Basic introduction of Putuo Zongcheng Temple

Putuo Zongcheng Temple is a famous religious tourist attraction in Chengde.

The 30th year of Qianlong (1770) is the 60th birthday of Qianlong, and the next year is the eightieth birthday of Queen Mother Niu Zuanlu. Princes of all ethnic groups in Tibet, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Mongolia and other places all asked to spend their birthdays in Chengde. Qianlong attached great importance to these two grand events and ordered the Ministry of Internal Affairs to build this temple in Chengde, modeled after the Potala Palace in Lhasa, the residence of the Dalai Lama, the former political and religious leader of Tibet. In the thirty-second year of Qianlong (1767), construction started in March, and it was originally planned to be completed in three years. Due to a fire in the later stage of construction, it was postponed to August of thirty-six years (177 1), covering an area of 2 1.6 hectares. Putuo Zongcheng is a free translation of Potala in Tibetan, so the temple is also called Potala. Because it is smaller than the Potala Palace in Tibet, it is commonly known as the Little Potala Palace.

The overall layout of Putuo Zongcheng Temple is similar to that of Potala Palace in Tibet, with no obvious central axis, and its momentum is not as good as that of Potala Palace in Tibet, but its large area and large volume are unique to temples in the mainland. The plane layout of the whole temple is divided into two parts: the front part is located on the hillside and consists of buildings such as Baitai, Shanmen and Beiting; The back is located at the top of the mountain, with a red terrace and a house fortress. According to the characteristics, it can be divided into three parts: the first part consists of mountain gate, pavilion, five towers gate and glazed archway; The second part is the white platform group, which consists of several large and small white platforms; The third part is red terraces. The Baitai Group is formed, with a red terrace on the top and a mountain gate, a tablet pavilion, five pagodas and a memorial archway on the bottom. This architectural layout is unique to Waiba Temple and China Temple.

The first part of the mountain gate

The mountain gate faces south and consists of Tibetan platform and Han temple. The city platform is of masonry structure, with a three-hole arch in front, a row of blind windows on the arch and a pheasant plate on it. Looking from the tower, there are cloisters in front and back. There are sill windows in the cloister, solid walls on both sides, five square meters wide, and two deep rooms, with a single glazed tile roof and green glazed tiles on the side for protection. From left to right, there are four dharma protectors, Zhang Gulupeng dharma protector and Mahagara dharma protector. There are a pair of stone lions in front of the mountain gate and a five-hole stone bridge in the south. There are waist doors on both sides of the mountain gate, which are connected by walls.

To the north of the mountain gate is a stele pavilion, with a square three-bay, double-eaved yellow glazed tile roof, brick arch structure, sealed walls, four arches and a sumeru terrace. There are three stone tablets in the pavilion: in the middle is the inscription of Putuo Zongcheng Temple, which describes the background and process of building the temple; In the east, there is a record of all the Turkish huts surrendering, and in the west, there is a record of the Turkish huts' return to the motherland and the Qing government's pension. The inscription is engraved in Manchu, Chinese, Mongolian and Tibetan, and Chinese is written by Gan Long. To the north of the exhibition hall are five pagodas, with three arches and a white platform, solid walls and shutters, and a parapet built on it. Five pagodas stand on the white platform, which are black, white, yellow, green and red from east to west, and each color represents a movement sect. In the Qing dynasty, Huang religion was regarded as the state religion, so Huang was in the middle. A pair of stone statues stand in front of the five pagodas, symbolizing Mahayana Buddhism. There is a glazed archway with three rooms, four columns and seven floors in the north of Wutamen. There should be a frontal gate in the middle layer, which means Guanyin shows the door of all beings. Houlian boundary is solemn, which means Guanyin Dojo.

Part II Baitai Group

More than 30 small white tables in Zhang greatly are scattered on both sides of Tainan and the first part of Dahong, arranged irregularly. White platform is divided into hall platform, balcony, open platform and real platform, with different shapes, sizes and functions. It is one to four stories high, and the second and third floors are mostly whitewashed, with red shutters on the top of blue bricks and glazed tiles, and dripping long tiles are picked out from the upper eaves. Baitai is a Tibetan flat-topped bunker with a brick-concrete structure of Han nationality. Some two white terraces are combined into a yard as a monk's room; On some platforms, Chinese-style halls were built for Buddhist temples and bell towers. Some platforms have pagodas on top; Some white tables were made into solid ones, which only played the role of adding scenery and embellishment. The overall effect of Baitai Group shows the characteristics of Sanskrit in the foothills of Potala Palace in Tibet. The two ends of the Nangong wall are divided into turret, and the solid wall is built with blind windows and cribs at the top. On both sides of the palace wall, the white platform is divided into two doors, which are symmetrically arranged in the hall for monks to enter and leave.

