Water Saving Theme Class Meeting

70% of the earth’s surface is covered by water, but freshwater resources only account for 2.5% of all water resources. Nearly 70% of the freshwater is fixed in the ice of Antarctica and Greenland, and the rest is mostly soil moisture or deep groundwater, which cannot be exploited by humans. Less than 1% or about 0.007% of the fresh water on earth can be directly used by humans, and China's per capita freshwater resources only account for a quarter of the world's per capita freshwater resources.

The earth’s water storage capacity is very abundant, with as much as 1.45 billion cubic kilometers. Although there is a huge amount of water on the earth, there is very little that can be directly utilized by people for production and daily life. First of all, seawater is salty and bitter, making it unfit for drinking, irrigation, and industrial use. Secondly, the earth’s freshwater resources only account for 2.5% of its total water, and of these very few freshwater resources, more than 70% are frozen in the ice caps of Antarctica and the Arctic, plus mountain glaciers and permafrost deposits that are difficult to use. Due to snow, 87% of the fresh water resources are difficult to use. The fresh water resources that humans can really utilize are part of rivers, lakes and groundwater, accounting for about 0.26 of the total water on the earth. Global freshwater resources are not only in short supply but also extremely unevenly distributed across regions. Distributed by region, the freshwater resources of nine countries, including Brazil, Russia, Canada, China, the United States, Indonesia, India, Colombia and Congo, account for 60% of the world's freshwater resources. About 1.5 billion people in 80 countries and regions, accounting for about 40% of the world's total population, lack fresh water. Among them, about 300 million people in 26 countries are extremely short of water. What’s even more frightening is that it is estimated that by 2025, 3 billion people in the world will face water shortages, and 40 countries and regions are seriously short of fresh water.

[Edit this paragraph] Current situation of China’s water resources

China’s total water resources are 2.8 trillion cubic meters. Among them, there are 2.7 trillion cubic meters of surface water and 0.83 trillion cubic meters of groundwater. Since surface water and groundwater are mutually converted and recharge each other, deducting the double calculation of the two, 0.73 trillion cubic meters, the amount of groundwater resources that are not overlapping with river runoff is approximately is 0.1 trillion cubic meters. According to internationally recognized standards, a per capita water resource of less than 3,000 cubic meters is considered a mild water shortage; a per capita water resource of less than 2,000 cubic meters is a moderate water shortage; a per capita water resource of less than 1,000 cubic meters is a severe water shortage; Less than 500 cubic meters indicates extreme water shortage. Currently, 16 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in China have per capita water resources (excluding transit water) below the severe water shortage level, and 6 provinces and regions (Ningxia, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Shanxi and Jiangsu) have per capita water resources. The volume is less than 500 cubic meters. China's total water resources are not large, ranking 6th in the world, but its per capita possession is even less, 2,240 cubic meters, ranking 88th among 153 countries counted by the World Bank. The regional distribution of China's water resources is also very unbalanced. The Yangtze River Basin and the area south of it only account for 36.5% of the country's land area and 81% of the country's water resources; the area to the north accounts for 63.5% of the country's land area and its water resources. It only accounts for 19% of the country's total.

[Edit this paragraph] How to save water resources

Faced with this severe water resource situation, what should we do:

1. We must have Awareness of cherishing water. Only by realizing that "saving water is glorious and wasting water is shameful" can we pay attention to water conservation at all times and everywhere.

2. Develop good habits, such as turning off dripping faucets, etc.

3. Use water-saving appliances.

4. Check for leaks and plug flow. As far as production is concerned, especially for some industries with high water consumption, we must focus on how to optimize the water system. Operation, how to increase the concentration factor of circulating water, how to improve the recycling utilization of water resources, etc. are the focus of water-saving work, and actively organize technical research to improve the comprehensive utilization rate of water; at the same time, we formulate practical operating systems and implement product water consumption. Quota management and assessment as a technical and economic indicator to reduce waste.

Many people imagine Earth as a blue planet with 71% of its surface area covered in water. In fact, 97.5% of the water on Earth is salt water and only 2.5% is fresh water.

