Looking for junior middle school Chinese reading comprehension problem-solving skills

1. Basic knowledge of expository writing

(1) Understand the characteristics of expository writing

1. Concept: Expository writing is a style of writing that uses explanation as the main mode of expression. It is a literary style that introduces the status, nature, and function of things (explanatory essays on things); or clarifies affairs with the purpose of giving people knowledge (explanatory essays on affairs).

2. Differences from other literary styles: argumentative essays convince people with reason, and philosophy is its main feature; narrative essays convince people with emotions, and image is its main feature; expository essays teach people knowledge, and knowledge Sex is its main feature.

3. Classification of expository essays

(1) In terms of objects: expository essays on things and explanatory essays on affairs.

Explanatory text about things: such as "Suzhou Gardens", which explains the characteristics of "no matter where the visitor stands, there is always a perfect picture in front of his eyes".

Principle explanatory essay: For example, "The Dead Sea is Immortal", which scientifically explains that the reason why the Dead Sea is immortal is that "the saltiness of the sea water is very high."

(2) In terms of language: vivid expository essays and plain expository essays.

(2) Grasp the object and characteristics of the explanation

The object of explanation is the topic explained in the article, which is mainly divided into two aspects: First, specific things, including the state, nature and function of things and features etc. The second is abstract principles. Including the essence of things, the internal connections within things or between things.

It is not enough for an explanatory text to just clarify the object of explanation. You must further understand the content of the explanatory text. We should also focus on grasping the characteristics of the description object. This is the key to analyzing an expository essay. Only by accurately grasping the characteristics of the explanation object can we deeply understand the explanation object. Use this as a breakthrough to understand the structural level, central content, etc. of the article. To grasp the characteristics of the object of explanation, we cannot just stay on the surface of things, but must understand the inner essence of things. Specifically, we can start from the following two aspects:

1. Start by analyzing the title. Some titles not only point out the object of the article, but also point out its characteristics, such as "The Dead Sea Will Not Die"; some titles use the form of declarative sentences to guide readers to grasp the characteristics of the object of explanation in a targeted manner, such as "Looking at the Clouds to Know the Weather"; Some titles use vivid metaphors and personification to explain the characteristics of things, such as "Streptococcus suis comes to the world again to cause evil".

2. Start by analyzing the materials. That is, analyze paragraph by paragraph which aspect of the characteristics of the thing the author introduced. Then summarize. There are generally two forms of expression in articles: First, there are sentences in the article that can summarize the characteristics and essence. It can be found out by reading and analyzing the full text; secondly, there is no sentence in the article that comprehensively summarizes the characteristics or essence of the object, or although there is, it is not concentrated, and it needs to be summarized through the analysis of the full text. For example, the article "The Dead Sea Never Dies" focuses on the characteristics of the Dead Sea. Let’s explain it from three angles: first talk about the “death” of the Dead Sea (phenomenal characteristics), then talk about the “immortality” of the Dead Sea (essential characteristics), and finally talk about the “immortality” and “death” of the Dead Sea (current situation and future development characteristics). . In this way, the comprehensive characteristics of the Dead Sea are revealed layer by layer. Another example is the article "Suzhou Gardens", which focuses on the general characteristic of "no matter where you stand. There is always a perfect picture in front of you" and explains it from five aspects: the layout of pavilions, terraces and pavilions; the coordination of rockeries and ponds. : The contrast of flowers, plants and trees; the gradation of close and distant views, as well as the carvings and colors of doors and windows, etc.

(3) Clarify the order of explanation

1. Time sequence:

That is, arrange the order of explanation according to the time of occurrence and development of things, so as to write The development and changes of things. This order is generally used in expository texts such as character introductions, scientific observation records, and explanations of the occurrence, development, or production process of things or events. The linguistic markers of chronological order are words expressing time.

2. Spatial order:

That is, according to the spatial existence form of things, from outside to inside, or from top to bottom, or from front to back, or from far to near. Explain. This order of explanation is generally used to explain the shape and structural characteristics of things. The linguistic markers of spatial order are words indicating location.

