Knowledge and stories about poetry

Poetry is the oldest and most literary style. Labor songs and folk songs, which originated from ancient people, were originally the floorboard of poems and songs. At first, there was no distinction between poetry and song, but poetry and music and dance were combined into one, collectively called poetry. China's poems have a long history and rich heritage, such as The Book of Songs, Songs of the South, Han Yuefu and the works of countless poets. Poetry in Western Europe was written by Homer and Sappho in ancient Greece and Virgil and Horace in ancient Rome.

(B) the characteristics of poetry

Poetry is a highly concentrated literary genre that reflects social life. Full of the author's thoughts and feelings and rich imagination. Its language is concise and vivid, with distinct rhythm, harmonious rhyme and rich musical beauty. The sentences are generally in rows and pay attention to the beauty of structural form.

He Qifang, a modern poet and literary critic in China, once said: "Poetry is the literary style that most strongly reflects social life. It is full of rich imagination and feelings, and it is often expressed in a direct lyrical way. Moreover, in the degree of exquisiteness and harmony, especially in the distinct rhythm, its language and prose are different. " This definition summarizes several basic characteristics of poetry: first, it reflects life in a highly concentrated and general way; The second is lyrical expression, full of rich thoughts and feelings; Third, rich imagination, association and fantasy; Fourth, language has musical beauty.

(C) the expression of poetry

There are many ways to express poetry. The traditional way of expression that was first popular in China and is still often used today is "Fu, Bi and Xing". "Preface to Mao Poetry" said: "Therefore, poetry has six meanings: one is wind, the other is fu, the third is comparison, the fourth is pride, the fifth is elegance and the sixth is fu."

In the six meanings, "style, elegance and praise" refers to the types of poems in the Book of Songs, and "Fu, Bi and Xing" are the expressions in poems.

Fu: It is a way to express things directly. Zhu, a scholar in the Song Dynasty, said in the Notes on Poems: "The giver must tell the truth." For example, Ge Tan and Slug in The Book of Songs used this technique.

Bobby: It's a figurative way to describe things and express thoughts and feelings. Liu Xie said in "Wen Xin Diao Long Bi Xing": "And what is Bi Ye? Cover things with attachments and threaten to cut them off. " Zhu said, "If you compare, you can compare this thing with another." For example, books in The Book of Songs, such as Cats and Storytelling, are written in this way.

Xing: It's a way to make things interesting, that is, to use the beginning of things to describe things and express thoughts and feelings. In the Tang Dynasty, Confucius said in "Mao Shi Zheng Yi": "Those who get the Tao are happy. Take the metaphor as an example. Those who quote plants, birds and beasts in poetry and prose are happy. " Zhu pointed out more clearly: "If you are interested, you should say something else first to arouse the words you are reciting." For example, Guan Ju in The Book of Songs is the expression of "Xing".

These three methods of expression have been handed down all the time, and they are often used comprehensively and complement each other, which has a great influence on poetry creation in past dynasties.

There are many forms of expression of poetry, which are constantly developing and creating since ancient times, and their application is also flexible, exaggerated, repetitive, overlapping, jumping and so on. It's hard to describe. However, all methods are inseparable from imagination. Rich imagination is not only a major feature of poetry, but also the most important form of expression of poetry. In poetry, there is also an important technique of expression, which is symbol. Symbol simply means "symbolic meaning", but in modern poetry, symbol is the direct image of the soul and should be paid attention to. From a modern point of view, there are three main ways to create images in poetry:

1. Compare. Liu Xie said in the book Wen Xin Diao Long: Metaphor is "either a sound metaphor, a figurative metaphor, a mental metaphor or a metaphor." There are many examples in the poems we listed before. There is also a more commonly used technique, that is, "personification": personification with things or personification with people. The former is like Xu Zhimo's Farewell to Cambridge: I left gently/just as I came gently; /I waved gently,/saying goodbye to the clouds in the western sky. /the golden willow by the river,/the bride in the sunset; /Beautiful shadows in the waves,/rippling in my heart. Treat "clouds" and "golden willows" as people. People imitate things, for example, Love's Because of the Wind: ... My heart/as bright as the candlelight in your window/slightly ambiguous/inevitable/because of the wind/... with the love of my life/light a lamp/I am a fire/may go out at any time/because of the wind. Compare "my heart" to candlelight, and compare me to a lamp. Of course, in the final analysis, the essence is "personification".

