Rice planting technology

We all know that rice is grown in water, but if conditions do not allow, many people will grow rice on dry land. So what should we pay attention to when planting rice in dry land? The following are the rice planting techniques I have carefully arranged for you. Let's have a look.

Rice planting technology. Dry cultivation and sparse sowing to cultivate strong seedlings

Because of fertilization and water control in dry seedbed, soil capacity and water content of seedbed decreased, porosity increased and oxygen content increased, which was very beneficial to the growth and development of seedlings. Only sparse sowing can cultivate strong seedlings, which turn green quickly and tiller early, laying the foundation for high yield of rice.

(A), the standard of strong seedlings

The seedling age is 35 ~ 45 days, the leaf age is 4.5 ~ 5.0 leaves, the seedling height is 13 ~ 17 cm, and the number of roots is 13 ~ 15. Hundreds of plants on the ground weigh more than 4 grams, and 20% of the seedlings have1~.

(2) Preparation before seedling raising

1. Selection of seedbed: choose environmental conditions with no pollution, leeward, sunny, convenient water and electricity supply, high terrain, dryness, good drainage, no salinity, no weeds, fertile soil, flat terrain and wind protection facilities around.

2. Seedling area and materials: Seedling area: generally, it is 1: 80 ~ 100, that is, the seedling area is 80 ~ 100 square meter, and one hectare of paddy field can be planted. Materials include plastic shed cloth, wooden poles for shed construction, bamboo bark, 400-500 seedling trays (bowls) per hectare, seed soaking spirit, salt, etc.

3. Preparation of seedbed soil: principle requirements: seedbed soil is loose, fertile (with complete nutrients), granular, breathable, with strong water and fertilizer retention capacity, slightly acidic and free of grass seeds and stones.

Specific method for preparing nutrient bed soil:

Primary soil refers to the main carrier of bed soil, and mountain humus is the best in mountainous and semi-mountainous areas; Dry land soil (soil without herbicide) and paddy soil are used in plain areas; Bottom soil of main canal in saline-alkali area. The amount of soil used per hectare is 2500 Jin, and it is best to transport it back for use in the first year. If it is that year, it is best to transport it back to dry and break it and sieve it early. Generally, weeds and gravel in the original soil are screened out with a 5-mesh sieve. In order to improve the content of organic matter in bed soil, peat or decomposed agricultural fertilizer is generally added.

Mountain humus soil: Generally, the content of organic matter is above 5%, and it is acidic and has good permeability, so it is unnecessary to add organic matter.

Dry field and paddy field soil: Generally, the organic matter in fertile soil is below 3%, so it is necessary to add about 10% of decomposed pig manure or horse manure. If rotten chicken is added, manure can only be added by about 5%.

Saline-alkali land: the soil structure is poor, the organic matter content is low, and it is alkaline. It is most beneficial to increase the proportion of organic matter appropriately. Generally, 15% ~ 20% horse manure is added.

The organic fertilizer also passes through a 5-mesh sieve and then is mixed with the original soil for later use. After adding organic matter, the bed soil needs to be adjusted to acid, and it can only be called nutritious bed soil after disinfection with chemical fertilizer. At present, there are two ways: one is to prepare it yourself, and the other is to buy hair conditioners sold in the market.

(1) Self-made nutrient soil: The first step is to prepare the acid regulator, and the mountain humus soil does not need to be adjusted. The bed soil in plain area and saline-alkali area must be adjusted to pH 4.5 ~ 5.5. The general production practice is to acidify the screened horse manure or peat first, and then acidify it with dilute sulfuric acid. Generally, 42.5 kilograms of water is added with 7.5 milliliters of concentrated sulfuric acid. When preparing, put the weighed water into the tank, then pour in concentrated sulfuric acid and stir, which is about 15% dilute sulfuric acid. Pour about 15kg of dilute sulfuric acid on horse manure with a plastic watering can. After mixing evenly, stuffy for half a day to form acidifier. The experience is that 25 kg concentrated sulfuric acid is produced per hectare in saline-alkali land, and 5 ~ 7 kg concentrated sulfuric acid is produced per hectare in non-saline land.