3. Logical sequence:

Logical sequence is based on the laws of thinking. Arrange the order of explanation according to the internal connections of things or events and the process of people understanding things. The internal relationships of things include causal relationships, progressive relationships, primary and secondary relationships, total score relationships, parallel relationships, etc.; the process of understanding things or events refers to the process from shallow to deep, from concrete to abstract, from phenomenon to essence, and from performance to function. , from general to specific, from whole to part, etc. It is in-depth and logically organized.

There are three ways to analyze the order of explanation:

1. Recognize the object of explanation clearly and analyze the order of explanation.

2. Grasp the language signs. "Read" out the instruction sequence.

3. Distinguish priorities. Comprehensive summary.

(4) Understand the "Top Ten" explanation methods

Clever ways to remember: divide them into categories and make the following examples, copy the drawings and quotes

1. Divide into categories : To explain the characteristics or reasons of things, it is often not easy to explain clearly from one aspect. You can divide the things or things into several categories according to certain standards based on the similarities and differences in shape, nature, cause, function, etc., and then classify them one by one according to the categories. illustrate.

Function: To explain things or events in an organized manner.

2. List numbers: Numbers are the most accurate, scientific and convincing basis for quantitatively explaining the characteristics or reasons of things.

Function: Its function is to describe the characteristics of the object of description more accurately and convince readers. For example, the article "The Palace Museum" introduced that the Hall of Supreme Harmony is "28 meters high and covers an area of ??more than 2,380 square meters", which is a typical explanation method of listing numbers.

3. Comparison: In order to explain things or things in a simple and easy-to-understand manner, sometimes we can start from people's existing perceptual knowledge and use familiar things or things in people's lives to make comparisons, thereby arousing readers' curiosity. Imagine, get a deep impression.

Function: Highlight the characteristics, status, influence, causes, structure, etc. of the object. For example, in the article "Suzhou Gardens", the author compares the characteristics of Suzhou gardens with those of Beijing, explaining that they rarely use colored paintings.

4. Definition: use concise words to give a comprehensive and detailed explanation of the essential attributes of the thing being explained. It uses a basically fixed judgment sentence pattern. Reveal the essential attributes of this thing that distinguish it from other things and things.

The function is to enable readers to have a precise understanding of the concept. Able to scientifically, rigorously and concisely reveal the essential characteristics of the object. Make the description object more precise. For example, the article "Wonderful Cloning" provides a scientific explanation of cloning, which is defined as "not only refers to asexual reproduction, but any group that is asexually reproduced from an ancestor is called a clone."

5. Give examples: that is, give examples to illustrate things. Its function is to explain things vividly, making it easier for readers to understand and understand. For example, in the article "The Language of Nature", in order to illustrate "the influence of latitude position on phenology", the author gave examples of the blooming time of peach blossoms and acacia flowers in Nanjing and Beijing.

6. Metaphor: that is, using the rhetorical method of metaphor to explain things vividly.

Its function is to vividly illustrate the characteristics of things. Make the article more interesting. For example, in "Chinese Stone Arch Bridge", "the bridge opening of the stone arch bridge is arc-shaped, like a rainbow", which allows readers to understand the characteristics of stone arch bridges more vividly and clearly.

7. Copying appearance: revealing the characteristics of things through specific descriptions.

Function: Helps to describe the object being explained more concretely and vividly. For example, it is written in the article "Chinese Stone Arch Bridge": "Some of these stone lions are hugging each other, some are whispering, and some are like listening to the sound of water. They are in various shapes and lifelike." This looks very lively and lively.

8. Interpretation: Able to introduce or explain the characteristics or characteristics of things or events in a popular way. Able to introduce (explain) the nature and characteristics of things (facts) in an easy-to-understand manner.

9. Drawing diagrams: This is a method of explaining things and events using intuitive schematic diagrams and tables.

Its function is to explain relatively abstract and complex things intuitively and vividly, giving people a clear understanding and making it easier to understand and remember.

10. Citing information: It refers to quoting relevant information, stories, famous quotes, poems, etc. to enrich the content of the explanation, or as a basis for the explanation. Its function is to make the article more authoritative and persuasive, and also to enhance the readability of the article.

