Comprehensive survey on soil and water conservation

1. Standard Terms

1 Purpose of Investigation

1. 1 Through comprehensive investigation, understand the natural conditions, natural resources, social and economic conditions, Characteristics of water and soil erosion and current status of soil and water conservation (achievements, experiences and problems).

1. 2 The main results of the comprehensive investigation should be processed and organized through text and charts, and included in the soil and water conservation planning report as an important component; the scientific basis and working basis of the plan should be comprehensively and systematically explained .

1. 3 Soil and water conservation planning should be divided into different types of areas through comprehensive surveys; according to the different characteristics of each area, different production development directions and prevention and control measures should be adopted.

2 Preparation before the investigation

2. 1 Before the investigation, a unified investigation outline and corresponding investigation forms should be formulated, and the investigation items should be arranged closely around the needs of preparing the soil and water conservation plan. and content.

2. 2 When the investigation takes a long time and there are many personnel from participating units, training should be held before the investigation as needed. Through training, all investigators should clearly understand the purpose, requirements, content and methods of the investigation.

3 Investigation content

3. 1 Natural conditions: including climate, hydrology, landforms, soil, vegetation, etc., focusing on topography, rainfall, wind, soil (ground composition materials), Five factors including vegetation, as well as other meteorological factors such as temperature and frost.

3. 2 Natural resources: Focus on land resources, water resources, biological resources, light and heat resources, mineral resources, etc.

3. 3 Social and economic conditions: Focus on population, labor, land use, rural production, food and economic income (total and per capita), fuel, feed, fertilizer conditions, people’s living standards, Drinking water conditions for humans and animals, etc.

3. 4 Water and soil loss: Focus on the distribution, quantity (area), degree (amount of erosion), harm (to the local area and downstream), and causes (natural factors and human factors) of various types of water and soil loss ) wait.

3. 5 Current status of soil and water conservation: Focus on the quantity, quality, and benefits of various management measures, as well as the main process, experience, and lessons of soil and water conservation.

3. 6 Construction of soil and water conservation information database: focus on information collection, transmission and storage.

3.7 Please see Appendix A (informative appendix) of this standard for the specific content and methods of each investigation.

4 Investigation requirements

4. 1. Concentrate the main efforts and time on the content required in the plan, collect it comprehensively and completely, and should not omit any content that is irrelevant or little related to the plan. The items and content should not be scheduled.

4. 2 During the investigation, the questionnaire should be filled in item by item and relevant sketches should be drawn. All aspects of information collected during the survey should be true and the data should be reliable.

4. 3 Comprehensive investigation of soil and water conservation in small watersheds should conduct detailed inspections of the main watersheds, main ditches and main branch ditches in the watershed on a slope-by-slope, ditch-by-gully, township-by-village, village-by-village basis. According to the survey items and content and obtain first-hand information.

4. 4 Comprehensive soil and water conservation surveys in large and medium-sized river basins (or provinces, regions, and counties) should be divided into several different types of areas based on relevant data, and each type of area should be selected. For a representative small watershed, a detailed survey will be conducted according to the above requirements, and combined with the census in each area, comprehensive survey results will be obtained (the principles and methodological steps for zoning of large and medium watersheds will be stipulated in Chapter 5).

4.5 In the comprehensive investigation of soil and water conservation planning, professional investigation results or zoning results of relevant scientific research and business departments should be fully utilized. The large-scale landforms, soils (ground components), plants, meteorology, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and other results obtained by these departments should be analyzed and their content related to soil and water conservation planning should be absorbed. At the early stage of the comprehensive investigation, the above-mentioned relevant results should be requested, or personnel from relevant departments should be invited to participate in the investigation. During the investigation process, the original results should be verified and supplemented.

4. 6 When a comprehensive survey invites professionals from relevant departments (geography, geology, soil, plant, meteorology, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, etc.) to participate, it should be conducted according to a unified survey outline; if some departments Those who have special requirements for the survey content of their major can draw on the parts related to soil and water conservation based on the survey outline and individual survey reports of each relevant major, and at the same time supplement the deficiencies.

