Brief introduction to art

Art refers to the art that occupies a certain plane or space and has a visual image for appreciation. Also known as plastic arts and visual arts. According to the purpose, it can be divided into two categories, namely pure art and arts and crafts. The word "art" first appeared in Europe in the17th century, and some people think it officially appeared in the middle of18th century. Modern Japanese paraphrased Chinese characters were introduced to China around the May 4th Movement and began to be widely used. Idea: let art integrate into life, into thinking, into soul, and live in the present.

translate freely

One of the art categories. It is an artistic activity using certain material, such as color, paper, canvas, mud, stone, wood, metal, wood and so on. Create a visible plane or three-dimensional visual image to reflect the natural and social life and express the artist's thoughts and feelings. Also known as plastic arts and visual arts. Mainly including painting, sculpture, arts and crafts, architectural art, etc.

source

/kloc-When the word "art" was first used in Europe in the 0/7th century, it generally referred to activities with aesthetic significance and their products, such as painting, sculpture, architecture, literature, music and dance. Some people think that the word "art" should formally appear in the middle of18th century. /kloc-after the industrial revolution in the 0/8th century, the scope of fine arts has been expanded, including painting, sculpture, arts and crafts, architectural art, etc. In the East, it also involves calligraphy and seal cutting. This word began to be widely used in China around the May 4th Movement. In recent decades, European and American countries have not used the word "art" very much, and often use the word "art" to control it.

Mainstream classification

It mainly includes painting, sculpture, craft, architecture, calligraphy, seal cutting, design, new media and photography. Each category can be divided into several sub-categories according to the theme of performance and the theme used.

Painting is the most important art form in plastic arts. It refers to an art form that uses artistic language such as lines, colors and shapes to create a static visual image in a two-dimensional space (that is, a plane) and express the author's aesthetic feelings through artistic means such as modeling, color and composition. There are many kinds of paintings, which can be divided into different categories from different angles. Geographically, painting can be divided into oriental painting and western painting; From the perspective of tool materials, painting can be divided into ink painting, oil painting, mural painting, printmaking, watercolor painting, gouache painting and so on. From the subject matter, painting can be divided into figure painting, landscape painting, still life painting, animal painting and so on. From the form of works, painting can be divided into murals, New Year pictures, comic books, cartoons, posters, oil paintings, blow paintings, illustrations and so on.

Different types of painting forms, due to their different historical traditions, have their own unique forms of expression and aesthetic characteristics. Chinese painting, also known as Chinese painting, has its own system and unique features in the world painting world, and is the mainstream of the oriental painting system. As far as tool materials are concerned, Chinese painting is painted on Xuan paper and silk with brush and ink. It pays attention to pen and ink, focusing on modeling with pen and ink. In the way of expression, Chinese painting adopts scattered perspective method; In the composition of the picture, Chinese painting pays attention to poetry, calligraphy, painting and printing, forming a unique beauty of form and content. Oil painting is the representative of western painting and the most influential painting in the world.

tool materials

Oil painting is painted on cloth, wood or cardboard with oily pigments. A painting in which oil agents (linseed oil, walnut oil, etc.). ) mixed with pigments and operated on linen, cardboard or wood.

Expressive technique

Traditional oil painters use focus perspective to paint. In the picture composition, pay attention to the richness of the picture scenery, fill the picture in the natural order, and present the true realm of nature.

Artistic painting

His works include: Mona Lisa, Portrait, Starry Night and Sunflower by Leonardo da Vinci.

carve

Sculpture is an art form, which can use materials to carve and shape a three-dimensional image to express thoughts and feelings. The types of sculpture can be divided from different angles. From the production process, sculpture can be divided into sculpture and plastic. Carving is to cut off and chisel away the redundant parts from a complete and solid blank, such as stone carving, wood carving and jade carving. Plastics are connected by bonding materials to form the required shapes, such as clay sculptures and pottery sculptures. Sculpture can be divided into memorial sculpture, architectural decoration sculpture, urban garden sculpture, religious sculpture, mausoleum sculpture and exhibition sculpture according to the theme. From the form of expression, sculpture can be divided into round carving and relief. The circular sculpture is a three-dimensional sculpture that is not attached to any background and can be viewed from all directions. Relief is a raised artistic image carved on a plane. The technique of expression often depends on volume and structure.