Step 2, adjust the acidity of bed soil with acidified horse manure or peat, and add chemical fertilizer. First, do a small sample test. First, add 0.5 kg of acidified horse manure to 4 kg of original soil, then weigh 4 kg to add 1 kg of acidified horse manure, and then add 1.5 kg of acidified horse manure to 4 kg of original soil. Make five samples, mix them evenly, and measure their PH value with test paper to find out how much acidified horse manure can be added to every 4 kg of bed soil to reach the pH value range of 4.5 ~ 5.5. Just mix a lot of bed soil according to this ratio. At the same time, 2.5 kg of ammonium sulfate, 1. 1 kg of diammonium, 1 kg of potassium sulfate and 0. 1 kg of zinc sulfate were added to the bed soil to make nutritious bed soil.

(2) using conditioner to prepare nutrient bed soil

Conditioner generally contains nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer, potassium and trace elements needed by seedlings, and has the function of acid regulation and disinfection, which is convenient for farmers to use. There are many varieties produced at present. This paper introduces several usage and dosage.

Three-function conditioner: each bag of this product is 2kg, and the length of dry seedlings mixed with soil can be15m2. Plug seedling can raise 90 plates.

Nutritional and acidified medicinal soil: it is better to use in saline-alkali areas. Each bag of this product is 2kg, and each bag of tray seedlings can be fertilized with 90 plates (15m2), each bag of pot seedlings can be fertilized with 150 plates (20 ~ 25m2), and each bag can be mixed with 2 10 ~ 270kg of soil. After mixing the soil, put it on a plate or spread it on a bed to water it, and then sow it.

Baby care treasure: generally used in non-saline areas. This product can be used for dry rice seedling raising, tray seedling raising and pot seedling raising, and can also be used for some vegetables, such as eggplant, pepper, tomato and melon. Each bag of this product is 1.25 kg, and 350 kg of bed soil can be prepared. Dry seedling raising15 ~ 20m2, tray seedling raising 90 ~ 1 10, pot seedling raising 140 ~ 150. In saline-alkali areas, the effect of combined irrigation with acidified water is better.

The dosage forms of hair conditioners sold in the market change every year, so be sure to follow the instructions.

4. Seed treatment

(1) Seed dosage per hectare: 25 kg for pot seedlings (germination rate over 95%) and 30-40 kg for dry seedlings. More saline-alkali land, less non-saline land, less dry farming and sparse planting.

(2) Sunning seeds: choose sunny days, spread straw mats or cement yards with a thickness of one inch on the dry and flat ground, sun them for 2-3 days during the day, and turn them frequently during the sun to improve the activity of seeds.

(3) Seed selection: Salt water is the best. Mixed with salt water with the specific gravity of 1: 13 (about 50 1 kg water and 12 kg salt), tested with fresh eggs, the eggs will contact the water in the salt water for 5 cents. Remove chaff, rice and wash for 2 ~ 3 times.

(4) Seed soaking and disinfection: The purpose is to make the seeds fully absorb water, which is beneficial to germination, and at the same time disinfect and prevent bakanae disease. There are many disinfectants in production at present. The evil Miao Jing (Duo Xiaoling) is widely used. Each bag of this product contains 100g, 50 kg of water is added, 40 kg of seeds are soaked after stirring, and the seeds are soaked at room temperature for 5-7 days. The soaked seeds can germinate directly without washing with clear water.

(5) Germination acceleration: The germination acceleration is relatively uniform at the temperature of 28 ~ 32℃, and it is best to have a germination promoter. If there is no accelerating agent, it can be accelerated indoors on the ground, on the kang or in the nursery greenhouse. Specific operation: firstly, take out the soaked seeds and preheat them in warm water at 40 ~ 50℃. When the seeds are warm (about 28℃), immediately scoop up the ginseng, put it into a seed bag and put it on a well-padded floor indoors (with 30cm straw on the floor and straw mats on the floor); Or on the kang, you should also pad it. Cover the seed bag with plastic cloth or sack, and insert a thermometer into the bag. Observe the temperature at any time to make it not lower than 28℃ or higher than 32℃. At the same time, keep the humidity of the seeds and turn them up and down every few hours to keep the temperature of the seeds as consistent as possible. It is important to note that seeds will produce a lot of carbon dioxide during germination, which will naturally raise the temperature. If you are not careful, you will burn the seeds at high temperature. It usually germinates in 2 days. When the chest is white, it will start to cool down and cool down properly. The bud is one millimeter long.