5 Investigation results

5. 1 Written report, including the comprehensive investigation report and each special investigation report.

5.2 Please see Appendix A (informative appendix) for the schedule and drawings.

5. 3 Photos, videos and audio recordings.

2. Understanding and Implementation

In this section of comprehensive soil and water conservation survey, we introduce the purpose of comprehensive soil and water conservation survey, preparation before survey, survey content, survey requirements, survey As a result, we have a comprehensive understanding of comprehensive soil and water conservation surveys, thereby providing a basis for comprehensive soil and water conservation management planning. The differences between the new standard and the original standard are as follows:

(1) Compared with the original standard, the new standard has not much changed content. It is mainly the adjustment of some words and sentences to make the content more concise and to the point, and the expression more specific and accurate. . For example, the content of the new standard 4. 2. 2, 4. 4. 3, 4. 4. 6 is basically unchanged compared with the corresponding items of the original standard (not listed in detail here), but the language expression in the new standard is different from that of the original standard. More accurate and more logical.

(2) The new standard deletes the words "as the basis for soil and water conservation planning in the original standard 4.1.1, so that the water and soil conservation planning can conform to objective reality and better comply with the laws of nature and social and economic development." The purpose of "doing things regularly is conducive to implementation and achieving the expected target benefits", "so as not to distract efforts and affect the work process" in 4. 4. 1, and "is not the focus of investigation by relevant department personnel" in 4. 4. 6. Express clearly and concisely.

(3) Compared with the original standard 4.3.1, the new standard 4.3.1 adds that the key investigation factors "including climate, hydrology, landforms, soil, vegetation, etc." have been changed from the 4 items in the original standard. 5 items, and the original standard "agricultural meteorology" was changed to "meteorological factors".

(4) New explanatory clauses in the new standard: "4.3.6 Construction of soil and water conservation information database, focusing on information collection, transmission and storage" has been added to the content of the new standard 4.3 survey (replace the original standard 4.3.6 becomes the new standard 4.3.7). Informatization is an inevitable choice for my country to accelerate industrialization and modernization. With the progress of the times, promoting the modernization of soil and water conservation through informatization of soil and water conservation has become a major strategic task in soil and water conservation work. In order to ensure the timeliness and accuracy of planning, the comprehensive survey of soil and water conservation requires a large amount of collection, transmission and storage of basic data on resources, environment, social economy and other resources required for planning. The construction of soil and water conservation information database provides a good foundation for this work. It is convenient and can be investigated and updated in a timely manner, laying a solid foundation for planning work. This clause was written into the standard to meet the actual needs and is appropriate and reasonable.

3. Example

Take Chapters 2 and 3 of the "Jiashan County "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" Soil and Water Conservation Plan" as an example. A brief summary is as follows:

1. Natural environmental conditions, natural resources and socio-economic conditions of Jiashan County (Chapter 2 of the original plan)

(1) Natural conditions.

1) Geographical location: Jiashan County is located in the Hangjiahu Plain in the Taihu Lake Basin, at the intersection of the northeastern part of Zhejiang Province and the two provinces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai, with east longitude 120°44'22″～121°1'45″ , 30°45'36″～31°1'12″ north latitude. It borders Qingpu and Jinshan Districts of Shanghai to the east, Pinghu City and Nanhu District of Jiaxing City to the south, Xiuzhou District of Jiaxing City to the west, and Wujiang City of Jiangsu Province and Qingpu District of Shanghai to the north. The total area of ??the county is 506.59km2, of which land accounts for 85.71% and water accounts for 14.29%. Weitang Town, the county seat, is 90km from Shanghai in the east, 110km from Hangzhou in the west, 35km from Zhapu Port in the south, and 91km from Suzhou in the north. It is located in the center of the Yangtze River Delta.

2) Topography: The outline of the territory is in the shape of a field. The terrain is higher in the south and lower in the north, diagonally from the southeast to the northwest, with an average elevation of 1.83m (85 National Elevation, the same below).

