How to write the slogan of handwritten newspaper in the year of the tiger

Spring Festival generally refers to New Year's Eve and the first day of the first month. However, among the people, the traditional Spring Festival refers to the sacrificial ceremony from La Worship on the 8th or 23rd or 24th of the twelfth lunar month to the 15th of the first lunar month, with New Year's Eve and the first day of the first lunar month as the climax. During the Spring Festival, Han people and many ethnic minorities in China will hold various activities to celebrate. The main contents of these activities are offering sacrifices to gods and buddhas, offering sacrifices to ancestors, saying goodbye to the old year and welcoming the new year, and praying for a bumper harvest. The activities are rich and colorful, with strong national characteristics.

The customs of the Spring Festival

Sacrifice to the kitchen god

In China, the Spring Festival usually begins with offering sacrifices to stoves. The folk song "Twenty-three, Melon Stick" refers to the sacrificial stove on the 23rd or 24th of the twelfth lunar month every year. There is a saying that "officials, three people, four boatmen and five workers", that is, the government held a kitchen sacrifice on the 23rd of the twelfth lunar month, the people held a kitchen sacrifice on the 24th, and the government held a kitchen sacrifice on the 25th.

Sacrificing a stove is a kind of custom with great influence and wide spread among the people in our country. In the past, almost every kitchen had a kitchen god. People call this god "the Bodhisattva who directs life" or "the kitchen master who directs life". It is said that he is the "Nine-day Eastern Palace Chef" sealed by the Jade Emperor, who is responsible for managing the kitchen fires of various families and is worshipped as the patron saint of a family. Most of the niches of Kitchen God are located in the north or east of the kitchen, and the idol of Kitchen God is in the middle. Some people who don't have the niche of the Kitchen King also put the idol directly on the wall. Some gods only draw a kitchen god, while others have two men and women. The goddess is called "Grandma Chef". This is probably an imitation of the image of human couples. Most of the statues of Kitchen God are also printed with the calendar of this year, which reads the words "Chef of the East is in charge", "Guardian of the World" and "Head of the Family" to show the status of Kitchen God. On both sides, there are couplets of "Heaven is good, descent is safe", wishing the whole family peace.

Since last New Year's Eve, Kitchen God has been staying at home to protect and supervise his family. On the 23rd day of the twelfth lunar month, the Kitchen God will ascend to heaven and report the good deeds or evil deeds of this family to the Jade Emperor in heaven. The ceremony of sending the kitchen god is called "sending the kitchen stove" or "resigning the kitchen stove". According to the report of the Kitchen God, the Jade Emperor entrusted the family with the fate of good fortune and bad fortune in the new year. Therefore, for a family, Kitchen God's report is really meaningful.

Cooking is usually held at dusk. The family first went to the kitchen, set the table, incense the kitchen god in the shrine on the kitchen wall, and presented honeydew melons made of caramel and flour. Then the bamboo strips are tied into paper horses and animal feed. Sacrificing caramel to the Kitchen God is to make his old man's mouth sweet. In some places, the kitchen god's mouth is also wrapped in a layer of sugar, which means "say more good things and don't say bad things." This is to block the kitchen god's mouth with sugar and tell him not to speak ill. In the book "Year of the Year" in the Tang Dynasty, there is an occasional record that "Si Ming (Kitchen God) got drunk by applying distiller's grains to the stove". After people put sugar on the mouth of the Kitchen God, they took off their idols and ascended to heaven with paper and cigarettes. In some places, sesame stalks and pine branches will be piled up in the yard at night, and then the statue of the kitchen king, which has been enshrined for a year, will be taken out of the shrine and burned on the fire with paper horses and forage. The yard was brightly lit by the fire. At this time, the family kowtowed around the fire, burning and praying: This year is twenty-three, and I want to send the Kitchen God to the Western Heaven. With strong horses and forage, you will arrive safely. Melon is sweet and sweet. Please speak kindly to the Jade Emperor.

When sending the Kitchen God, there are still several beggars in some places, dressed up, singing and dancing from door to door to send the Kitchen God, named "Send the Kitchen God" in exchange for food.

The custom of delivering stoves is very common in all parts of China. Mr. Lu Xun once wrote the poem "A boxer sends a stove to eat": only chicken glue smells good, and clothes smell good. If there is nothing at home, there are only a few antelopes.