The difference between defining and interpreting is that the definition must be complete, that is, the object of the definition must be equal to the extension of the definition. And the entire connotation of the concept must be completely revealed from one aspect; interpretation does not require completeness, as long as part of the connotation of the concept is revealed, and the object of explanation and the extension of the explanation may not be equal. For example: a word is the smallest unit of language that can be used independently. In this definition, the connotation and denotation of the subject and object are completely consistent and can be reversed. That is to say, "the smallest unit of language that can be used independently is a word." And "Uranium is a silver-white metal" is the interpretation. Its connotation and denotation are not equal. The denotation of "uranium" is smaller than that of "silver-white metal". Therefore, the subject and object cannot be said in reverse, that is, "the silver-white metal is uranium" cannot be said. Although the language used for interpretation is not as strict as definitions, it must also be concise, accurate, and easy to understand.

(5) Experience the accuracy of expository language

The accuracy of expository language is a prerequisite for expository language. Expressing time, space, quantity, scope, degree, characteristics, nature, procedures, etc., all require accuracy. The explanation is very practical, and if there is a slight mistake, it will be missed by a thousand miles. Pay special attention to the terminology and restrictive words used in the expository text, which often reflect the accuracy of the expository language. Under the premise of being accurate, some of the language used in explanations is plain, while others are known for being lively and lively.

1. Accurate: Use the most appropriate words to express the characteristics, essence and regularity of things.

2. Concise: concise and clear, using concise language to express the meaning clearly.

3. Thoroughness: The language of explanation must be rigorous, without omissions, and impeccable.

To figure out the accuracy of expository language, the key is to understand how words and sentences explain the characteristics of things. So as to understand its function and appreciate its beauty. You can start from the following three points:

1. Understand the accuracy of the central word in the context.

2. Pay attention to the accuracy of the meaning of words with modifying functions.

3. Pay attention to the special role of related words in the accuracy of meaning.

2. Expository writing test questions and answering techniques

1. Examine the grasp of the object of explanation.

Look at the title, the first sentence, the last sentence or the question sentence. If it is a description of things, the thing being explained is the object of explanation. If it is a matter explanatory text, the object of explanation is the object plus characteristics, and the answer forms a phrase: introduces the... of... For example: "Looking at Clouds to Know the Weather" introduces the relationship between clouds and weather and how to look at clouds to know the weather.

2. Examine the grasp of the characteristics of the things explained.

Answering skills: Try to find the original sentence from the original text to answer. If there is no original sentence, pay attention to the paragraph meaning and central sentence. For example, "Chinese Stone Arch Bridge" describes its three major characteristics: long history, beautiful form, and solid structure.

3. Examine the order of explanation.

Common question types: Whether the order of certain paragraphs or sentences can be reversed.

4. Identify the method and function of explanation.

In recent years, high school entrance examination questions have not only tested candidates’ identification of which explanation methods are used, but also pointed out the role of specific explanation methods. (See the first part of the explanation method above)

5. Examine the accuracy and rigor of the expository language.

Type 1: What is the function of adding dotted words? Answer the questions by seizing the accuracy of the expository text. Countermeasures: Answer: Accurately/vividly/explain the characteristics/reasons of (thing)….

Type 2: Can it be replaced with another word? And explain the reason. Countermeasures: Answer: (1) No. (2) The meaning or content of the original word.

(3) The meaning or content of the replaced words. (4) How does the meaning change after the replacement? It is not consistent with reality.

Type 3: Can restrictive words be deleted? Countermeasures: Answer: (1) Express your stance (delete or not). (2) Qualitative. For example: words such as "comparatively", "almost" and "quite" express degrees of rhetoric; "about", "probably" and "about" express estimates, and "more" and "more than" express quantities. (3) If you delete it, the original meaning will become the same meaning, which is not realistic and too absolute. (4) xx words reflect the accuracy, thoroughness and scientific nature of the language.

Type 4: Find a word or sentence from the article that can reflect the "accurate" characteristics of expository language and understand it.