The Datong and Dayun areas in the southeast are relatively high, with ground elevations generally around 2.46m; the Tianning, Hongxi, and Taozhuang areas in the northwest are relatively low, with ground elevations of only about 1.36m. The ground height difference in the county is less than 1.2m. Generally speaking, the ground slope in the county is less than 3° and relatively flat.

3) Geology: Jiashan County is located in the eastern part of the Hangjiahu Plain and is a long-term subsidence area due to the neotectonic movement, with thick Quaternary sediments deposited in the area. Quaternary loose sediments are widely distributed, with a thickness of 50 to 300m, and the lithofacies and lithology vary greatly, generally increasing gradually from south west to northeast.

4) Hydrology and meteorology: Jiashan County belongs to the subtropical monsoon zone, with a warm and humid climate, sufficient sunshine, abundant rainfall, and four distinct seasons. The annual average temperature is 15.5℃, the extreme maximum temperature is 38.2℃, and the extreme minimum temperature is -10.8℃; January is the coldest month in the year, with an average monthly temperature of 3.5℃ in many years, and July is the hottest month in the year, with an average monthly temperature of 27.7℃. The annual average frost-free period is 233.6 days, the first frost period is generally in mid-November, the last frost period is about late March, and the annual sunshine hours are 2008.2 hours. The average wind speed is 2.6~3.4m/s, with little difference from month to month. The E and NW wind directions have the highest frequencies throughout the year.

The average annual rainfall for many years is 1150.5mm, and the annual rainy days are 135.2. The maximum precipitation year was 1751.4mm in 1999, and the least precipitation occurred in 1978, with a precipitation of 685.5mm. The "Meiyu" period and the typhoon season are the two highest points of precipitation throughout the year, accounting for about half of the year's precipitation.

Judging from the actual measurement data after 1956, the highest water level at Jiashan Station (Weitang Town) was 2.32m (typhoon rain type in 1962), followed by 2.27m (meiyu type) in 1999. The lowest water level was 0.04m in 1970, and the average water level for many years was 0.88m.

5) River water system: Jiashan County is located in the Hangjiahu Plain river network area of ??the Taihu Lake Basin and belongs to the canal water system. The territory is criss-crossed with rivers and ports, flowing from southwest to northeast, converging into the Huangpu River and then into the East China Sea. It is a completely tidal river. Hundreds of tributaries are connected end to end with twists and turns, dividing the whole county into thousands of polder areas. It has been known as the "Water Country" since ancient times.

The total length of rivers in the county is 1,693.7km, and there are 59 large lakes. The river flows slowly and the water level changes significantly with each season. Typhoons and rains in summer and autumn often cause the river water to surge, while the water level is low in winter. The general trend of drainage from the river network is from southwest to northeast, towards Jinshan and Qingpu in Shanghai and into the Huangpu River.

The rivers in this county have the following characteristics: ① The distribution of rivers is dense but uneven, and the direction is relatively disordered; ② The width of the river surface is different, the siltation is serious, and the cross-flow section is small; ③ The bottom slope of the river is gentle and the flow rate is relatively high. Slow and small flow; ④ River flow direction is greatly disturbed by natural and human activities; ⑤ Water environment capacity is small, self-purification ability is poor, and river pollution is generally serious.

6) Soil: According to the "Jiashan County Statistical Yearbook (2007)", the total area of ??the county is 506.59km2, including 269.19km2 of cultivated land. The county belongs to the alluvial plain. According to the differences in soil genetic types, lithological characteristics, etc., the soil is divided into 2 soil categories, 4 subcategories, 7 soil genera, and 19 soil species.

The soil in this county is characterized by a deep soil layer, high content of various organic matter, high soil carrying capacity, good holding layer, and many types of soil, suitable for various plants, fruit trees, etc. grow.

