main body is flat, the edges are steep and the undulations are small, the slope is gentle and low in the middle and high on the four sides

3. Topographic profile (visually see the ups and downs)

Drawing Steps:

(1) Draw the section line AB

(2) Mark the letter at the intersection of the section line and the contour line

(3) Draw a coordinate and mark the height according to the contour topographic map (as shown in the picture)

(4) Droop the letter to its height

(5) Use a smooth curve to convert the coordinate map Connect the upper letters (note: the saddle part is concave and the mountain top part is convex)

Chapter 2 Land and Ocean

1. Three thirds (29) of the earth’s surface are land, and seven The score (71) is that the oceans are roughly divided into 3:7

2. Distribution of continents and oceans

Image reading analysis:

(1) The distribution of the northern and southern hemispheres in the figure The dividing line is that the continents that are all located in the northern hemisphere are continents and continents; the continents that are all located in the southern hemisphere are continents; the continents that are partly crossed by the equator are continents and continents, and the islands that are partly crossed by the equator are continents and continents; and the continents that are all located in the northern hemisphere are continents and continents. The ocean is an ocean, and it borders continents, continents, and continents to the south;

(2) The left hemisphere in the figure is a hemisphere, the right hemisphere is a hemisphere, and the continents mainly located in the Western Hemisphere are continents and continents. The five continents mainly located in the Eastern Hemisphere are China, Japan, Japan, China, and Japan; the oceans that are all located in the Eastern Hemisphere are oceans.

(3) From the picture: the order of the 7 continents from largest to smallest is:; What about the four oceans? ;

(4) Read the picture and answer: The ocean surrounded by the 5 northern continents is the ocean and the ocean, the ocean surrounded by the 4 northern continents is the ocean, and the ocean surrounded by the 3 northern continents is the ocean. Notice which continents surround them.

(5) The dividing line between North and South America is called a canal, and the dividing line between Asia and Africa is also called a canal. Asia and North America are separated by a strait, and there is also a strait called a strait between Africa and Europe. ; Asia and Europe are connected together and are called the Eurasian continent. It is the largest continent in the world with the longest dividing line. From north to south are mountains, rivers, seas (the world's largest inland lakes), mountains, seas, and straits.

3. Changes in land and sea

Causes of changes in sea and land: crustal movement (trilobites seen in the Himalayas: sea-land), sea level rise and fall (human activities seen in the Taiwan Strait Traces: land - sea), human activities (Netherlands reclamation: sea - land)

Continental drift hypothesis: (proposed by Wegener) 200 million years ago, the earth's land was a whole - divided ——Separation——Seven continents and four oceans

Plate tectonics theory: The earth's surface is composed of rocks; it is divided into 6 plates (Pacific plate, Eurasian plate, American plate, Indian Ocean plate, African plate, Antarctic plate) ; The plate is constantly moving (judge the direction of movement according to the arrow); the interior of the plate is relatively stable, the edges are relatively active, and there are many volcanic earthquakes (Pacific Rim Volcanic Seismic Zone, Mediterranean-Himalayan Volcanic Seismic Zone)