The glazed archway in the north is Gangzi Hall, surrounded by high walls of Tibetan carved houses with three blind windows, a monk's room in the east and south, and a walkway in the west. In the north, the top of the monk rises from the temple, and the top of the blue tile is five feet wide and two rooms deep. It contains the auspicious heavenly mother, the protector of the Quartet and Brahma. To the east of Gangzi Hall is the East Hall, also known as Donggangzi Hall. The plane is B-shaped and has two floors. This temple used to be a monk's room, but now it is used to do the practice of five tantric supreme yoga, tantric music and joyful Buddha. From north to south, on the east side are King Kong Buddha Mother, Big King Kong, Close King Kong, Le Sheng Wang Jingang and Evil King Kong in turn. Tantric Buddha statues are generally multi-headed, indicating wisdom, with the image above and the rest as images; Multi-armed and multi-legged, showing great strength and versatility; If you step on a demon, you can kill it.

A courtyard in the northwest of Gangzi Hall is Xidian, also called Xiyugang Hall. It is a hall, a factory-shaped plane, a south-facing door, a two-story north house and a hard mountain with a gray tile roof. Originally enshrined in the Weighing Three Realms Hall, it was moved to this hall for exhibition after the Cultural Revolution. Auspicious Tianmu is a gilded bronze statue, with a height of 1 16 cm, riding a mule, two small statues of animal heads in front and back, and the chassis is the sea. The whole group used red copper 1 196 Jin, 57 Liang of gold and 6,425 workers. According to the Book of Auspicious Tianmu, auspicious Tianmu is the image of Guanyin, the protector of the Dalai Lama. On the first day of every year, she rides the sun to patrol all parties in the world to drive away demons and protect the safety of all beings. Every year, on the 5th day of the Tibetan calendar 10/KLOC-0, Buddhists in Tibetan areas have to carry the auspicious statue of Tianmu out of Jokhang Temple for public display to ensure peace and good weather. Nine Buddha statues of auspicious Tianmu and pharmacist 12 Buddha statues are all made of copper.

Part III: Dahongtai

Dahongtai is located at the end of Zongcheng Temple in Putuo, with the highest position, covering an area of 1.03 million square meters. Because of the ingenious use of terrain to connect several groups of buildings into a whole, it is visually exaggerated and even heavier. The front base is a white platform, solid and high17m. The lower part is granite strip, the upper part is brick, and the wall is set with three-layer trapezoidal shutters. The stone steps on the east and west sides reach the top of the white platform.

In the southeast corner of Baitai, there is a Manjushri Hall, which is five meters wide and three rooms deep. There is a Thousand Buddha Pavilion in the west, surrounded by a cloister (now collapsed), in which there is a Buddha statue of the Thousand Buddha Hall presented by the Mongolian princes to the Empress Dowager. The inscription of the Thousand Buddha Pavilion is neutral for thirty-five years. There is a banner in the pavilion that says: Wonderful cooperation, looking forward to doing things, all the benefits are rewarded, complicated _ I wish you all the best.

Baitaidong is a dumb courtyard, and monks avoid it when the emperor enters the temple to offer incense. The red platform is 25 meters high, 58 meters wide at the top and 59 meters wide at the bottom. There are seven floors, one to four solid floors with blind windows, and the upper three floors are separated by real windows and blind windows.

In the center of the south of Dahongtai, there are six vertical glass niches, yellow and green, which are Chinese. One is to mark the axis, and the other is for decoration. There is a parapet on the top of the red terrace, yellow glass niches are decorated on the lower three sides (east, west and south) of the parapet, and a long drainage trough is placed under the cornice stone. The fifth to seventh floors of Hongtai are three-story attics, with 44 rooms on each floor, surrounded on all sides, also known as group buildings.

In the south of the complex, there are three deep chambers and four rows of columns. There are five rooms in the north, four in the depth, and five elements in Tianzhu; There are three rows of Tian Tong columns on the east side of the group building, two of which are deep; Four columns on the west side, two and a half rooms deep. The horizontal lines of the east, west, south and north of the building complex are Jijing Pavilion, Mahayana Miao Feng, Mysterious Land and Elysium respectively. The first floor of the building complex is divided into six stone altars, including Tathagata, Guanyin, Infinite Life, Sakyamuni, King Kong and Howala. Banners of buildings in the group are decorated with flowers and niches, and lions are tamed by vultures. The Buddhist temple is now likened to Gancheng French raft, and Zen Buddhism teaches aurora and performs lanterns; In this way, boundless kindness refers to the same thing, and metaphor is greater than law. All the places where the Sumi Mountain world guards the permanent residence, the Yanhuai Society in China should be with the party now; There are more than four secret seals, and the round lights are displayed three times; Nowadays, legalized newspapers are all shadowy, and so is the unification of the first and second; Since the beginning of the earth, President Guangming and Brahma have gathered to play Satsuma; Prajnaparamita often melts into Five Blessingg, and Bodhicitta increases eight auspiciousness; I think Guanyin's tact can show benevolence and communication, and I know that Tian Yu is pure and wonderful. Merit shows the fragrance of the scriptures, and the solemn glass sets each other off; Holding the principle of benefiting the body and mind and all beings, contribute everything with the fate; Buddha's light protects the realm of three thousand, and the realm of longevity often opens trillions of springs; Precious trees are constantly fragrant, and auspicious wheels often turn infinitely.