7) Vegetation: This county belongs to the Taihu Plain vegetation area, most of which are covered by artificially cultivated plants, mainly evergreen broad-leaved forest, deciduous broad-leaved forest and coniferous forest. Fruit trees include: peach trees, pear trees, grapes, citrus, loquats, etc.; crops include: rice, barley, wheat, rape, corn, broad beans, peas and various vegetables, etc.; green vegetation mainly includes: metasequoia, willow, slash pine, European and American poplar, osmanthus, camphor tree, white elm, etc.; there are also various natural vegetation, such as foxtail grass, dandelion, etc.; and various artificially planted flowers and plants.

(2) Natural resources.

1) Land resources: The total area of ??Jiashan County is 506.59km2, which is a plain river network area. The per capita land area is about 2.0 acres; the county’s total cultivated land area is 269.19km2, and the per capita cultivated land is 1.06 acres. Calculated based on the agricultural population, the average per capita is 1.63 acres.

2) Water resources: According to statistical analysis of the "Jiashan County Comprehensive Water Resources Plan", the county's multi-year average total local water resources from 1956 to 2000 was 236 million m3.

The per capita water resources are only 619m3, less than 30% of the province's per capita water resources (2100m3). The county has relatively abundant transit water resources, but due to the influence of rainfall and development and utilization in upstream areas, the inter-annual variation range is large.

The distribution of precipitation and surface runoff within the year is concentrated, with peaks in May, June and September. The runoff in the flood season (May to October) accounts for about 60% of the annual runoff, with a maximum of 4 consecutive Monthly runoff accounts for about 50% of the annual runoff, and it varies greatly from year to year, easily causing floods and low water in plain river networks, resulting in floods and drought disasters.

3) Biological resources:

a. Plant resources: The whole county belongs to the vegetation patch of the lower reaches of Qiantang River and Taihu Plain. Most of it is covered by artificially cultivated plants. The main food crops are rice, barley, and wheat, and the main cash crops are rapeseed, mulberry, vegetables, melons, and medicinal plants. Fruit tree varieties peaches and pears are suitable for cultivation everywhere. There are more than 200 kinds of flowers produced, including camellia, rhododendron, gerbera, lily, bird of paradise, pomegranate, five-needle pine, rose, rose, crabapple, plum blossom, peach blossom, peony, etc.

b. Animal resources: The county’s local livestock and poultry breeds include Jiaxing black pigs, and introduced breeds include Jinhua pigs, Duroc, Yorkshire and other pig breeds; cattle include Friesian dairy cows, Wenzhou buffalo, and Haizi buffalo. etc.; rabbits include English, French, and Danish, with Angora rabbits in Germany being the most popular; poultry is mainly raised with chickens, ducks, and geese. The local chicken varieties include Xiaoshan chicken, Pudong chicken, and Wangdian chicken, and the introduced ones include White Rock, Ross, Zhejiang Yellow Chicken, Hongyu, etc.; ducks are mainly shelducks and Peking ducks; geese are mainly Taihu white geese and a small amount of gray geese and eastern Zhejiang white geese. Freshwater cultured animals are mainly freshwater fish, shrimp and crabs.

4) Solar and thermal resources: Jiashan County is rich in solar and thermal resources, with 2008.2 hours of sunshine throughout the year, making it one of the province’s high-value sunshine areas. January to February is the least, less than 125 hours; July to August is the most, more than 230 hours; from mid-April to mid-May, the multi-year average sunshine is 224.5 hours, with an average of 5.6 hours per day; midsummer July, the multi-year average sunshine is 233 hours , an average of 7.5 hours per day; from late September to mid-October, the multi-year average sunshine is 119.3 hours, with an average of 5.3 hours per day. The annual sunshine percentage is 45%, with a maximum of 61% in August and a minimum of only 35% in March.

The county’s annual average temperature is 15.5°C, with no obvious regional differences, with only a 1°C difference between high and low. The average frost-free period for many years is 233.6 days, and the annual accumulated temperature of ≥10°C is 4950°C to 5039°C, with an interval of 232 to 236 days, appearing from early April to mid-to-late November.