Among fresh water, nearly 70% is frozen in the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland. Most of the rest is water in the soil or deep groundwater, which is difficult to extract for human use. Water from sources such as rivers, lakes, reservoirs and shallow groundwater is easier to extract for direct human use, but its amount is less than 1% of the world's fresh water and accounts for about 0.007% of all water on the earth. According to global water data, the amount of precipitation falling on continents every year is about 110 trillion cubic meters. After deducting atmospheric evaporation and the amount of water absorbed by plants, the world's river runoff is about 42.7 trillion cubic meters. Calculated based on the world's population in 1995, The average amount of water available per person per year is 7,300 cubic meters. As the world's population continues to increase, this average has dropped by 37% from 1970.

[Edit this paragraph] China’s water pollution problem

If you don’t cherish it, the last drop of water will be equivalent to blood (nature’s cry of grief and indignation)

The seven major river systems of the Haihe River, Liaohe River, Huaihe River, Yellow River, Songhua River, Yangtze River and Pearl River are all polluted to varying degrees.

The situation in Wanli Sea is not optimistic either, with red tides arriving as scheduled every year. In the beautiful Bohai Bay, turbid currents splash, and the oil floating on the sea is like a black torch that burns out life in the ocean.

With the gradual development of science and the number of high-rise factory buildings, the water shortage problem is becoming more and more serious. With the destruction of mankind, the original blue "crystal ball" is no longer clear and blue, and is about to dry up.

Although the surface of the Earth is covered with water, freshwater resources actually only account for about 2% of the total water on the Earth, and the total amount of freshwater that can be utilized by humans only accounts for one hundred thousandth of the total water on the Earth. Three, accounting for 0.34 of the total fresh water storage. It can be seen that there is not as much usable water on the earth as humans imagine. If it continues to be destroyed by humans, sooner or later it will disappear.

First of all, we must establish awareness of water conservation and carry out water resource warning education. For a long time, most people have generally believed that water is an inexhaustible "treasure basin". They squander it in use and do not know how to cherish it consciously. In fact, water resources on the earth are not inexhaustible. In particular, my country's per capita water resources are not abundant, and the regional distribution is uneven. Moreover, it changes unpredictably within the year and varies greatly between years. Coupled with serious pollution, This has led to an even more scarce situation of water resources, which is vividly reflected in the multiple interruptions of the Yellow River water in many places. The country has launched water resource utilization projects such as the "Yellow River Diversion Project" and the "South-to-North Water Diversion Project" with the purpose of solving the water shortage problem in some areas. However, it should also cause us to think deeply: Where will the Yellow River be diverted when the water is exhausted? How to divert water from the south to the north when it is polluted? Therefore, people must establish awareness of water crisis, regard water conservation as our conscious code of conduct, and adopt various forms of water resource warning education.

Secondly, water resources must be developed rationally to avoid water resource damage. The development of water resources includes the development of surface water resources and the development of groundwater resources. When extracting groundwater, due to the large differences in water quality in each aquifer, it should be exploited in layers; contaminated phreatic water and pressurized water must not be mined together; exploration projects that expose and penetrate aquifers must be carried out in accordance with relevant regulations. It is stipulated that layered water stopping and hole sealing work should be strictly carried out to effectively prevent water resource pollution and ensure the sustainable development of the water body itself.

Modern water conservancy projects, such as flood control, power generation, shipping, irrigation, aquaculture water supply, etc., while exerting one or more economic benefits, have a negative impact on the natural environment and environment of the project location, upstream and downstream, estuaries and even the entire river basin. It will have certain negative impacts on the social environment and may also cause damage to water resources within a certain range. In addition, the damage to water resources caused by some mining industries cannot be ignored. For example, every ton of coal mined in coal mining drains 0.88 cubic meters of water. Based on the annual coal mining of 300 million tons in our province, groundwater is lost every year just because of coal mining. The resource is as high as 250 million cubic meters, and it has caused great damage to the geological structure of underground water bodies. For another example, unlimited and indiscriminate logging has caused serious damage to vegetation, which will also have a certain impact on soil and water retention and surface burial of water resources.

Third, improve water resource utilization and reduce water waste.