In the northwest corner of the top of the complex building, there are Cihang Pudu Hall, gilded copper tiles, hexagonal pavilion and double eaves. The plaque on the second floor is better than the three realms, and the plaque in the hall is very comfortable. The banner water mirror symbolizes the wonders of the western world, and the moon wheel knows the southern cloud. The name of the temple in the northeast corner weighs three realms, with gilded copper tiles and octagonal double eaves. The forehead is thin and strict, and the flag method is full of strength, that is, empty and color, and the power of Brahma is not born.

In the northeast of Dahongtai, there is Luojia Shengjing Temple in the west, which is five meters wide and ten feet deep. Luojia Shengjingnan, Dahongtai East Building, three floors. Dongqunlou empty well starts from the stage in the south and faces north, with three bedrooms and three floors. The carved architecture in the northwest corner of Dahongtai has a three-dimensional shape and plays a decorative role. From the center of the empty well in the group building, all the methods come together, and the four corners of the seven-square room are slightly half-closed, with double eaves and sharp corners, covered with gold-plated copper tiles, and the four ridges are decorated with ripples and the top of the law treasure. The entrance is decorated with Langbodhi Pagoda, with a rosewood niche in the middle, Maitreya Buddha in it, and rosewood longevity pagodas on both sides. There are eight treasures, five offerings and coral trees on the table. Beside the North Tree Screen, there is a huge embroidered Buddhist hanging statue (three feet high and one foot wide) in front of it, which is no longer there. In front of the screen is Sakyamuni, and behind it is Zong Kaba. On both sides of the main hall are statues of the Dalai Lama and Zong Kaba, all of which are bronze sculptures with fine texture, fine craftsmanship, symmetrical shape and vivid expression. One of the northern banners in the temple is a net overload and the other is a wonderful virtue; Facing south, horizontal forehead, universal fate, cosmic response. There are banners with mighty lions and immortal teachings in the temple, which are beautifully carved and solemn; The new moon in Dharma and Taiwan Province are very happy, and the incarnation is now wonderful and auspicious; Always holding the first round of fortune because of delay; , widely performing cross-sand fans, taking energy from Hong Ren, and willing to associate with Xinfan; Buddhism is inherited and performed, and the incarnation of Taoism should be wise and constant.

Wanfa Guiyi Hall is the place where the whole temple holds meetings and celebrations, and the Buddhist degree examination is held in the hall every July 1 1. On the 27th of the twelfth lunar month and 14th of the first month, a memorial service was held here, and all lamas chanted to exorcise demons and prayed for peace. During the Qing Dynasty, people from Mongolia and abroad came in an endless stream and came to this temple to burn incense and worship Buddha. Qianlong 36 years (177 1 year). In this hall, Li Hongceng received a delegation from the Turkic leader Wabashi who returned to Wan Li, and held large-scale lectures and birthday celebrations. Wan Fa Gui Yi Hall is the main hall of Putuo Zongcheng Temple, hidden in Dahongtai building complex, with its top higher than the building complex and glittering golden light. The bottom is surrounded by three-story buildings with dark shadows and bright lights, which create a solemn atmosphere of religion and are the treasures of religious architecture in the mainland.

1932, the United States held a large-scale international exposition in Chicago. In order to attract business, the chaebol Rockefeller adopted the advice of Swede Hewending in 1930, sent someone to measure and paint the temple, made a model with the same size as the temple in Chicago, and collected a large number of Buddha statues and utensils in China through various means, which were exhibited in the replica museum in 193656, thus triggering the oriental cultural upsurge of the Chicago World Expo. Rockefeller made a splash and made a lot of money. This is yesterday's comedy. Today, Hewending and Rockefeller should look back at this forgotten history, face the East and say something that will make China people emotionally passable. It is reported that Max allen wu, a Swedish architect, and several experts interested in China culture have set up a foundation. All the components of Wanfa Guiyi Hall were bought from Indiana University in the United States, and they are going to be rebuilt and assembled in Stockholm International Cultural Research Center. When Mr. Allen Wu came to Chengde on 1989 to negotiate with the competent authorities and made a field trip to the Wanfa Palace, Mr. Allen Wu said: This is a miracle. No amount of imitation is original.