5) Scenic tourism resources: Jiashan has a long history, rich human resources and beautiful natural scenery. It is one of the birthplaces of ancient Wuyue culture. Jiashan is rich in tourism resources. The water town is like a dream, the ancient towns are picturesque, and the countryside is poetic. There is a thousand-year-old ancient town - Xitang; there is a ten-mile Rongxi water town tour - Dayun Ecological Tourism Zone; there is a famous Wuyue Lake Jiangnan Love - planned Fenhu Lake Tourist Resort, etc.

(3) Social economy.

1) Administrative division: Jiashan County currently has 11 towns: Weitang, Xitang, Qanyao, Taozhuang, Tianning, Dayun, Dingzha, Hongxi, Yaozhuang, Yangmiao and Hui There are 26 communities (neighborhood committees) and 118 village committees. The total population of the county is 380,700.

2) Land use structure: Jiashan County has a total area of ??506.59km2, of which farmland is the main area, accounting for 53.1% of the total area, followed by residential areas and industrial and mining land. See Table 1-1 for details.

Table 1-1 Land use status table in Jiashan County

3) Social and economic status: Since the reform and opening up, Jiashan County has experienced rapid social and economic development, and its industrial structure has been optimized. With the industrialization The process continues to accelerate, and the comprehensive economic strength continues to increase. According to statistics, the county's gross domestic product (GDP) reached 15.132 billion yuan in 2006, and the per capita regional GDP reached 39,748 yuan. In 2006, the county completed social fixed asset investment of 8.714 billion yuan, total fiscal revenue of 1.877 billion yuan, urban residents' per capita disposable income of 18,204 yuan, and farmers' per capita net income of 8,887 yuan. The income ratio of urban and rural residents is about 2:1, which is much smaller than the national ratio of 3:1. This shows that the living standards of rural residents in Jiashan County are relatively high, which lays the foundation for the coordinated development of urban and rural areas and the construction of a harmonious society. The added value of "tertiary industries" in Jiashan County is shown in Table 1-2.

Table 1-2 The added value of "tertiary industries" in Jiashan County

4) Population and urbanization process: The county's total population at the end of 2006 was 380,700, including non-agricultural population 133,300 people; the total number of households in the county is 123,600. After planning and construction in recent years, Jiashan County has fully implemented the "Jiashan County Urban-rural Integrated Development Plan" in accordance with the strategic deployment of the "Hundred Villages Demonstration, Thousand Villages Improvement" project of the Provincial Party Committee and the Provincial Government and the overall requirements of the Jiaxing Municipal Party Committee and Municipal Government. , implement the urban-rural integration strategy, increase the coordinated development of urban and rural areas, strive to narrow the differences between urban and rural areas and the differences between industry and agriculture, and form a new situation of integrated urban-rural development.

5) Economic development trend: According to relevant predictions in the "Jiaxing Municipal Master Plan (2005-2020)", the total population of Jiashan will reach 400,000 by the end of the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan". According to the requirements of the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of Jiashan County", the goals of the county's economic and social development during the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period are: to accelerate the advancement of enriching the people and strengthening the county, and basically implementing a comprehensive moderately prosperous society. It is predicted that the county's GDP will reach 24 billion yuan by the end of the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan", with an average annual growth rate of more than 12%, a per capita GDP of more than 60,000 yuan, and an urbanization level of more than 60%.

2. Current status of soil and water loss and soil and water conservation (Chapter 3 of the original plan)

(1) Current status of soil and water loss.

1) Types of soil and water loss. According to the analysis of "Jiaxing City Water Resources and Water Conservancy Zoning", the county's river network storage capacity (under normal water levels) was 159.95 million m3 in 1985. By 2006, according to the results of the "Jiaxing City Water Resources Survey Report", it was 153.03 million m3. m3, thus it can be concluded that the cumulative sedimentation volume of the river network is approximately 6.9 million m3 (excluding approximately 10 million m3 of dredged earthwork during the period), and then it is estimated that the average regional water and soil loss due to water and soil erosion in the past 20 years has reached 1.5~2.0mm/a .

