Can you find the previous call records and text messages when you go to the mobile company through the public security department after the cancellation of your mobile phone number?

The public security department certainly can't, unless it involves public security legal issues, otherwise the general reason can't be to check for you. If you know someone who engages in information inside China Mobile (or China Unicom), you may find it, but if it is recent, it can only be found ten and a half years ago.