2. exaggeration. It is to enlarge the things to be described, just like the "capitalization" and "close-up" shots in the movie, to attract readers' attention and association. Li Bai's Peach Blossom Pond is deeper than thousands of feet, so it is not as good as Wang Lun (for Wang Lun), "Flying down three thousands of feet, suspecting that the Milky Way will fall for nine days" (Looking at Lushan Waterfall), in which "deep thousands of feet" and "three thousands of feet" are mentioned, although it is not true, the image he created vividly shows the characteristics of things and expresses the poet's passion, which is not only acceptable to readers. However, this exaggeration must be artistic and aesthetic, not too absurd, not too real, and not too vulgar. For example, there is a poem describing the harvest of cotton: "A bag of cotton is wrapped/the truck head is tilted/tilted, three feet high/like an anti-aircraft gun." After reading it, people feel unreal and can't feel good.

3. Metonymy. Is to replace that thing with this thing. It is similar to analogy.

There are differences, but they are different. The difference lies in: analogy is generally compared, and comparison is concrete and visible; Metonymy is concrete on the one hand and abstract on the other, which bridges the gap between concrete and abstract, makes the image of poetry more vivid and prominent, and arouses readers' association. This is what Ai Qing said, "Put wings on your thoughts, put clothes on your feelings, color your voice, and let the dead solidify."

To shape the image of poetry, we should not only use the materials taken from perspective to describe the picture, but also use the materials obtained from the senses such as hearing and touch to reflect the image in many ways, so as to be vivid and novel. Jia Dao, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, rode on a donkey and sang "Birds by the pool stay in the trees, and monks push the door down on the moon", but he also thought that "monks knock on the door down on the moon" could be used. He couldn't decide whether to "push" or "knock", so he made a consultation with his hand. Unexpectedly, the donkey blocked a big official's way. This man is Han Yu, a great writer. When the guards led Jia Dao to the horse, Jia told the truth. Han hesitated for a long time and said it was better to knock at the door. Because there is a "knock" sound, there are one or two knocks on the door on the moonlit night in the mountains, which makes the scene "live" and makes the environment more silent. "Wuti" and "Zhong" beside Fengqiao Bridge are also the crowning touch of this poem. There is also the music description in Bai Juyi's Pipa, which is "like pouring pearls of all sizes into a plate of jade". It is very vivid and wonderful! Modern, such as Huang Helang's "Morning Song": "There is also a stubborn listening/wind, rain, waves/faint/dawn/morning bell of Lingquan Temple/like a gushing spring/distant response/faint knocking down/a few sparse stars/cock crowing/as if crossing the ocean/cock crowing/like the tide. This poem is also well written. Therefore, if we master the skills of creating images with sound, it will open up a broader field for poetry creation.

Whether it is metaphor, exaggeration or metonymy, it depends on the poet's keen observation of objective things, his own feelings and bold imagination.

To fantasy. It can be said that neither romance nor reality is a poet without imagination (fantasy). For example, Li Bai, who is famous for his boldness, has rich imagination and magnificent poetic style, and Du Fu, who is famous for his realism, also wrote, "When did you suddenly see this house in front of you?" ("The Hut is Blown by Autumn Wind") and "She has a fragrant cloud and a foggy mist, and her jade shoulders are cold. When can we lie on the screen again and look at the bright light and stop crying? "(Moonlit Night) and so on.

These three methods of expression have been handed down all the time, and they are often used comprehensively and complement each other, which has a great influence on poetry creation in past dynasties.

There are many forms of expression of poetry, which are constantly developing and creating since ancient times, and their application is also flexible, exaggerated, repetitive, overlapping, jumping and so on. It's hard to describe. However, all methods are inseparable from imagination. Rich imagination is not only a major feature of poetry, but also the most important form of expression of poetry. In poetry, there is also an important technique of expression, which is symbol. Symbol simply means "symbolic meaning", but in modern poetry, symbol is the direct image of the soul and should be paid attention to. From a modern point of view, there are three main ways to create images in poetry:

1. Compare. Liu Xie said in the book Wen Xin Diao Long: Metaphor is "either a sound metaphor, a figurative metaphor, a mental metaphor or a metaphor." There are many examples in the poems we listed before. There is also a more commonly used technique, that is, "personification": personification with things or personification with people. The former is like Xu Zhimo's Farewell to Cambridge: I left gently/just as I came gently; /I waved gently,/saying goodbye to the clouds in the western sky. /the golden willow by the river,/the bride in the sunset; /Beautiful shadows in the waves,/rippling in my heart. Treat "clouds" and "golden willows" as people. People imitate things, for example, Love's Because of the Wind: ... My heart/as bright as the candlelight in your window/slightly ambiguous/inevitable/because of the wind/... with the love of my life/light a lamp/I am a fire/may go out at any time/because of the wind. Compare "my heart" to candlelight, and compare me to a lamp. Of course, in the final analysis, the essence is "personification".