The type of soil and water loss in Jiashan County is hydraulic erosion.

2) Distribution of soil and water loss. Water and soil erosion is distributed throughout the county in three states: "point, line, and area". It is mainly distributed on both sides of rivers and rural non-point source water and soil erosion areas, as well as real estate development projects, various park development and construction, urban municipal construction, highway and pipeline construction and other areas directly and indirectly affected by various development and construction projects.

3) Causes of soil erosion. First, natural factors. The county is located in the Hangjiahu Plain in the Taihu Lake Basin, with a warm climate, abundant rainfall, heavy and concentrated rainfall, large surface runoff, frequent typhoons and heavy rains, all of which provide the driving force for soil erosion; due to the high water content of the riverbank soil, the soil The shear strength of the body is low, and most of the river banks have no bank protection. It is easy for the embankment feet to gradually peel off and dent inward under the frequent impact of waves. The upper soil body remains in its original state because it has not been washed by waves or is less affected by waves, becoming an unstable After a stable steep slope develops to a certain extent, the upper soil collapses due to instability, and the soil collapses into the river.

While waves wash away the embankment, currents and rainwater also wash away the earthen embankment. After a heavy rain, the ground runoff produced cuts through the loose soil on the surface of the land, carrying away a large number of soil particles and flowing into the river, where it is deposited in the river channel and forms criss-crossing grooves on the ground.

Second, human factors. Human factors mainly include the following five aspects:

a. Waterways and water transportation are frequently impacted by ship waves, causing shore erosion. For the river sections that have been protected by bank revetments, some of them were constructed earlier. This resulted in the foundation being hollowed out and collapsing; the water and soil erosion in the river section without bank protection was even more serious, with a large amount of soil collapsing into the river.

b. There is a lack of awareness of water and soil conservation during the construction and implementation of various development and construction projects in the county. There is no water and soil conservation plan and no water and soil conservation measures are taken. In addition, the vegetation is not restored in time after the construction is completed. Loose soil without the protection of ground vegetation is very easy to run away under rain erosion.

c. There is no special storage point for the spoils generated during the construction process, and some are even dumped directly into the river, thus exacerbating water and soil erosion.

d. Man-made water and soil erosion is not only on the surface, but also exists underground. Extensive exploitation of groundwater resources has caused the ground to continue to sink, aggravating the occurrence of floods and aggravating soil erosion.

e. During the development and construction process, water areas are occupied at will and rivers and rivers are filled in, which reduces the water area of ??the block and causes water and soil loss.

4) Hazards of water and soil erosion.

Water and soil erosion has caused serious harm to the natural environment. It not only causes the destruction and loss of land resources, leading to the deterioration of the ecological environment, but also aggravates floods and droughts, and severely restricts the sustainable development of the economy and society. Mainly manifested in:

a. The topsoil of cultivated land, garden land and forest land is lost, soil fertility decreases year by year, the soil layer becomes thinner, and the soil texture becomes coarser, resulting in reduced land productivity, weakened water conservation and ecological protection functions, which has a negative impact on the environment. adversely affect the sustainable development of agricultural and forestry production.

b. Ship wave erosion caused serious collapse of river banks, and the value of land development and utilization continued to decline, resulting in destruction of vegetation and deterioration of resources and ecological environment.

c. A large amount of sediment and organic matter carried by water and soil erosion accumulates in rivers and lakes, reducing the river's flood control and storage capacity, exacerbating flood disasters, reducing the river's navigation capacity and self-purification capacity, and directly affecting water resources effective use.

d. Soil and water loss, as a carrier of non-point source pollutants, is one of the reasons for the deterioration of water quality in rivers and lakes. The county's river water bodies are generally seriously polluted. According to the "Jiashan County 2006 Surface Water Resources Quality Evaluation Report" based on the annual average evaluation, 100% of the water bodies exceed the standard, of which Class V and worse than Class V account for the total 46% of water bodies, especially more than 40% of water bodies worse than Class V.

e. Water and soil erosion not only causes land degradation and vegetation destruction, but also leads to the shrinkage of rivers and lakes, the reduction of wild animal habitats, the destruction of biological community structure and natural environment, and the reduction of reproduction and survival rates. It even threatens the survival of the population, greatly damages the ecological environment, affects the stability and security of the ecosystem, and has a serious impact on the living environment of urban and rural people.