The key to effective water conservation lies in the utilization of "reclaimed water" and the reuse of water resources. In addition, economic leverage is used to regulate the effective use of water resources. Due to inadequate water management, long running water occurs in many places, and in some places people "hold bowls and pray to the sky". Therefore, effective water metering devices must be installed and the principle of using more water, more billing must be implemented to achieve the purpose of saving water. Urban water quota management is an internationally accepted method. It is based on scientific verification of water consumption and adheres to the principle of classified treatment. Different water prices are implemented for citizens' domestic water use, water use for industrial and commercial enterprises, and water use for government agencies and institutions. The price is equal within the quota and the price exceeds the quota. Some prices are appropriately increased to cultivate the habit of water conservation among citizens.

While saving water resources, ineffective waste should be avoided. In the winter in the north, water pipes are easy to freeze and crack, causing serious water leaks. Special attention should be paid to prevention and inspection. With the development of social economy and the acceleration of urbanization, in order to alleviate the water shortage situation, in addition to vigorously focusing on conservation and protection In addition to water resources work, cross-basin water transfer has become an inevitable choice for cities in northern my country. Cross-basin water transfer will inevitably bring about changes in the supply and demand relationship of water resources, so water rights trading must be implemented; since my country has always implemented a "welfare water" system, Water is not treated as an economic commodity. Therefore, in the allocation of water resources, market mechanisms are usually replaced by regulatory methods. At present, we should change our concepts, recognize the natural attributes and commodity attributes of water resources, and follow natural laws and values. According to the law, water should indeed be regarded as a commodity, and market mechanisms should be rationally used to allocate water resources to reduce resource waste.

Fourth, prevent and control water resource pollution and achieve comprehensive utilization of water resources. Water pollution includes surface water pollution and groundwater pollution. Industrial wastewater, industrial garbage, industrial waste gas, domestic sewage and domestic garbage generated during the production process can cause water pollution through different infiltration methods. For a long time, due to industrial production sewage Environmental incidents caused by direct discharge are common and have extremely negative impacts on human production and life. Therefore, effective prevention and control of production and domestic sewage should be carried out. In cities, centralized sewage treatment can be adopted; industrial enterprises must implement the "three simultaneous" system of environmental protection; production sewage should adopt corresponding sewage treatment measures according to its different properties. In short, we must resolutely implement the supervision and management system for water pollution prevention and control, adhere to the principle of who pollutes, and strictly implement the one-vote veto system for environmental protection, promote the development of corporate sewage treatment, and ultimately realize the comprehensive utilization of water resources.

Water is the material basis for the existence of life on earth. Water resources are the primary condition for maintaining the sustainable development of the earth's ecological environment. Therefore, protecting water resources is the greatest and most sacred duty of mankind.

According to statistics, more than 400 of the 660 cities in the country are short of water, and two-thirds of the cities have insufficient water supply. The annual water shortage in cities across the country is about 6 billion cubic meters, of which water shortages are relatively There are 110 serious cities. A large amount of fresh water resources are concentrated in the south, and the fresh water resources in the north are only 1/4 of the water resources in the south. In addition to water shortage, water pollution problems are also prominent. According to the monitoring of my country's seven major water system sections in 2001, only 29.5% met the minimum requirement of Category III water quality to enter the water plant, while the water quality was as high as 44% that was worse than Category V. In addition, pollution of shallow groundwater resources in my country is relatively common, with Shallow groundwater is polluted to some extent in about 50% of areas, and groundwater pollution in about half of urban areas is serious. Due to the wanton discharge of industrial wastewater, more than 80% of surface water and groundwater are polluted. At present, urban water supply in my country is mainly surface water or groundwater, or a mixture of the two water sources is used. However, some areas in my country have long-term overdraft of groundwater, resulting in a decline in regional groundwater levels, and eventually forming a funnel for regional groundwater levels. At present, more than 100 regional groundwater fall funnels have been formed across the country, covering an area of ??150,000 square kilometers. In some cities, large funnels of hundreds of square kilometers have been formed, causing seawater to flow back for dozens of kilometers.

1. Vigorously develop greening and increase forest area to conserve water resources. Forests have the function of conserving water sources, reducing ineffective evaporation and regulating microclimate, and have the significance of saving money. Forest areas and forest edges are likely to increase precipitation, which has open source significance.