2. exaggeration. It is to enlarge the things to be described, just like the "capitalization" and "close-up" shots in the movie, to attract readers' attention and association. Li Bai's Peach Blossom Pond is deeper than thousands of feet, so it is not as good as Wang Lun (for Wang Lun), "Flying down three thousands of feet, suspecting that the Milky Way will fall for nine days" (Looking at Lushan Waterfall), in which "deep thousands of feet" and "three thousands of feet" are mentioned, although it is not true, the image he created vividly shows the characteristics of things and expresses the poet's passion, which is not only acceptable to readers. However, this exaggeration must be artistic and aesthetic, not too absurd, not too real, and not too vulgar. For example, there is a poem describing the harvest of cotton: "A bag of cotton is wrapped/the truck head is tilted/tilted, three feet high/like an anti-aircraft gun." After reading it, people feel unreal and can't feel good.

3. Metonymy. Is to replace that thing with this thing. It is similar to analogy.

There are differences, but they are different. The difference lies in: analogy is generally compared, and comparison is concrete and visible; Metonymy is concrete on the one hand and abstract on the other, which bridges the gap between concrete and abstract, makes the image of poetry more vivid and prominent, and arouses readers' association. This is what Ai Qing said, "Put wings on your thoughts, put clothes on your feelings, color your voice, and let the dead solidify."

To shape the image of poetry, we should not only use the materials taken from perspective to describe the picture, but also use the materials obtained from the senses such as hearing and touch to reflect the image in many ways, so as to be vivid and novel. Jia Dao, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, rode on a donkey and sang "Birds by the pool stay in the trees, and monks push the door down on the moon", but he also thought that "monks knock on the door down on the moon" could be used. He couldn't decide whether to "push" or "knock", so he made a consultation with his hand. Unexpectedly, the donkey blocked a big official's way. This man is Han Yu, a great writer. When the guards led Jia Dao to the horse, Jia told the truth. Han hesitated for a long time and said it was better to knock at the door. Because there is a "knock" sound, there are one or two knocks on the door on the moonlit night in the mountains, which makes the scene "live" and makes the environment more silent. "Wuti" and "Zhong" beside Fengqiao Bridge are also the crowning touch of this poem. There is also the music description in Bai Juyi's Pipa, which is "like pouring pearls of all sizes into a plate of jade". It is very vivid and wonderful! Modern, such as Huang Helang's "Morning Song": "There is also a stubborn listening/wind, rain, waves/faint/dawn/morning bell of Lingquan Temple/like a gushing spring/distant response/faint knocking down/a few sparse stars/cock crowing/as if crossing the ocean/cock crowing/like the tide. This poem is also well written. Therefore, if we master the skills of creating images with sound, it will open up a broader field for poetry creation.

Whether it is metaphor, exaggeration or metonymy, it depends on the poet's keen observation of objective things, his own feelings and bold imagination.

To fantasy. It can be said that neither romance nor reality is a poet without imagination (fantasy). For example, Li Bai, who is famous for his boldness, has rich imagination and magnificent poetic style, and Du Fu, who is famous for his realism, also wrote, "When did you suddenly see this house in front of you?" ("The Hut is Blown by Autumn Wind") and "She has a fragrant cloud and a foggy mist, and her jade shoulders are cold. When can we lie on the screen again and look at the bright light and stop crying? "(Moonlit Night) and so on.

(3) Ci: also known as Yu Shi, long and short sentences, Qu Zi, Qu Zi Ci, Yuefu, etc. Its characteristics: the tone has a fixed frame, the sentence has a fixed number and the word has a fixed tone. The number of words can be divided into long tune (above 9 1 word), middle tune (59-90 words) and minor tune (below 58 words). Words can be divided into monosyllabic and disyllabic, and disyllabic is divided into two paragraphs, in which the level and number of words are equal or roughly equal, and monosyllabic is only one paragraph. A word is called a paragraph, the first paragraph is called money, business and fashion, and the second paragraph is called Hou, Xia and Xia.