Type 5: Reference - "these conditions", "this phenomenon", "the same reason", etc. specifically refer to what in the text. Countermeasures: Generally it refers to the sentence before the pronoun, find the nearest sentence. Sometimes it is important to note that it may not be the entire sentence, but a part of it.

6. Summarize the meaning of the text, the meaning of layers, and the meaning of paragraphs.

The answer to this type of question is usually in the form: Explain...Introduction... How to solve the problem: first find the central sentence; then combine it with the summary of the explanatory features in the paragraph to carefully refine it.

7. Analysis of the structural characteristics of the paragraphs in the article.

(1) Understand the structure of expository essays: expository essays on things generally use a total fraction structure (including total fractions and partial fractions); expository essays on affairs generally use a progressive structure. How are "points" combined in reading? Is it parallel or progressive? If there is a parallel relationship, distinguish whether it is a total-point relationship or a sub-total relationship. If it is a progressive relationship, it is necessary to analyze which of the logical sequences each layer is based on and go deeper layer by layer. The question type is divided into paragraph levels.

(2) Test whether you can capture important information from the reading materials, summarize the content of the paragraph, or summarize the key points of the full text.

(3) Develop extended reading-style questions from the article. (Material link category)

Mainly examines the refining of ideas, accurate capture of similarities or differences, and the inspiration and feelings brought by linked materials. Question types: (1) Use the knowledge in the text to explain the problems in the material. (2) Give the same chain as in the article, find out the research results, and find the most common points.

8. Test the ability of divergent innovation.

We can see from the open test questions from various places. This type of test questions will probably be tested from the following aspects:

(1) Innovative expression of the explanation content.

(2) Express your own unique views and opinions on a certain phenomenon.

(3) Talk about your own understanding of a certain issue based on reality.

(4) Make reasonable inferences and bold imaginations based on the content of the article.

(5) Extend the content of the article to real life and explain related phenomena in real life.

(6) Propose solutions to environmental problems that humans are concerned about, and draft warning slogans, suggestions, advertisements, etc.

This kind of question tests comprehensive ability. What is tested is the attention to life. To do this kind of questions well, you must first have an accurate grasp of the given materials, and then fully mobilize your existing knowledge and experience. Then move it to the text paragraph. Although there is no single answer to the open-ended questions, everyone can express their own opinions. But when answering the question, you need to answer from three angles:

(1) Answer the question based on the material. It is not necessary to answer according to the standard answer. Full marks will be given if the answer is correct;

(2) It is the inspiration and reflections received after reading the material. Such answers are also personalized;

(3) They start from the materials or put forward their own different opinions. Or spread to other aspects.

Narrative

(1) Understand the role of rhetorical statements

1. Clarify the rhetorical techniques used.

The exam syllabus clearly tests six types of rhetoric: metaphor, personification, parallelism, hyperbole, rhetorical question, and hypothetical question. You can use formulas to memorize them

"Two questions are better than two questions and one is a boast."

2. Summarize the answer mode.

Metaphor: vividly expresses... (combined sentences)

Personification: vividly expresses... (combined sentences)

Parallelism: Enhances the tone and momentum of... (combined sentences)

Exaggeration: writes vividly... (combined sentences)

Rhetorical question: Enhances... The tone of ... emphasizes ... (combined sentences)

Question: emphasizes ... and arouses thinking. (Combined sentences)

Note: The above listed are just some of our regular "hats". The role of any kind of rhetorical technique, regardless of the previous "hats"

, or the content to be expressed later, must be combined with the specific text, and must not be rigid.

3. Problem-solving steps

Rhetorical techniques, object characteristics, author’s emotions (emotion is the key)

(2) Understand the meaning of words in the text

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1. The meaning of the word in the context

(1) Understand the original meaning of the word;

(2) Look at the object of the word in the sentence;

(3) Make the necessary refinement of the expression object (refining the meaning and pointing to the general word in conjunction with the language environment);

(4) Let’s see how well the word is expressed? (What role does it play? );

(5) Integrate and sort out the language of the answers to make the expression concise and accurate;

(6) Substitute the answers into the original text to see if the sentences are smooth.