(6) scaffolding as seedbed

In Jilin province, greenhouses and medium greenhouses are the main ones, and there are few seedlings in small greenhouses. Generally, the specifications of the shed are 5 ~ 6 meters wide and 20 meters long, and each shed can raise seedlings 100 square meter. The north-south direction of the shed is better, and the east-west direction is also ok. Make two big seedbeds in the shed, with a 30-cm-wide walkway in the middle and a drain around. Apply decomposed agricultural fertilizer 10 ~ 15 kg per square meter, turn it lightly for 8 ~ 10 cm, then flatten it and pour the bottom water.

Step 5 sow seeds

(1) The determination of sowing date is to determine the suitable sowing date according to the local temperature and variety maturity. The lowest temperature of rice germination is 10 ~ 12℃, and the rice can be sown after the temperature is stabilized at 5 ~ 6℃. The time for the temperature to stably pass 5 ~ 6℃ in the plain area of Jilin Province is early April, and it is 5 ~ 7 days later in the mountainous and semi-mountainous areas. Therefore, late-maturing varieties or mid-late-maturing varieties are sown in the plain area in early April and in the mountainous and semi-mountainous areas in mid-April. Early-maturing varieties can be sown in late April.

(2) Seeding amount

The amount of sowing directly affects the quality of seedlings, and only sparse sowing can produce strong seedlings. The results of many years' research show that the sowing amount of dry seeds is150g (3 Liang), the sowing amount of bud seeds is 200g (4 Liang) per square meter, and the sowing amount of mechanical seedling tray is100g (2 Liang). 50 grams (1 pair) of bud seeds per plate. Sow 35 ~ 40g (0.7 ~ 0.8 liang) seeds in ultra-thin planting to accelerate germination. In a word, the sowing amount must be strictly controlled and not too large, which is very beneficial to cultivate strong seedlings and prevent damping-off disease.

(3) Sowing method

Dry seedling raising and sowing in isolation layer: arrange holes on permeable bed (hole spacing is 4? 4 cm, 4 mm in diameter), then spread 2.5 ~ 3 cm thick nutrient soil, pour 5 ~ 6 kg of dixone solution 1500 times per square meter, pour a small amount of acid water (pH value of water is 4) in the saline-alkali area, then sow by hand, evenly, lightly press after sowing, so that the seeds and bed soil stick together, and evenly cover the soil after sowing. 59606.888886666606

Plug sowing: seedling tray (60 cm long and 30 cm wide) is filled with 3 kg of nutrient soil, watered with 0.75 ~ 1 kg, and covered with 1 kg after sowing. The seedbed should be flat, the trays should be placed together, and then closed with seedbed herbicide. Spread a plastic film on it.

Pot-tray seedling and sowing: At present, there are two specifications of pot-tray in Jilin Province, one is 56 1 hole/tray, and the other is 434 holes/tray, which can raise large seedlings. It is recommended to use a pot-tray with 434 holes. The method of sowing is to put the nutrient seedbed soil into a bowl, pour the bottom water, and sow with a small seeder, sowing 2 ~ 3 seeds per hole. (Quantitative precision seeder can also be used). After sowing, cover with soil and scrape.

6. Paddy field management

Seedling management needs careful management, which is generally divided into four stages.

(1) Sowing and emergence

This period of time is mainly sealed and insulated to ensure the water and temperature needed for seedling emergence. The temperature in the shed should be controlled at about 30℃, and it should be ventilated when it exceeds 35℃. In case of water shortage, it is necessary to replenish water in time. Generally, the bottom water is not completely filled, or the bed surface is seeping. The phenomenon of dry buds often occurs before emergence. Moisture is the key point in this period, and the plastic film should be removed immediately after the seedlings grow fully to avoid burning the seedlings.