He said in the article "The Day of Sending Stoves": "On the day when the kitchen ascended to heaven, there was a kind of sugar on the street, which was as big as a citrus, and we also had it there, but it was flat, like a thick pancake. That is the so-called gum tooth. " The original intention is to ask the chef to eat it and stick his teeth so that he can't speak ill of the jade emperor. The allusion of "Antelope" in Lu Xun's poems comes from the Biography of Yin Shi in the Later Han Dynasty: "Yinzifang was the most filial when Xuan Di proclaimed himself emperor." Cooking on the twelfth morning, seeing the kitchen god, children will worship and celebrate again; There is an antelope at home, so it is worshipped. Naturally, after the third time, it became extremely rich. "I know the third generation, and I have succeeded. Therefore, I often recommend the antelope to sacrifice the stove in the twelfth lunar month. " Yin Zifang saw the Kitchen God and sacrificed the antelope. Later, she got lucky. Since then, the custom of killing antelopes to sacrifice stoves has been handed down.

During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the offerings for offering sacrifices to stoves were quite rich. Fan Chengda, a poet in the Song Dynasty, wrote a very vivid description of the folk sacrifice of stoves at that time: in the twelfth lunar month, the kitchen king talked to the sky. Clouds and horses are lingering, and there are cups and plates at home. The pig's head is cooked, the fish is fresh, and the bean paste and Gan Song bait are round. When a man tells his daughter to avoid him, he drinks and burns money. You can't smell your servant's struggle, and you won't feel angry when your cat and dog touch you. Get drunk and send you to Tianmen, don't repeat the clouds with a long spoon and a short spoon, and ask the market for points.

The sacrificial stoves on the 23rd day of the twelfth lunar month are closely related to the China New Year. Because, a week later, on New Year's Eve, the kitchen god came to earth with the good and bad fortune that the family should get, together with other immortals. Kitchen God is regarded as the god in the sky. Other gods ascend to heaven again after the New Year, and only the Kitchen God will stay in other people's kitchens for a long time. The ceremony of welcoming God is called "receiving God", and it is called "receiving stove" for the kitchen god. Picking up stoves is usually on New Year's Eve, and the ceremony is much simpler. At that time, just put on a new stove lamp and burn incense in front of the stove niche.

As the saying goes, "Men don't Yue Bai, women don't sacrifice stoves". In some places, women don't sacrifice stoves. It is said that the kitchen god looks like a small white face and is afraid of women offering sacrifices to the stove, which is "suspected of men and women." For the origin of Kitchen God, it has a long history. Among the folk gods in China, the qualification of Kitchen God has a long history. As early as the Xia Dynasty, he was already a great god revered by the people. According to the ancient book Book of Rites, Kong Ying Da said: "Hitachi, the son of Zhuan Xu, is Zhu Rong and worships the kitchen god." "Zhuangzi Sheng Da" records: "There are buns in the furnace." Sima Biao commented: "bun and kitchen god, dressed in red, look like a beautiful woman." "Hold PiaoZi. Wei Zhi also recorded: "On a dark night, the kitchen god also accused the white man of being guilty." These records are probably the source of Kitchen God. Also, or the kitchen god is a "suiren", digging firewood to make a fire; Or Shennong's "fire official"; Or "Su Liji" in "The Yellow Emperor Cooking Ren"; Or the kitchen god surnamed Zhang, the name list, the word Guo; Opinions vary. There is an interesting story circulating among the people.

It is said that there was a family named Zhang in ancient times, and there were two brothers. The elder brother was a plasterer and the younger brother was a painter. My brother's specialty is cooking pots and pans. He was invited by East Street and West Square, and they all praised his excellent cooking. He has been famous for a long time, and Fiona Fang called him "King Wan Li". Strangely, Zhang Zao Wang said that no matter who makes the stove, he likes to intervene if there is a dispute in other people's homes. A noisy daughter-in-law will persuade him, and a fierce mother-in-law will say that he seems to be an old elder. In the future, neighbors will look for him if they have anything, and everyone respects him. Wang lived seventy years and died in the middle of the night on the 23rd day of the twelfth lunar month. After Wang's death, Zhang Jiake fell into chaos. It turns out that the king is the head of the family and everything in the family is under his command. Now that the eldest brother has left this world, the younger brother can only write poems and draw pictures. Although he spent a lot of time, he never did housework. Several daughters-in-law clamored for separation, and the painter was stirred helplessly, frowning all day. One day, he finally came up with a good idea Late at night on the 23rd day of the twelfth lunar month, the first anniversary of Wang's death, the painter suddenly called to wake up the whole family and said that the eldest brother had appeared. He took his son, daughter-in-law and the whole family to the kitchen, only to see the flickering candlelight on the dark kitchen wall, which shocked his family. The painter said, "When I was sleeping, I dreamed that my eldest brother and sister-in-law had become immortals, and the Jade Emperor named him Prince Jiutian Dongzao. You are always lazy and lazy, and your sister-in-law is not harmonious, disrespectful and unfilial, which makes your family uneasy. " Big brother was angry to know that you were going to split up. He will tell the Jade Emperor that he will come down on New Year's Eve to punish you. The children's nephews and daughters-in-law were frightened when they heard these words. They immediately knelt down and kowtowed again and again, and quickly brought Wang Ping's favorite candy to the stove and begged Zhao Wang to forgive them. Since then, uncles, brothers and daughters-in-law who often make noise have never dared to make trouble again. The whole family live in harmony, and the young and the old live in peace. After the neighbors learned about it, the news spread, and they all came to the Zhang family to know the truth. In fact, the kitchen king on the kitchen wall on the 23rd night of the twelfth lunar month was painted by the painter in advance. He came to town to scare his children's nephews and daughter-in-law, but this method really worked. Therefore, when the neighbor came to ask the painter about the situation, he had to pretend to do so and distribute the painted kitchen king to the neighbors. As a result, it spread along the countryside, and the kitchen of every household was labeled as the kitchen king. Over time, it formed the custom of offering sacrifices to the kitchen god and praying for the safety of family members on the 23rd of the twelfth lunar month. After the spread of the custom of offering sacrifices to stoves, since the Zhou Dynasty, the palace has also included it in the sacrificial ceremony, and formulated the rules of offering sacrifices to stoves nationwide, which has become a fixed ceremony.