2. The role of the word in the context

See whether the meaning of the word in the sentence vividly or accurately expresses the content of the sentence (the meaning of the content of the word should be refined) General words, otherwise, the answer language will not be concise).

(3) Understand the meaning of sentences in the text

1. Main question types

1) Multiple-choice questions based on analysis. Students are required to carefully analyze the nuances of sentences and make appropriate choices.

2) Explanation questions in the form of expressions. Students are required to accurately explain the meaning of sentences based on a thorough understanding.

3) Evaluation questions in the form of appreciation. Students are required to grasp the presentation characteristics of words and sentences and make appropriate evaluations of their expression effects.

2. Problem-solving ideas

To understand the meaning of a sentence, you must connect it with the context

To understand the deep meaning of a sentence, you must connect it with the background of the work.

To understand the deeper meaning of a sentence, you must connect it with the central idea of ??the article.

When analyzing the content of a sentence, you should consider the identity, personality traits and thoughts of the characters in the article, and think about what information the author wants to tell the reader in the sentence.

(4) Functions of segments

1. The structural functions of sentences or paragraphs are:

(1) Lead the whole text and lead to the following. This type of sentence is the first sentence or the beginning of the article (paragraph).

(2) To pave the way for the following. Such sentences are placed early or in the middle of the article.

(3) Transitional sentences serve as a link between the previous and the following. Such sentences are in the middle of the article.

(4) Summarize the above. Such sentences appear at the end of the article or paragraph.

(5) Respond. Such sentences are allowed anywhere in the article.

2. The functions of sentences or paragraphs in terms of content include:

Starting with a topic, highlighting the center, setting the emotional tone of the full text, deepening the theme, etc.

(5) The meaning and function of the title

1. The meaning of the title

(1) The surface meaning is the literal meaning of the title and the content of the text; (2) )The deep meaning is extended meaning, metaphorical meaning, and symbolic meaning.

2. The function of the title

(1) Serves as a clue to the full text; (2) Highlights the theme and points out the main idea; (3) Creates suspense and attracts readers’ attention;

(4) Reflect the author’s emotions; (5) Summarize the main plot of the article; (6) Make a pun.

3. The benefits of the title (why this is the title)

The deeper meaning of the title and the role of the title

(6) The role of character and environment description

1. The role of character description (portrait, language, action, psychology)

1) Reveal the character’s inner emotions;

2) Enhance the character’s image and highlight the character character.

Note: To supplement the character’s psychological activities, it is required to conform to the character’s identity, express the character’s personality, combine with the relevant environment, and stick to the theme of the article.

2. The role of environmental description (natural environment, social environment)

1) Explain the time, environment, background, etc. when the story takes place. (Usually placed at the beginning of the article)

2) Exaggerate the atmosphere (atmosphere). (Usually placed at the beginning or in the middle)

3) Highlight the mood of the character (such as excitement, joy, sadness, depression, despair, etc.). (Appear at any time, location is not fixed)

4) Promote the development of the storyline. (Generally placed in the middle position)

5) Create contrast and highlight the main idea. (Appears at any time, location is not fixed)

6) Lead to the following. (Usually placed at the beginning of the article)

(7) Summary and induction

1. Division of paragraphs

1) According to time sequence and plot development Divided by changes;

2) Divided according to the transformation of narrative space or location;

3) Divided according to the nature of the story narrated;

4) According to the author Divide according to the cognitive process or changes in thoughts and feelings;

5) Divide according to character activities (this method can be used to write about several activity fragments of a person and articles about several characters).

2. Summarization and induction methods

1) Excerpting syntax: that is, excerpting the sentences that best express the center of this paragraph (layer) (the first sentence, the final sentence, the central sentence ).

2) Syntax contraction: compress long sentences that can express the meaning of the paragraph (layered meaning) into short sentences.

3) Union (combination) method: connect the important meanings and summarize the joint paragraphs.

4) Main point selection method: Among several levels of meaning, you can choose the main level as the paragraph meaning.

(8) Grasp the main idea of ??the article

Method analysis:

1. Analyze the title of the article to determine the main idea

Through the analysis of the title Can initially determine the topic of the article.