(4) Qu: also known as Yuefu. Yuanqu includes Sanqu and Zaju. Sanqu rose in the Jin Dynasty and flourished in the Yuan Dynasty, and its style was similar to that of Ci. Features: the number of words can be added with interlining, and more oral English is used. Sanqu includes poems and songs. The number of songs is a coherent set of songs, ranging from two to dozens. Each group number takes the song of the first song as the name of the whole set of songs, and the whole set of songs must be in the same palace tune. It has no guests, but only oratorios.

2. According to the content, it can be divided into narrative poems, lyric poems, farewell poems, frontier poems, pastoral poems, nostalgic poems (poems about history), mourning poems and satirical poems.

(1) nostalgic poems.

Generally, I miss people and things in ancient times. Poetry about history often distorts historical facts and reality, or regrets personal experience or criticizes social reality. For example, Su Shi's "Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia" expresses his personal experience, the contradiction between ideal and reality, and has achieved nothing for more than half a year. Xin Qiji's Ode to Yule, Jingkou Gu Beiting and Nostalgia expressed his dissatisfaction with the imperial court's drag out an ignoble existence and attacked the social reality. There are also poems about history, which only reflect and evaluate history calmly and rationally, or just describe it objectively. The poet's own experience is not among them, and the poet's feelings are just the sound outside the painting. For example, Liu Yuxi's "Wu Yi Xiang" expresses the poet's sense of historical vicissitudes by comparing the past and the present.

(2) poetry.

Characteristics of object-chanting poems: the content takes a certain object as the description object, and describes it by grasping some of its characteristics. Ideologically, it is often to express one's wishes. From things to people, from reality to nothingness, write spiritual character. Commonly used metaphor, symbol, personification and contrast.

(3) Landscape pastoral poetry.

Xie Lingyun in the Southern Dynasty created landscape poetry, Tao Yuanming in the Eastern Jin Dynasty created pastoral poetry, and in the Tang Dynasty, the school of landscape pastoral poetry represented by Wang Wei and Meng Haoran appeared. Landscape pastoral poetry is good at describing natural scenery, pastoral scenery and comfortable seclusion life, with meaningful and beautiful poetic landscape, quiet and elegant style and clear and elegant language.

(4) War poems.

Poems about frontier fortress and war have existed since the pre-Qin period and developed into the Tang Dynasty. Because wars are still frequent, rulers attach more importance to martial arts than literature, and it is easier for scholars to win reputation by inviting frontier courts than by passing imperial examinations. In addition, in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, frontier poems with magnificent feelings were greatly developed, forming a new school of poetry, with representatives such as Gao Shi, Cen Can and Wang Changling.

(5) Travel poems and in my heart forever's poems.

The ancient people's long-term exile, long-term wandering, or long-term guarding the border will always cause strong homesickness and homesickness, so there are many such poems. They either write about their nostalgia for a trip, or their thoughts about their relatives and friends, or their homesickness, or their thoughts about being pregnant in the boudoir. In writing, I feel hurt by touching the scene, feeling in time, expressing my feelings with things, expressing my feelings because of dreams, or expressing my feelings with wonderful metaphors.

(6) Farewell poems.

In ancient times, due to inconvenient transportation and underdeveloped communication, it was often difficult for relatives and friends to meet for several years, so the ancients paid special attention to parting. On the occasion of parting, people often set up wine farewell parties, fold willows to send them away, and sometimes sing poems to bid farewell, so parting has become an eternal theme of ancient literati. Because everyone's situation is different, the specific content and ideological tendency written in farewell poems are often different. Some express their feelings of parting directly, some express their feelings by spitting out the anger in their chests or expressing their wishes, some focus on the pain of parting without hating, some focus on persuasion, encouragement and comfort, and some have both.

(E) the classification of modern poetry

There are also many ways to classify poems, which can be divided into different categories according to different principles and standards. The basics are as follows:

1. Narrative poems and lyric poems. This is divided according to the expression of the content of the work.

(1) Narrative Poetry: Poetry contains relatively complete story lines and characters, which are usually expressed by the poet's passionate singing. Epic, story poem and poetic novel all belong to this category. Ancient Greek Homer's epics such as Heriat and Odyssey; China poet Li Ji's Wang Gui and Li Xiangxiang and other story poems; Don Juan by British poet Byron and yevgeni onegin by Russian poet Pushkin.