2. Improve the comprehensive utilization of water resources. Water has the characteristics of comprehensive utilization in the same space. Reservoirs can store floods and cultivate aquatic animals and plants. Large water bodies can be navigated, and some water bodies can also be used for tourism. Water used in hydropower can be used for irrigation. Water leaking from canals and fields can be pumped out underground and used, and water pumped out from underground can also be pumped out and reused downstream of the irrigation area. Xinjiang is an arid area. Without irrigation, there would be no agriculture. Trying to increase the water diversion rate of rivers and arranging the relationship between upstream and downstream water use is equivalent to opening up water sources.

3. Water diversion project. Due to geographical and climatic characteristics, water distribution among regions is uneven. Using natural factors and artificial transformation to transfer water from water-rich areas to water-scarce areas is an effective means to solve water shortages and open up new economic zones.

4. Protection of water resources. Water resources are polluted, making water that could have been used become unusable water, which is actually equivalent to reducing water resources. At present, 40% of the world's rivers are polluted to varying degrees, and there is an upward trend.

5. Urban development and utilization of sewage resources, development of secondary water treatment and sewage reuse technology. After treatment and purification, the high-quality miscellaneous wastewater produced by some industrial production and daily life in the city can reach certain water quality standards and be used as non-drinking water for greening, sanitary water, etc.

6. Develop and promote water-saving appliances. According to incomplete statistics, my country currently has nearly 40 million sets of toilet water tanks and a large number of other sanitary appliances, and hundreds of millions of cubic meters of water are lost every year due to leaking toilet water tanks.

7. Strengthen the legal construction and publicity work to protect water resources and save water, enhance the water-saving awareness of the whole people, make people consciously realize that water is a precious resource, and abandon the "inexhaustible supply, use it" With the outdated concept of "inexhaustible", a good social trend of cherishing, saving and protecting water resources has begun to take shape.

To protect water resources, we must first mobilize the whole society and change the traditional concept of water use. We need to make everyone realize that water is precious. The water used every time the toilet is flushed is equivalent to the daily water consumption per capita in some developing countries. Taking a cold shower in the summer uses water equivalent to the daily water consumption of dozens of people in water-scarce countries. If the faucet is not tightened, the water lost in one night is equivalent to the total daily drinking water of residents of a village in water-scarce areas in Africa or Asia. This is by no means sensational, but is the result of many years of investigation by relevant United Nations agencies. Therefore, the whole society should be called upon to save water, use water for multiple purposes, and make full use of recycled water.

Reforming the current water use system, strengthening the government's macro-control, and increasing pollution control and environmental protection are effective ways to protect and utilize water resources. At present, we should intensify reform efforts, break industry monopolies, improve organizational structures, unify management, and establish a bottom-up water inspection system across the country. Further reform water prices, implement seasonal water prices, impose relatively high consumption taxes in water shortage areas to limit water use, etc. Only in this way can it be beneficial to environmental protection and cost reduction, and can we take the path of sustainable development.

Making full use of market mechanisms to develop a water market with Chinese characteristics to optimize the allocation of water resources is also an important part of the protection and utilization of water resources. The 21st century is called the century of water. China's water industry has ushered in unprecedented development opportunities. It is predicted that China's water industry should have a space of more than one trillion yuan. By 2005, sewage treatment alone will have a market share of 400 billion yuan. Over the years, because "water" has a strong social welfare aspect and is not a commodity in the true sense, the deviation between the value and price of water has seriously restricted the development of the water industry, and water resources have therefore not been effectively protected. This situation should be changed under the new historical situation.

China is a country suffering from severe drought and water shortage. The total freshwater resources are 2.8 trillion cubic meters, accounting for 6% of global water resources, ranking fourth in the world after Brazil, Russia and Canada. However, the per capita freshwater resources are only 2,200 cubic meters, which is only 1/4 of the world average. 1/5 of the United States, ranking 121st in the world, is one of the 13 countries with the poorest per capita water resources in the world.

According to monitoring, groundwater in most cities across the country is currently subject to a certain degree of point and area pollution, with the trend increasing year by year. Increasingly serious water pollution not only reduces the use function of water bodies, further aggravates the contradiction of water shortage, has a serious impact on China's ongoing sustainable development strategy, but also seriously threatens the drinking water safety of urban residents and the people. of health!