2. Analyze the key sentences in the article to determine the main idea

1) The beginning/end sentence or paragraph of the article.

2) Argumentative or lyrical sentences in the article.

Reference signs for lyrical sentences: strong exclamations or rhetorical questions/direct expression of a certain emotion (sadness, joy, tears, etc.)

Reference signs for argumentative sentences: for something or A sentence in which someone makes an evaluation.

3) Words or sentences that appear repeatedly in the article.

4) The language of the main characters in the article.

3. Summarize the main idea of ??the article through hierarchical induction

For some articles where the main idea is not easy to see, you can layer the article according to the article structure, and then connect the main ideas of each part coherently Get up and make a comprehensive summary.

(9) Narrative idea structure

1. The order of narrative

(1) Sequential narrative

Function: Use this writing method It can clearly show the ins and outs of things.

(2) Flashback

Characteristics: Write the ending of the thing or what happened next, and then narrate it in the order of the development of the events.

Function: In terms of content, it highlights the center; it makes the content concentrated and contrasts sharply;

In terms of structure, it makes the narrative exciting; it creates suspense and is fascinating.

　(3) Narration

Features: In the process of narration, due to the needs of the content, the original plot narrative is interrupted, relevant plots or events are inserted, and then the original plot is continued. narrative.

Function: Supplementary explanation, making the narrative more complete, making the article more substantial, more thorough, more compact in structure, and able to better highlight the center.

2. Grasp the clues of the article

(1) Type: object line, event line, person line, love line, time line, ground line

( 2) Function: It is the reflection of the author's ideas for organizing materials in the article, and it is the thread that runs through all the materials in the article into an organic whole.

(10) "Five Writing" Questions

(11) Feeling, Evaluation, Appreciation Questions

1. Reading Feelings

1) Contact text with clear points of view. First of all, on the basis of an in-depth understanding of the text, you must use the most concise language to succinctly extract your feelings and experiences, and express your opinions in short sentences.

2) Real feelings and precise expressions. Focus on the emotional points and express your feelings accurately. Let readers feel that your feelings are genuine, sincere, and justified. Due to the limitations of words, the language of expression must be concise.

3) Connect with reality and yourself. A prominent feature of reading experience is to feel the ideological content of the work, combine experience and one's own thoughts, and understand the inspiration of the work. This kind of fragmentary writing must be connected with reality and itself in a short space. Express your attitude or say how you will act in the future.

4) Clear organization and distinct layers. The reading feelings and evaluation should be clear and coherent, that is, the internal ideas of the article should be clear. The presentation and discussion of points of view, the analysis and solution of problems, and logical reasoning and deduction should all be analyzed in a coherent manner, with a clear context and distinct levels.

5) The language is fluent and the expression is fluent. The sentences are smooth, the context is coherent, and it has a certain power of argument and momentum of argumentation.

2. Reading evaluation

1) The point of view must be correct. The evaluation of the characters' thoughts and personalities, social phenomena, and the text's viewpoints must be correct and have insights; you cannot say that what is right is wrong, or what is wrong is right. This requires us to have the ability to judge right from wrong.

2) The point of view should be clear. Whether you agree or disagree, sympathize or dislike, advocate or criticize, you must have a clear attitude and reveal it in a prominent position. It must not be vague or ambiguous.

3) The analysis must be sufficient. To make a relatively sufficient analysis and explanation, you must not only express your attitude, but also give reasons based on the specific content of the text, so that the analysis is well-founded, enlightening, and highly logical.

4) The level must be clear and the language must be smooth.

3. Reading Appreciation

1) It is necessary to accurately identify the artistic characteristics of the text, such as which expression technique is used? What are the structural characteristics? Application

Which rhetorical technique is used? Is it metaphor or personification? Is it parallelism or contrast?

2) It is necessary to accurately grasp the theme of the text and the author's emotions, and grasp the thoughts and personalities of the characters in the text.

3) It is necessary to focus on analyzing the role of the artistic features of the article in expressing the main idea of ??the article, the author's emotions, or the thoughts and character of the characters in the article.