(2) Current status of soil and water conservation. The government has always attached great importance to soil and water conservation. Especially since the promulgation and implementation of the "Water and Soil Conservation Law of the People's Republic of China" on June 29, 1991, all walks of life have a more comprehensive understanding of water and soil erosion, and the awareness of water and soil conservation has further improved. Enhance and improve. The Jiashan County Government attaches great importance to soil and water conservation and has continuously increased its investment in water and soil conservation infrastructure, thereby maintaining and improving the county's ecological environment. In the past few years, the county has mainly done the following work in the process of implementing the "Water and Soil Conservation Law of the People's Republic of China" and engaged in the construction of water and soil conservation ecological environment:

1) Water and soil Churn management.

a. From 2003 to 2007, a total of 800km of river channels were dredged in the county, and approximately 6 million m3 of earthwork was dredged; a total of 300km of new bank protection was built.

b. The irrigation area reconstruction project has a cumulative treatment area of ??150km2.

c. Rectify and eliminate small earthen kilns and clay brick kilns in batches. Among them, 22 small clay kilns and 8 clay kiln enterprises have been eliminated and closed in 2007.

2) Soil and water conservation publicity and supervision and law enforcement.

a. Increase publicity efforts. Through various channels such as radio and television, posting and hanging slogans and banners, holding publicity meetings on water laws and soil and water conservation laws in towns and villages, taking to the streets to carry out activities on water laws and soil and water conservation laws, publicity and consultation, and printing and distributing brochures and materials, etc. Promote laws and regulations on soil and water conservation to enhance the awareness of soil and water conservation in the whole society.

b. Increase supervision. Soil and water conservation supervisors across the county take inspection, supervision and other measures. According to the "Notice on the Issuance of Implementation Opinions on the Rectification of the Clay Brick and Tile Industry in Jiashan County" No. 82 [2005] of the Jiashan County People's Government, after three years of hard work, the structural adjustment of the county's brick and tile industry has been basically completed. The county's soil and water conservation supervisors take inspection, supervision and other measures to ensure the implementation of soil and water conservation laws and regulations such as the "Water and Soil Conservation Law of the People's Republic of China" and enhance their awareness of preventing and controlling water and soil erosion.

c. Increase law enforcement efforts. In order to promote the development of water and soil conservation supervision and law enforcement in the county, those production units and individuals that cause water and soil erosion and do not control them will be targeted. By investigating and handling cases, it has the social effect of "investigating and handling one case, affecting others".

(3) There is a problem.

1) Soil and water conservation awareness and legal concepts need to be improved urgently.

Since the promulgation and implementation of the "Water and Soil Conservation Law of the People's Republic of China" and other laws and regulations related to water and soil conservation, although the awareness and legal concepts of water and soil conservation among leaders at all levels, citizens and legal persons have improved, some units and individuals still have a negative attitude towards water and soil conservation. There is a lack of awareness of water loss, China's number one environmental problem, a lack of understanding of the importance and urgency of water and soil conservation, a weak awareness of the basic national policy and legal concept of water and soil conservation, and problems such as non-compliance with laws, lax enforcement of laws, and failure to prosecute violations.

2) The task of controlling soil erosion is arduous. The whole county is located in the Hangzhou-Jiaxing-Huzhou Plain area with a dense network of rivers. The lost soil flows into rivers and lakes along with surface runoff. Therefore, soil and water loss control involves a wide area and a large amount, and the control measures are relatively simple.