(2) emergence-1.5 leaf stage

During this period, the resistance to low temperature is strong, so it is necessary to pay attention to the bed soil not to be too wet, otherwise it will affect the root growth, water as little as possible, control the temperature at 20 ~ 25℃, and ventilate and cool down on sunny days with high temperature. Prevent seedlings from dying or burning.

When the seedlings grow to one leaf and one heart, use a net or special anti-damping agent to prevent and control damping-off. The application method is 40g of water per bag, 100 ~ 120kg, and the seedling area is irrigated for 40m2.

If the herbicide is not closed after sowing, it is the best time for a leaf to use Daphne odora wholeheartedly. Water spraying 20% Daphne odora emulsifiable concentrate in Phnom Penh is 40 times more than that in sunny days, and the dosage is per 667 square meters 1 kg. After application, the temperature in the shed is controlled at about 25℃ without watering for half a day, which improves the efficacy.

(3) 1.5 leaf -3 leaf stage.

1.5 ~ 2.5 leaves (before and after weaning) are the prone period of damping-off and bacterial wilt, and also the key period of cultivating strong seedlings. This period is the least sensitive to moisture and has strong resistance to low temperature. In general, the water content of bed soil should be controlled in dry land, and the bed surface should be kept dry only when the bed soil cracks, so as to promote the development of root system and vigorous growth. The temperature in the shed should be controlled at 20 ~ 25℃, and the seedlings should be ventilated in time on hot sunny days to prevent the seedlings from growing in vain.

At this stage of seedling raising in saline-alkali soil, 1 ~ 2 times acidified water should be poured to reduce the pH value of bed soil. The method is to add 50 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid (about 1000 times) to every 50 kg of water.

Two leaves in one heart stage, weaning fertilizer is applied once, 30 grams of ammonium sulfate is applied to the seedbed per square meter, and water is sprayed 100 times. Rinse with clear water once after application to avoid burning leaves with chemical fertilizer.

(4) transplanting three leaves and one leaf

During this period, not only the seedlings need a lot of water, but also with the increase of temperature, the evaporation is also large, the bed soil is easy to dry, and watering should be timely and sufficient, otherwise the seedlings will dry up. At this time, the outside temperature is already very high, and the temperature in the shed should be controlled within 25℃ to ventilate. The shed skirt can be put down during the day, and the shed skirt can be left uncovered when the outside temperature is above 10℃ at night.

3 ~ 4 days before transplantation? Send wedding fat? Apply 50 ~ 60g ammonium sulfate per square meter of seedbed, 100 times of water, and then rinse with clean water once.

In order to prevent liriomyza sativae from spraying water with 40% dimethoate emulsion for 800 times before transplanting without dew. Pull up the big grass manually before inserting.

Second, the basic construction of rice fields.

Farmland capital construction is related to the most basic conditions for high and stable yield of rice. Whether it is an old rice area or a new rice area, it should be carried out in accordance with the unified planning of the water conservancy department. On the basis of comprehensive planning of irrigation and drainage system, forest land, water and roads, rice production will be developed, with the focus on building squares and strip farmland.

(1) jump into the sky

Generally, after the length and spacing of branch canals and bucket canals are determined, the scattered land is divided into strips, and irrigation and drainage are carried out alternately. A canal is an upstream waterway, and a drainage channel is set every 25 ~ 35 meters, that is, single irrigation and single row.

(b) Application of agricultural fertilizers

The application of organic fertilizer can improve soil and fertility, because the main component of organic fertilizer is organic matter, the organic matter content of straw is above 50%, and the organic matter content of pig, horse, cow, sheep and poultry manure is 30% ~ 70%. Organic matter is the main source of crop nutrients and has the function of improving soil physical and chemical properties. Therefore, it is necessary to apply organic fertilizer in rice fields.