Due to different local customs, there are also activities of "jumping the kitchen king" and "playing the kitchen king" among the people. "Jumping the Kitchen King" is a folk activity form developed from ancient exorcism activities, mainly the activities of beggars. From the first day to the 24th day of the twelfth lunar month, it is the day of "jumping the kitchen king". After entering the twelfth lunar month, beggars come in groups of three or five, and women dressed as kitchen stoves make trouble with bamboo sticks at the door, begging for money. This is called "jumping the kitchen king", which also means exorcism. This activity is mainly carried out in the southeast of our country.

sweep the dust

After the festival of offering sacrifices to stoves was held, preparations for the Chinese New Year officially began. Every year from the 23rd day of the twelfth lunar month to New Year's Eve, China folks call this period "Spring Festival" or "Dust-cleaning Day". Sweeping the dust is the year-end cleaning, which is called "sweeping the house" in the north and "sweeping the dust" in the south. It is a traditional habit of our people to sweep the dust before the Spring Festival. Whenever the Spring Festival comes, every household should clean the environment, clean all kinds of utensils, remove and wash bedding curtains, sweep six yards, dust cobwebs and dredge culverts in open channels. North and south of the great river, everywhere is filled with the atmosphere of being willing to engage in sanitation and welcoming the Spring Festival cleanly.

Interestingly, there is a rather strange story about the origin of ancient dust sweeping. Legend has it that the ancients believed that everyone had a three-corpse god on his body. He followed people's whereabouts like a shadow, inseparable. Three dead gods are a guy who likes flattery and gossip. He often tells stories in front of the Jade Emperor and describes the world as ugly. Over time, in the jade emperor's impression, this world is simply a dirty world full of evil. Once. The secret report of the Three Corpses God tells us that the world is cursing the Emperor of Heaven in an attempt to rebel against heaven. The jade emperor was furious and ordered to find out what happened in the world quickly. Anyone who hates gods and insults them writes their crimes under the eaves. Then let the spider cover it with a net to mark it. The Jade Emperor ordered Wang Lingguan to go down the mountain on New Year's Eve, and all the marked families were beheaded, leaving no one behind. Seeing that the plan was about to succeed, three resin gods took advantage of the gap to fly down to earth. They indiscriminately marked the eaves and corners of every household, so that the tomb palace could be destroyed. Just as the Three Corpses God was doing evil, the Kitchen God discovered his whereabouts and was shocked, so he quickly found various Kitchen Gods to discuss countermeasures. So, I came up with a good idea. From the delivery of stoves on the 23rd of the twelfth lunar month to the closing of stoves on New Year's Eve, every household should clean up. If any family is not clean, Kitchen God will refuse to enter the house. Everyone follows the instructions of the kitchen god before he ascended to heaven, cleaning the dust, dusting the cobwebs, cleaning the doors and windows, and thoroughly cleaning his house. When Wang Lingguan visited the lower bound on New Year's Eve, he found that the windows of every household were bright and brightly lit, people were reunited and happy, and the world was beautiful. Wang Lingguan was very surprised that he couldn't find a sign indicating bad behavior. He rushed back to the sky, told the Jade Emperor about peace and happiness on earth, and prayed for a happy New Year. The Jade Emperor was greatly shocked after hearing this. He ordered the detention of the three-corpse god and ordered him to slap three hundred times and put him in prison forever. Thanks to the help of Kitchen God, this human disaster was spared. In order to thank Kitchen God for helping people to eliminate difficulties and disasters and to bless Zhang Xiang, folk dust-cleaning always begins after the kitchen is delivered and is busy until New Year's Eve.