3) New development and construction projects have caused serious water and soil erosion. During the development and construction process, the one-sided pursuit of immediate and local interests has led to new water and soil erosion caused by human activities. In some places, damage is caused by treatment at the same time, and even the damage is greater than the treatment; one place is treated, and many places are destroyed; the situation of point-by-point treatment, and surface damage still exists, and man-made water and soil erosion in some places is still showing an expanding trend. Development and construction activities such as transportation, land development and utilization, development zones, industrial parks, municipal facilities construction, and real estate, large amounts of earth and stone excavation and filling cause serious damage to surface vegetation, excavation surfaces, filling surfaces, material yards, and slag fields Without paying attention to protection, the implementation of water and soil conservation plans is very random, resulting in water and soil erosion above the intensity, which becomes the main cause of new water and soil erosion. The completion acceptance work needs to be further strengthened.

4) Insufficient investment in soil and water conservation. Article 7 of the "Water and Soil Conservation Law of the People's Republic of China" stipulates: People's governments at or above the county level shall incorporate the tasks determined by the water and soil conservation plan into the national economic and social development plan, arrange special funds, and organize implementation. However, there is currently no fixed investment channel for special funds for soil and water conservation in the county's finances. No special funds for soil and water conservation have been established. The annual capital investment is small and does not match the tasks of preventing and controlling water and soil erosion. The phenomenon of insufficient collection of compensation fees for soil and water conservation facilities in current construction and development projects is quite prominent.

(Information source: Jiashan County Government Information Disclosure Network/art/2008/7/2/art_200_21.html.)

In soil and water conservation work, soil, atmosphere, and landforms are involved , vegetation, human activities and other factors, the information has obvious temporal and spatial characteristics, and traditional data collection and analysis methods affect the full utilization of soil and water conservation benefits. With the widespread application of new technologies such as automation control technology, computer network technology, database technology, wireless communication technology, 3S technology, and computer-aided design, soil and water conservation work has also become automated, digital, and efficient. For example, RS can record spatial information and various changing parameters of a watershed in real time and quickly, and has become the main means of obtaining watershed information; while GIS has powerful data processing and analysis capabilities and is an essential tool for small watershed management planning. Real-time processing and comprehensive analysis of digital information can make small watershed management planning more standardized and scientific.

Many current comprehensive surveys on soil and water conservation involve the construction of soil and water conservation information databases. Many provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) have achieved fruitful results in the construction of basic information resources for soil and water conservation. In 2001, in order to make the comprehensive management of water and soil erosion more scientific, the Tibet Autonomous Region launched the construction of a soil and water conservation monitoring network with an investment of more than 60 million yuan to conduct comprehensive monitoring of water and soil erosion in the entire region. At the end of 2001, the Tibet Autonomous Region formulated several comprehensive plans for soil and water conservation and soil erosion, including the "Tibet Soil and Water Conservation Plan", and promulgated the "Tibet Autonomous Region Soil and Water Conservation Project Management Measures", which made Tibet's comprehensive management of soil and water loss remarkable.

In 2001, the Shenzhen Urban Soil and Water Conservation Management Information System was completed and put into operation. This system is based on the information database, uses the Internet as the media, uses analysis and management as the means, and uses urban water and soil conservation as the means. Management information system for application purposes. The system serves soil and water conservation management; integrates and quickly processes a variety of soil and water loss data; realizes the network transmission of soil and water conservation information; enables the city's soil and water conservation departments to work online and gradually transition to paperless office.

In 2004, the Beijing Soil and Water Conservation Monitoring Station completed the basic information database of soil and water conservation in small watersheds in mountainous areas of Beijing, and established a soil and water conservation unit in mountainous areas of Beijing - small watersheds based on 1:10,000 DEM. The watershed geographical information database has completed the standardized coding of small watersheds, which has been adopted by the Beijing Municipal Planning Commission and has become the basic spatial information standard of Beijing.

In order to adapt to and promote advanced information management systems, 4.3.6 Soil and Water Conservation Information Database Construction has been added to the new standard: focusing on information collection, transmission and storage.