Application of farmyard manure: Before turning the land, apply farmyard manure (fully decomposed) 10 ~ 20 cubic meters per hectare and apply it evenly.

(3) Farming and soil preparation

Principle requirements: the land should be flat and finely raked, and the height difference of each land should not exceed inches.

Autumn ploughing is better than spring ploughing, and early ploughing is better than late ploughing, because autumn ploughing, winter freezing and spring ploughing, freezing and thawing, fine clods, weed seeds, germs and pests freeze to death, and the harm is reduced. The excavation depth is required to be 15 ~ 18cm, the cold slurry soil is deeper, and the sandy soil can be shallower. Require fastening, no leakage of tillage, and implement dry harrow leveling.

Actively promoting no-tillage and light harrow technology in black soil is beneficial to water saving.

Third, the collocation of high-yield varieties in different regions

Jilin Province is not divided into the first, second and third accumulated temperature zones like Heilongjiang Province. In paddy field production, it can be roughly divided into three ecological regions: mountainous region, semi-mountainous region, plain region and saline-alkali region. The maturity of varieties is the first, the second is resistance, the third is technical level and the fourth is market demand. Generally speaking, the rate of return and the market should adapt to the local and current year. At present, according to the regional division of Jilin Province, the following varieties should be the main local varieties.

Mountainous and semi-mountainous areas (including Yanbian, Jiaohe and Lan Shu counties in Jilin, Tonghua, Liuhe, Huinan and Hailong in Jilin, and cities and counties such as Shuangyang, Yitong, Dongfeng, Liaoyuan and Changbai) are characterized by short frost-free period and frequent chilling injury. Therefore, middle-maturing and early-maturing varieties, such as 88 ~ 7 and Yanjing 65438, should be given priority in this area.

Plain areas, including Changchun, Siping and Songyuan, are mostly high-yield plain rice areas, such as Meihe, Yongji, Huadian, Huinan and Hailong. The latitude span in this area is large, and the paddy fields are concentrated and contiguous. There are many varieties with different maturity, from 145-day varieties to 130-day varieties. The late-maturing, high-quality and high-yield varieties have great advantages, and are also the main producing areas of high-quality rice in Jilin Province. They can be planted with 1, Akita Xiaoqing, Nongda No.7, Ji Jing No.66 and Ji Jing No.81. Saline-alkali areas, including Songyuan and Baicheng, have short frost-free period and high salt content in soil. Therefore, relatively early-maturing varieties such as Changbai No.9 (Ji 89 ~ 45) and Songjing No.3 have higher seedling raising level in Songyuan, and some late-maturing varieties can be planted by early sowing technology. The varieties are, 66 (Ji 2605), and some middle-maturing and high-quality rice varieties are Jifeng 10, Tong 6 1 1 and Tong 95 ~ 74.

Fourth, timely early sowing and reasonable sparse planting.

Transplanting quality requirements, straight ridge, shallow sowing, no shortage of holes.

Determination of (1) transplanting date

1. According to the safe heading date, the temperature of the safe heading date of rice is 25 ~ 30℃, so as to ensure the appropriate effective accumulated temperature for heading and ensure the safe maturity. It is advisable to heading in early August every year in Jilin Province.

2. Temperature during transplanting. Generally, the lowest temperature for rice growth is 65438 04℃, the mud temperature is 65438 03.7℃, and the leaf growth temperature is 65438 03℃.

3. Ensure that there is enough vegetative growth period, and there is a certain filling and fruiting period in the middle and late reproductive period. Arrange the transplanting date according to the growth period of the main varieties and the required accumulated temperature.

Generally, the plain areas of Jilin Province should be sown in early May (around May 10), and the saline-alkali areas in the west, the mountainous areas in the east and the semi-mountainous areas should be sown in the middle and late May, but all of them should be sown before the end of May, and no sowing should be carried out in June.