The custom of "sweeping house dust on the 24th of the twelfth lunar month" has a long history. According to Lu Chunqiu, China had the custom of sweeping dust during the Spring Festival in the Yao and Shun era. According to the folk saying, because of the homophonic sound of "dust" and "Chen", sweeping dust in the Spring Festival means "getting rid of the old and not getting new", and its intention is to sweep away all "poor luck" and "bad luck". This custom has placed people's desire to break through the old and create new ones and their prayers to bid farewell to the old and usher in the new.

The "three-corpse god" Taoism calls it a "god" enshrined in the human body. According to the "Three Corpses of Taishang", "The name of the upper corpse is Peng Shu, which is in the head; The name of China's body is Peng, which is in the abdomen; The name of the body is Jiao Peng, and he is at the feet of human beings. " He also said that on the day of Gengshen, they went to heaven to tell Emperor Chen about human sins. But as long as people stay up late, it can be avoided. This is the so-called "keeping Geng Shen"

Eat stove candy

Kitchen candy is maltose, which is very sticky. When it is pulled into a long candy bar, it is called "Guandong candy", and when it is pulled into a flat circle, it is called "honeydew melon". When it is placed outside in winter, the honeydew melon is solidified firmly due to the cold weather, and there are some tiny bubbles inside, which makes it crisp, sweet and tasty. The real kwantung candy is so hard that it won't break when you fall. When eating, you must split it with a kitchen knife. The material is very heavy and fine. The taste is slightly sour, there is no honeycomb in the middle, each piece weighs one or two, two or four, and the price is relatively expensive. There are two kinds of sugar, sesame sugar and non-sesame sugar. Sugar is made into melon shape or north melon shape. The center is empty, and the skin thickness is less than five points. Although the size is different, the transaction is still calculated by weight. The big honeydew melon weighs one or two kilograms, but it is used as a cover and few people buy it.

Jieyuhuang

According to the old custom, when the Kitchen God goes to heaven, the Jade Emperor will personally descend to earth on the 25th of the twelfth lunar month to investigate the good and evil on earth and decide the fortune for the coming year. Therefore, every family gave him a blessing, which is called "receiving the Jade Emperor". On this day, we should be careful in our daily life and speech, strive for good performance, win the favor of the Jade Emperor and bring good luck for the coming year.

Rush out of chaos

It was not until New Year's Eve that the Kitchen God was sent to welcome him back. During this period, there is no God's jurisdiction on the earth, and many people get married under all forgiven circumstances, which is called "expulsion chaos". Luannian is a special period designed by people to adjust their social life. At the end of the year, people have leisure and savings, which is a good opportunity for those who have little energy to do great things. Therefore, people invented this special time folk custom according to the needs of real life. It can be seen that in traditional society, people's life order is regulated by folk customs.

Zhao Tiancan

Also known as "burning field silkworms", "lighting field silkworms" and "burning field wealth", it is a popular folk custom in Jiangnan area to pray for the New Year. On the 25th day of the twelfth lunar month, a long pole tied with a torch will stand in the field, and the flame will be used to predict the new year, and the thriving flame will herald a bumper harvest in the coming year. Some places will hold this activity on New Year's Eve.

Thousand Lantern Festival

This is a religious festival of Mongolian and Daur. Mongolian is called "Ganming Zhuola", which means Thousand Lantern Festival. On the 25th day of the twelfth lunar month, I made "Ganming Zhuola" and lit it in the temple, thinking that the more I ordered, the more auspicious it would be. This festival custom is the most popular among Mongolians in Vilat, Xinjiang. On this day, local people eat roast beef and mutton and hold traditional sports and entertainment activities.

have a bath

In traditional folk customs, it is necessary to concentrate on bathing and washing clothes in these two days to get rid of the bad luck of the year and prepare for the Spring Festival next year. There is a saying in Beijing that "twenty-seven washes away all diseases and twenty-eight washes away sloppiness". Taking a bath on the 26th day of the twelfth lunar month is "washing Fulu".

Little new year's eve

The day before New Year's Eve is called "Little New Year's Eve", and people call it "Don't be old" when they visit each other. Burning incense outdoors is called "Tianxiang" and usually takes three days.

Catch up with the new year

The traditional festival of Tujia nationality is also called "New Year's Day". Tujia people celebrate the Spring Festival one or several days earlier than Han people.

Legend about Tujia people's "New Year";

1. In the Ming Dynasty, Tujia soldiers were sent to the southeast coast to fight against Japan, and the military orders were urgent, so they went to the front before the Spring Festival. The soldiers fought bravely and made "the first meritorious service in Southeast China". Later generations are used to commemorating this expedition with an annual festival in advance.

2. Tujia ancestors are poor, so they have to work for the rich at the age of 30 to celebrate the New Year in advance and reunite with their families.

In the past, every year, government troops came to drive away the people, and Tujia people celebrated the New Year and had a reunion dinner in advance to escape.