The emergence and development of sculpture is closely related to human production activities, and it is also directly influenced by social ideologies such as religion and philosophy in various times. For example, there were circular sculptures of naked women, mares and wild boar in Paleolithic France, and the stone carvings, bone carvings, portraits of goddesses and painted heads found 5,000-6,000 years ago in Hejiawan, Shaanxi, China and Lingyuan and Jianping, Liaoning, which reflected the process of human worship of natural forces and animals, as well as their understanding of themselves and the world. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum reproduce the power of the imperial army more than two thousand years ago. Sculpture is the crystallization of times, thoughts, feelings and aesthetic concepts, and it is an intuitive record of social development.

craft

Handicraft refers to products with strong aesthetic value after artistic treatment of daily necessities. We generally divide arts and crafts into practical arts and crafts and arts and crafts appreciated by furnishings. Practical arts and crafts are the main body and foundation of the whole arts and crafts, including clothing, food, culture, transportation and use. Practical value is the main value of these arts and crafts, and aesthetic value exists as an auxiliary value. Such handicrafts include decorative tea sets, lamps, wooden furniture, embroidery products, grass and bamboo woven products and so on. Ornamental handicrafts refer to handicrafts mainly used for decoration and appreciation. This kind of handicrafts takes aesthetics as the primary value, and is highly handmade, but its practical value is not obvious or completely disappeared, such as jade, gold and silver jewelry, ivory carving, cloisonne, lacquerware, wall hanging, pottery and so on.

Architectural art

Architecture is the floorboard of buildings and structures. It is an art that human beings use bricks, stones, tiles, wood, iron and other materials to build or construct internal and external spaces in a fixed geographical position for living and activities. Architectural art refers to the use of the unique artistic language of architectural art, in accordance with the law of beauty, so that the architectural image has cultural and aesthetic value, symbolic and formal beauty, reflecting nationality and sense of the times. According to its functional characteristics, architectural art can be divided into memorial buildings, palaces and tombs, religious buildings, residential buildings, garden buildings and production buildings. Generally speaking, architectural art, like arts and crafts, is a combination of practicality and aesthetics. The essence of architecture is a living place built by human beings for living and activities, so practicality is the primary function of architecture; Only with the development of human practice and the progress of material technology, architecture has more and more aesthetic value.

art exhibition

China International Exhibition Center Beijing Exhibition Hall National Agricultural Exhibition Hall National Exhibition Hall China Art Museum Science and Technology Exhibition Center

Organizer: China Federation of Literary and Art Circles, Beijing Municipal Government, China Artists Association, China Art Co-organizer: Institute of Fine Arts of China Academy of Fine Arts, Beijing Municipal Bureau of Culture, China Exhibition and Exchange Center.

Note: Location of the first exhibition: China Art Museum.

The second exhibition venue: Beijing China Millennium Monument Art Museum.

* * * More than 400 works were exhibited.

Art branch

China traditional painting

The traditional painting form of Han nationality is to paint on silk or paper with a brush dipped in water, ink and color. This kind of painting is called Chinese painting, which was produced after the May 4th Movement in contrast to western painting, and is also called Chinese painting.

China's traditional painting (different from "Western painting") generally refers to China's national painting, which has been formed and developed on the soil of the Chinese nation for a long time and has its own unique system in the world art field. Its spiritual core is "pen and ink". It uses brush, ink and Chinese painting pigments to draw on special rice paper or silk. According to the subject matter, it can be divided into figures, landscapes, flowers and bamboos, birds and animals, insects and fish, palaces and other painting materials. According to the means and techniques of expression, it can be divided into meticulous painting, freehand brushwork, hook, boneless painting, color setting and ink painting. According to the layout style, it can be divided into vertical axis, horizontal volume, album page, sector and other styles. Chinese painting attaches great importance to pen and ink, using lines, ink colors and light and heavy colors to express the physical structure of objective objects through cross-dyeing, dry and wet shades, and the combination of yin and yang on the back; And use the combination of virtual reality and density and "blank space" to achieve ingenious composition effect. The spatial processing of traditional Chinese painting is also relatively free and flexible, that is, you can draw mountains and rivers by "seeing the big and seeing the small"; You can also use the method of "seeing the mountains from horseback" to draw the Wan Li of the Yangtze River. Traditional Chinese painting is characterized by "both form and spirit" and "vivid charm", which not only advocates "natural creation by foreign teachers", but also inscribes poetry and seal cutting on the screen, integrating poetry, calligraphy and seal cutting into one. According to the process of world culture and art, China's paintings broadly include China traditional paintings and China modern paintings, which are independent of each other in a narrow sense and integrated with western art in a broad sense, mainly manifested in the significant difference between artistic conception and picture implication.