(2) Transplantation method

Reasonable plant spacing can not only make individuals (single plants) grow healthily, but also promote the maximum development of population. Finally, high yield was obtained. Transplanting density is closely related to tillering ability, soil fertility, seedling quality and water source. Varieties with strong tillering ability have early transplanting period and fertile soil, Miao Zhuang. River water or reservoir water should be properly inserted early, and the transplanting method is 30 cm? 20 ~ 30 cm (9? 6 ~ 9 inches), insert 4 ~ 5 seedlings in each hole. However, varieties with strong tillering ability have poor soil texture and weak seedling quality. During the transplanting period, well water irrigation should be properly densely planted, generally 30 cm? 10cm ~ 15cm (9？ 3 ~ 4.5 inches), 4 ~ 5 seedlings per hole.

1 Key points of rice cultivation techniques, rice seedling strengthening agent and its role in dry seedling raising

Seedling-strengthening agent is a new type of soil conditioner for rice seedbed, which integrates disinfectant, chemical control agent and nutrient according to the physiological and ecological characteristics of rice seedlings and the physical and chemical properties of soil. Disinfectant is based on the characteristics and incidence of rice sheath blight bacteria, using disinfection and sterilization agents to control and eliminate soil rice sheath blight bacteria, and play a role in disease prevention. Chemical control agents are mainly plant growth regulators. After being applied to soil, it can improve the cold resistance of seedlings, promote the growth of roots, control the growth of aboveground parts and play a dwarfing role. According to the law of fertilizer demand at seedling stage, the nutrient is to reasonably mix nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium with trace elements such as Ga, Mg, S, Fe, Zn and Si to meet the nutrient demand of rice at seedling stage. Acidifier is applied to the soil to reduce the PH value of the bed soil and maintain it for a period of time, thus playing a dual role in inhibiting bacteria and activating soil nutrients.

The application of rice seedling strengthening agent can simplify the complicated operation procedures such as acid adjustment, disinfection, fertilization and chemical control of rice seedling bed in dry land, and effectively overcome technical problems. Out of shape? Drug damage, fertilizer damage, diseases and accidental injuries caused by improper use of concentrated sulfuric acid have outstanding effects of strengthening seedlings and increasing production.

2. How to use rice seedling strengthening agent

At present, there are two kinds of seedling strengthening agents used in production: ordinary (2.5Kg bag) and concentrated (1.5Kg bag), which can be applied to dry seedling raising, wet seedling raising and plastic floppy disk seedling raising. The application in our province in recent two years has achieved good results.

(1) Application methods of dry seedling raising and wet seedling raising;

On the basis of fertilizing and ploughing the seedbed in winter, add12.5Kg of screened dryland soil to each bag (2.5 kg) of common seedling strengthening agent, or add 18.5Kg of screened dryland soil to each bag (10.5 kg) of concentrated seedling strengthening agent, fully mix and spread on the surface of 20 square meters of seedbed soil. Cover the seeds with fertile soil without seedling strengthening agent. Late management is the same as dry seedling raising.

(2) Application method of floppy disk seedling:

Add 2 10Kg of screening soil to each bag (2.5Kg) of common seedling strengthening agent or 270Kg to each bag (10.5 kg) of concentrated seedling strengthening agent, mix thoroughly and evenly, prepare nutrient soil, put it into 150 seedling tray, put it into a fertilizing and subpackaging room after sowing, and pour sufficient soles. Or stand up and compact first, then pour enough water on the floppy disk, then sow and cover the seeds.

3. Problems needing attention in the use of seedling strengthening agent

(1) No matter what kind of seedling raising method is adopted, the nutrient soil prepared with seedling strengthening agent must not be used as seed mulching, so as not to affect germination and emergence.

(2) Mixing must be uniform to avoid phytotoxicity.

(3) Suitable pH value of seedling strengthening agent

(4) The seedling strengthening agent does not contain herbicides, and weeding should be treated separately.

(5) Under the condition of cultivating large seedlings, if fertilizer removal occurs in the later stage, appropriate fertilizer should be added to ensure the normal growth of seedlings.

(6) 50 grams of seedling-strengthening agent per square meter can play a preventive role in the occurrence of seedling bed damping-off or bacterial wilt.

(7) The application amount of seedling strengthening agent should be appropriately reduced in late rice seedling raising.