(2) Lyrics: It mainly reflects the social life by directly expressing the poet's thoughts and feelings, and does not require complete stories and characters. Such as love songs, carols, elegies, elegies, pastoral songs, satirical poems, etc. There are many such works, so I won't list them one by one.

Of course, narration and lyricism are not absolutely separated. Narrative poetry is also lyrical, but its lyricism requires close combination with narrative. Lyric poems often describe some fragments of life, but they can't be spread out, and they must obey the needs of lyricism.

2. Metric poems, free poems and prose poems. This is classified according to the phonological meter and structural form of the language of the work.

(1) Metric poetry: It is a poem written according to certain formats and rules. It has strict rules on the number of lines, the number of words (or syllables), the tone and rhyme, the antithesis of words and the arrangement of sentence patterns. Such as the metrical poems, quatrains and songs in China's ancient poems and the European sonnets.

(2) Free verse: it is a newly developed poetic style in modern Europe and America. It is not limited by metrical rules, has no fixed format, pays attention to natural and internal rhythm, and uses rhymes roughly similar or without rhymes. The number of words, lines, sentence patterns and tones are relatively free, and the language is relatively popular. Whitman, an American poet (1819-1892), is the founder of European and American free verse, and Leaves of Grass is his main collection of poems. This poetic style has also become popular in China since the May 4th Movement.

(3) Prose poetry: it is a literary genre with both prose and poetry characteristics. There are poetic artistic conception and passion in the works, which are often full of philosophy, paying attention to the rhythm of nature and the beauty of music. The length is short, like prose, and it does not rhyme, such as Lu Xun's Weeds.

(6) Appreciation of Bai Pu's Clear Sand and Autumn.

When it comes to "autumn", people's first reaction is the well-known Tianjingsha Qiu Si (by Ma Zhiyuan). As we all know, there are many works about "Autumn" in Yuan Qu, and the most vivid one is Bai Pu's "Clear Sand and Autumn". If Ma Zhiyuan is called "the father of Qiu Si", then Bai Pu should be regarded as "the sage of autumn". In the first two sentences of this song, Bai Pu skillfully juxtaposes six groups of nouns with a pen like a rafter, depicting a picture of harmony between the earth and the sky: the sun is in the west, the horizon is full of sunset clouds, and the village is tilted; Smoke fills the air, the old branches are still the same, and the feathers of crow trees are prominent.

The second sentence is a corner of the large-scale landscape described in the previous two sentences.

In this quiet autumn scenery, a wild goose suddenly flew over the ground. The sudden appearance of this dynamic has broken the impression of static scenery and made people move. "A little" means that "Hong Fei" is far away, and "under the shadow" is faster!

The third sentence is the one that best conveys the meaning of autumn. First of all, the combination of distance in perspective, autumn mountains and autumn waters in the distance, and has a characteristic color-turquoise; Nearby are autumn plants: grass, leaves and flowers. The colors of white, red and Huang San complement each other, forming a beautiful "autumn painting", rendering autumn scenery and conveying a strong autumn feeling. Secondly, there is no word "autumn" in the whole sentence, but "autumn" is everywhere, which is the so-called "nothing, everything is romantic"! This is also the genius of the author!

Throughout the whole song, its structure is novel and unique, that is, "arranging static scenes-mediating Hong Fei moving scenes-arranging static scenes", which is standardized but not rigid; Secondly, the composition is dynamic and static, changing rather than monotonous; Thirdly, if autumn scenery in the first two sentences of this song can't help being quiet and cold, then in the third sentence, the transformation of artistic conception is more clear, generous and harmonious. All these show the author's superb skills in refining ideas and conceiving skills.

(7) Appreciation of Guo Moruo's Market in the Sky

Guo Moruo's poems have always been famous for their strong emotional catharsis, and his "Phoenix Nirvana" is passionate. His "Tiangou" has the momentum of destroying everything; His "Good Morning" and "There is Coal in the Furnace" once made our hearts beat. But this poem is quiet and peaceful, with beautiful artistic conception, fresh and simple. When the poet wrote this poem, he was studying in Japan. Like many overseas students in China at that time, he missed his motherland and was confused about his ideal future. Poets have to think about this with the help of nature and often wander by the sea. One night, the poet walked by the sea, looking up at the beautiful sky and twinkling stars, and his mood became cheerful. The poet seems to have found his ideal, so he wrote it down in his poem-as if it were a scene in heaven.