oil painting

Oil painting is the main type of western painting. A painting made on linen, cardboard or wood by mixing pigments and oiliness agents (linseed oil, poppy seed oil, walnut oil, etc.). Diluents used in painting are turpentine and dried linseed oil. The pigment attached to the picture has strong hardness and rich colors, which can fully show the color change of the object and is very realistic. When the picture is dry, it can keep luster for a long time. Generally speaking, oil painting emphasizes similarity, reappearance and rationality, and uses the knowledge of focus perspective and anatomy to shape the image.

carve

Printmaking is an important category of visual arts. Broadly speaking, printmaking can include that the graphics printed before printing industrialization are generally printmaking. The concept of contemporary printmaking mainly refers to the artistic works conceived and created by artists through plate-making and printing procedures, specifically, the pictures carved or etched on pages such as wood, stone, hemp, copper and zinc with knives or chemicals. Printmaking art has been accompanied by the invention and development of printing technology. Ancient prints mainly refer to woodcuts, but a few copperplate prints and overprinting are not allowed. The unique taste of knife wood makes it have independent artistic value and position in the history of China culture and art.

carve

Sculpture is a kind of "plastic arts", and it is the general name of artistic images shaped by three production methods: carving, engraving and plastic. With all kinds of plastic mud or carved wood, stone and other materials, all kinds of images with real volume are made, and the expression method generally depends on volume and structure. Sculptures are generally divided into circular sculptures and relief sculptures. Due to different purposes, it is divided into shelf sculpture, memorial sculpture, decorative sculpture, architectural sculpture and so on.

Abstract Chinese painting

China's abstract Chinese painting is a modern Chinese painting in China's paintings. It must have the most important characteristics of China cultural elements, and it is the inheritance, development and sublimation of China traditional painting art in China. At the same time, this abstract Chinese painting art of China, which originated from "antiquity" and has far-reaching artistic conception, puts forward higher artistic requirements for China traditional painters who are really engaged in "painting art".

A picture painted inside (a ship)

Inner painting is a unique traditional craft in China, which originated from painting snuff bottles. The painting method of internal painting is to draw a detailed picture on the pot blank made of glass, crystal, amber and other materials with a special deformation fine pen, which is elegant in style and delicate in brushwork. The art of interior painting is divided into four schools: Beijing, Hebei, Shandong and Guangdong. Among them, Hebei School has the highest level, the largest scale, the fastest development and the greatest influence. Not long ago, it was selected into the national intangible cultural heritage protection list, and Hengshui, the birthplace of Hebei School's internal painting, was also named "the hometown of internal painting in China" by the Ministry of Culture.

In the 16th year of Guangxu reign, snuff bottle painting in Beijing spread to Boshan, Shandong, the hometown of coloured glaze. Painter Bi Rongjiu made pot blanks with high-grade glass crystal materials produced locally, and began to make snuff bottles for glass painting, becoming the founder of Boshan painting art and a generation of famous teachers in China painting history. The invention of internal painting brush is an important milestone in the history of internal painting art. Compared with the original bamboo pen, internal painting brush has great advantages. It is handy to use, suitable for writing and drawing, which greatly enriches the expressive force of internal painting art and improves efficiency. On this basis, the artists of internal painting have created a large number of artistic treasures of internal painting, such as Water Margin 108, General's Map, Riverside Map at Qingming Festival, Dream of Red Mansions, Luoyang Star Hall Map, Baizi Map, White Eyebrows Map, White Crane Map, and Taishan Magnificence. Most of these works are created with historical allusions, myths and legends and traditional themes. The scene is grand, the characters are numerous, the composition is full, the layers are distinct, the descriptions are nuanced, the characters are lifelike, the animals are lifelike, and the craft techniques have their own styles, forming their own artistic characteristics of internal painting, which is praised as "internal painting school" by collectors, enthusiasts at home and abroad and the International Salt Lake Association.

hand paint

Hand-painted, also known as hand-painted, or graffiti. In China, it should be regarded as a new line in recent years (around 2000), such as hand-painted shoes, hand-painted T-shirts, humanoid pillows, hand-painted wallets and so on. , are the main hand-drawn objects. Hand-painted refers to the exquisite and personalized picture drawn on the vamp by the painter with special hand-painted pigments on the basis of the original solid color single product, according to the product style, fabric and customer's hobbies, which will not affect the usability of the product, but also increase its popularity. For example, the picture of a pair of shoes can be a cartoon, a sketch of a real person, or a landscape, pattern or decorative pattern; It can be a story fragment with words, or a picture with true confession that customers like. As long as you can draw, you can basically present it on the upper. Simply put, shoes with hand-painted patterns on the uppers are called hand-painted shoes. Because of its handwork, it has more appreciation value than the industrial mechanization of printed matter; Because of its painterly nature, it has more artistic value than industrial design with practicality as the first priority. It draws lessons from printed matter, but more inspiration comes from painters; It is a product based on industrial design, but it is not about it. Hand-drawn designers can give full play to it. Hand-painted shoes, because they are shoes and commodities, must have commodity attributes, but the value of hand-painted shoes has duality: first, the value of shoes; The second is the value of hand painting. Therefore, its price can not only be compared with the price of shoes, but also depends on the value of hand-painting. Hand-painted shoes, as a novel and peculiar product, can fully display the personality of young people and their pursuit of art, and greatly satisfy the DIY psychology of modern people. They have been sought after by fashionable young people since they came into being, especially in Europe, America, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan Province Province and other places in recent years, hand-painted products have become the new favorite of the times, and began to appear in large domestic shopping malls, hand-painted wholesale companies and specialty stores.

point to

Finger painting, also known as finger painting, has a history of more than 300 years and is a branch of traditional painting in China. Finger painting, generally without or with little brush. The founder of historical records is Gao in Kangxi period in the early Qing Dynasty. There are more and more people who draw finger paintings in the future, and Pan Tianshou is one of them. His finger paintings are broad and profound, and the patterns are novel and elegant.

craft

It is a plastic art that artistically transforms and processes materials to make them have practical and aesthetic value. It not only meets the needs of people's material life, but also meets the needs of people's spiritual life. It is the combination of practicality and aesthetics, and the unity of technology and art. From the perspective of use, it can be divided into daily arts and crafts and furnishings arts and crafts. From the historical and artistic forms of development in China, it can be divided into five categories: folk crafts, special crafts, visual communication, industrial design and environmental design.

sketch

A form of painting in which objects are mainly represented by monochrome lines and blocks. It is usually used as a means to exercise the basic skills of painting to train the ability to observe and express the shape, structure, light and shade, texture, sense of quantity and space of objective objects. Sketch can also be used as an independent art form for creation. For example, the painter Wang Shikuo's Blood Clothes is an example.

Opaque watercolor painting

A painting made by mixing powdered pigments with water. Gouache is generally opaque in color and has strong hiding ability, so it can be portrayed deeply and carefully. Used properly, it can have both artistic effects of oil painting and watercolor painting.

Artistic calligraphy

Art calligraphy is a practical font that has been beautified and decorated. The font is neat, eye-catching, beautiful and easy to identify. It is an indispensable tool for publicity and education such as banner slogan, blackboard newspaper, wall newspaper, venue layout, exhibition, commodity packaging and decoration. All kinds of advertisements, newspapers, magazines and books should be written in fine arts and calligraphy.

Characteristics of fine arts fonts

1. Old Song style: dignified and generous, thin and straight strokes, rounded points, rounded strokes, and obvious edges and corners when transferring.

2. Song-like style: straight and beautiful, delicate brushwork, and obvious trajectory when starting and closing the pen.

3. Bold: The strokes are square at the beginning and end, striking and powerful.

4. Numbers, characters and foreign languages can all be designed into fine arts fonts.

Nowadays, almost all fonts related to art can be designed to be beautiful, beautiful and artistic.

6. A painting with colorful calligraphy will add icing on the cake to the whole work and attract more attention.

The process of writing exquisite calligraphy

1. Tick: determine the size and shape of the word according to the needs of the application.

General students tend to ignore the inspection, so this step should be emphasized.

2. Layout: The layout of artistic words must first understand the organizational structure of fonts and the characteristics of basic strokes.

The combined structure of Chinese characters has a separate structure, such as "min"; There are left and right structures, such as "line"; There are left, middle and right structures, such as "doing"; There are upper and lower structures, such as "springs"; There are upper, middle and lower structures, such as grass; Have a closed structure, such as "country"; There are semi-closed structures inside and outside, such as "area", and the combination of "goods", such as "sen"

The proportion of each part should be divided according to the combination structure of each word

3. Set the skeleton: draw the font with a single line, use a light pen and write lightly.

4. Double hook: the strokes should be unified, and the strokes should be drawn according to the position of the skeleton.

5. Color filling: Select colors as needed. Generally, the outline is drawn first and then the color is filled in the middle.