The poet compared the stars to street lamps. Stars are scattered in the sky, and the distant world arouses people's infinite reverie. Street lamps are a common sight, close to us and can be seen almost everywhere. The poet compared the street lamps in the distance to the stars in the sky, and also compared the stars in the sky to the street lamps on the ground. Is it the poet's illusion, or does the poet want to lead us into the "ethereal realm"? In the poet's mind, heaven and earth are one.

There is a market in the ethereal sky, a prosperous and beautiful market. There are many items on display, all of which are treasures of the world. The poet didn't write these anecdotes specifically, which left us a lot of room for imagination. We can regard them as what we need and bring us peace and comfort of mind.

It is not only a market, but also a life scene. Across the shallow Tianhe River, what is the life of the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl who are unswerving in love? Still guarding the Milky Way, can we only face each other from a distance? "I'm sure I can ride a cow," said the poet. On that beautiful night, they must have wandered in the colorful market. Meteors are lanterns they are holding. A few simple words have subverted the myth that has been circulated for thousands of years and resolved the tragedy of sighing for thousands of years and people's yearning and sorrow.

The style of this poem is desolate, expressing the poet's pure ideal with natural and fresh language, neat short sentences and harmonious and beautiful rhythm. The artistic conception is general and the rhythm is slow, such as a trickle and ripples. But it is this simple artistic conception that brings us rich imagination and makes our hearts wander in the distant sky with poetry and enjoy their beautiful dreams.

(VIII) Poetry during the Anti-Japanese War

When Ai Qing, Tian Tian and Cang Kejia appeared in the poetry circle, the new poetry had adapted to the situation in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. It serves the realistic struggle in various forms. Street poetry and leaflet poetry came into being, and the relationship between poetry and the masses was unprecedented. The theme of poetry has basically turned to the description of national disaster and the appeal of national defense, and the melody of poetry has also changed from tenderness to boldness. The poets devoted themselves to the passionate battle, instead of pursuing pure beauty. They sang the life-and-death struggle of this nation in an angry and optimistic tone. Night Song written by He Qifang, Consolation Letter written by Bian, Today's Battlefield written by Wang Tongzhao and In My Hometown written by Shu Qun are all representative works of anti-Japanese war poetry. Ke Zhongping's Border Guard shows the characters and scenes of real struggle in detail. This poem and the Pinghan Railway Workers' Destruction Brigade were both written in Yan 'an, trying to express a new life in a way that is widely known among the people. In the name of poetry, Gao Lan's masterpiece Sophie, a crying dead woman, summarizes the suffering of the nation with personal grief.

During the Anti-Japanese War, the poetry team made great progress. In Chongqing, Guilin, Chengdu and other inland areas, there are poetry special issues such as Poetry Creation, Poetry Reclamation and Poetry Star, and literary magazines such as July, Anti-Japanese War Literature and Art, and Literary Position, which publish a large number of poems, such as Lv Jian, Xu Chi, Yuan Shuipai, Hu Feng, Zou Difan, Han Beiping, Su Jinsan, etc. Li Yang's long poem The Tiger Shooter and His Family is an influential work in this period. Behind enemy lines, with Yan 'an as the center, Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region and other anti-Japanese base areas, Yan Chen, Gong Mu, Guang William. J, Zhu Ziqi, Xiao San, Cai Qijue, Fang Bing, Chen Hui, Wei Wei (Shanyang) and so on. There are also rich poems, and the strings are easy to be used as speakers, which shows the seriousness, strength and sincerity of anti-Japanese poems.

From the late Anti-Japanese War to the whole liberation war, due to the division of political map and war zone, the poetry activities in the 1940s were roughly divided into two parts: the Kuomintang-ruled area and the liberated area led by the China * * * production party, each with its own characteristics. However, since the Liberated Areas represent China's new life and hope, the literary and artistic policies of the Chinese Production Party have an overall impact, and the new poems in the Liberated Areas have also become a model of the whole country, which has a potential impact on the poems in the Kuomintang-controlled areas.