The changing methods of artistic figures are not immutable formulas, which can be used flexibly, and some methods can be used in combination. For example, three-dimensional artistic figures can also change strokes, glyphs or structures. Only in this way can we really write good calligraphy. At present, the traditional art calligraphy course has been replaced by the font design course. Font design can get rid of the mechanization of fonts. Font design can only design one word or several words, regardless of the design strokes of other words. The designed fonts can be used as logos, illustrations, etc.

wall painting

A picture painted on the wall or ceiling of a building. Divided into rough bottom murals, painted murals and pasted murals. Mural painting is one of the oldest forms of painting. Egypt, India and Babylon have preserved many ancient murals. During the Italian Renaissance, mural creation flourished, resulting in many famous works. In China, since the Zhou Dynasty, there has been a mural system in palaces and even tombs. With the prosperity of religious belief, it is widely used in temples and grottoes (such as Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes and Ruicheng Yongle Palace, where a large number of famous Buddhist murals and Taoist murals are preserved).

Comics; comedian

Comics is a type of painting, also known as comics. The word "high-speed painting" comes from the Italian word "Caricare", which means exaggeration, and later evolved into the word "cartoon", which refers to a picture with ironic and funny meaning. Through exaggeration, distortion, hypothesis, metaphor, symbol and other means, satirize, criticize (or praise) people and things in real life with humorous and humorous artistic effects.

paint from nature

Traditional terms of Chinese painting. Paintings depicting flowers, trees, birds, animals and other creatures are called sketching, such as Sketching Rare Birds by the Five Dynasties. In the modern common painting language, any description that directly takes the real object and the real scene as the object is collectively called sketch.

sketch

A drawing method that describes the expression, shape, movement and other characteristics of an object briefly with quick and accurate observation and concise lines. It is an important painting method to cultivate the painter's keen observation and quickly grasp the generalization of object characteristics, and it is also an important means to record life and accumulate creative materials.

sketch

Line drawing is to use ink lines to describe objects without color, while line drawing mainly uses lines and can also render light ink. When drawing lines, we should combine the characteristics of pen and ink with the form, and the brushwork turns abruptly. The thickness and lightness of lines are based on the texture or characteristics of the objects. For example, using thinner and lighter lines to draw petals is easy to show their softness; Drawing leaves and branches with thick lines makes it easier to show their hard and thick texture; It is easier to show the fluffy and soft feeling of bird feathers when writing and collecting pens with slightly dry and empty thin lines.

There are two kinds of tracking: single hook and multi-hook. What is drawn one line at a time is called a single hook. Single hook uses one color ink, and some use two inks depending on the object, such as light ink hook for flowers and thick ink hook for leaves. The heavy hook is completely hooked with light ink first, and then some or all heavy hooks are decided according to the specific situation. Double hook lines cannot overlap each other rigidly according to the route of the original road. The purpose of re-tick is to aggravate the changes of texture and light and shade, and make the image look more radiant. Sketch is a kind of expression technique with lines, ink lines, thickness, reality, lightness and rigidity.

In line drawing, the quality of lines is the main key to the success or failure of a painting. It is advisable to take the center as the main pen, the pressure and speed of the pen should be uniform, and the lines drawn should have the effect of "soft outside and rigid inside", and the strength should be contained inside and not exposed; Lack of pen and ink is not durable. Too many edges and corners and exposed strength are easy to show domineering breath. Fashion will reduce the beauty of some flowers and birds, so the lines drawn in white should be "just built in a beautiful place"

During the Jiaqing period of the Ming Dynasty, Zou Dezhong summed up the rich creative experience of his predecessors and put forward the idea of "eighteen strokes" in the book "Painting Misty Poems", namely:

1. Flowing.

2.Gogu You Simiao

3. Wire tracing

4. Liu Yemiao

5. String tracking

6. description of grasshoppers

7. Mixed description

8. Nail marks at the ends of nails

9. Description of a grass

10. Nail-headed rat-tail tracking

1 1. Folding reed tracing

12. Stroke reduction

13. Draw water lines with warning pen.

14. Description of bamboo leaves

15. olive tracing

16. earthworm tracking

17. Jujube stone tracking

18. Dead wood tracing

The above eighteen descriptions were learned by the ancients according to the clothes at that time (mostly wide robes and big sleeves). Some existed before the Tang Dynasty, while others were gradually increased later. However, these eighteen descriptions do not include all the descriptions of predecessors, and some people advocate simplifying them into five or merging them into three categories. Mr. Dong Mengmei, a contemporary painter who is good at figure painting, pointed out that it is inappropriate to name the 18th National Congress after the shape of line drawing. For the method of using a pen, he put forward "ten methods of using a pen", namely

1. hanging needle drawing

Step 2 draw a silk brush

3. freehand brushwork

4. Wire brush

5. Come and go without a trace (double-pointed brushwork)

6. Connecting brushwork

7. Drag brushwork

8. Good at fighting brushwork

9. Jumping strokes

10. Backward stroke

Mr. Dong Mengmei's detailed ten strokes are also applicable to flower-and-bird painting.

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