I said that this application was not authorized to be used on your Android device when I was playing games on my mobile phone.

/q？ ANDROID & ampCT = 17 & amp； pn = 0 & ampikaslist & amprn= 10。 LM = 0 & FR = Search for help editing encyclopedia business cards.

AndroidAndroid is an open source operating system based on Linux, which is mainly used for portable devices. At present, there is no unified Chinese name. Many people in Chinese mainland use Android (unofficial) or An Zhi (official). The Android operating system was originally developed by Andy Rubin, and initially mainly supported mobile phones. In 2005, it was acquired and funded by Google, and open handset alliance was established to develop and improve it, and gradually extended to tablet computers and other fields. The main competitors of Android are Apple's iOS and RIM's BlackBerry OS. 20 1 1 In the first quarter, the global market share of Android surpassed Saipan system for the first time, ranking first in the world. According to the data of 20 1 1 year 1 1 month, Android accounts for 52.5% of the global smartphone operating system market and 58% in China.

Chinese names: Android, An Zhi.

Android system

Developer: Google/Open Handheld Device Alliance

Publisher: Google

Issue date: September 23, 2008

Programming language: C/C++ (bottom) Java, etc. (application layer)

Source code mode: mixed (free and open source)

Packing type: APK

Supported platforms: ARM, MIPS, x86.

Kernel class: monolithic kernel (Linux)

catalogue

Name source

Built in service

Open Handheld Device Alliance

Naming rules of version records

Release version

Development history

Application of System Architecture (1)

Intermediary software

Hardware extraction layer

core

Security authorization mechanism

Name source

Built in service

Open Handheld Device Alliance

Naming rules of version records

Release version

Development history

Application of System Architecture (1)

Intermediary software

Hardware extraction layer

core

Security authorization mechanism

Expand and edit this paragraph name source.

The word Android first appeared in L'ève future, a science fiction novel published by French writer August Villier de Le-Adam in 1886. He named this machine that looks like a human a robot.

Edit the built-in services in this paragraph.

Google Mobile Service (English: Google Mobile Service) is a service of Google, referred to as "GMS". It means that users can use Google Search, Google Maps, Gmail, YouTube, Android Market and other Google service products through mobile phones or other mobile devices. Google embeds Google Mobile Service (GMS) into Android mobile phone system, and gives different degrees of authorization to Android mobile phone manufacturers. GMS is the soul of Android operating system. Most users use Android phones just to use Google services.

Edit this paragraph of Open Handheld Device Alliance.

Open Handset Alliance is a global alliance organization announced by Google Inc. on June 5438+065438+1October 5, 2007. This alliance will support the mobile phone operating system or application software released by Google, and jointly develop the open source code of Android system. The Open Handheld Device Alliance includes mobile phone manufacturers, mobile phone chip manufacturers and mobile operators.

Edit this paragraph version record

Naming rules

Android uses dessert as the naming method of their system version code, which started when Andorid1.5 was released. As the representative of each version, the size of dessert is getting bigger and bigger, and then according to the numerical order of 26 letters: cupcakes, doughnuts, muffins, frozen yogurt, gingerbread, beehives and ice cream sandwiches.

Release version

Version remarks

Android1.1The first version of Android released in September 2008.

Android 1.5

Cup Cake

(Cupcakes) On April 30th, 2009, the official version 1.5 (Cupcakes) was released on Android. The main updates are as follows:

1. Shoot/play movies and support uploading to Youtube.

2. Support stereo Bluetooth headset to improve automatic pairing performance.

3. The latest browsers using WebKit technology support copy/paste and search in pages.

4.GPS performance is greatly improved.

5. Provide on-screen virtual keyboard.

6. Add the music player and photo frame widget to the home screen.

7. The application will automatically rotate with the phone.

8. SMS, Gmail and sundial. The user interface of the browser has been greatly improved. For example, Gmail can delete emails in batches.

9. The camera starts faster and the pictures can be uploaded directly to Picasa.

10, incoming call photo display

Android 1.6

Doughnuts

(Donuts Donuts) On September 5, 2009, the software development kit with version 1.6 (Donuts Donuts) was released. The main updates are as follows:

1, redesigned Android market gesture

2. Support CDMA network

3. Text-to-speech conversion system.

4. Quick search box

5. Brand new camera interface

6. Check the application power consumption.

7. Support virtual private network (VPN)

8. Support more screen resolutions.

9. Support OpenCore2 media engine.

10, add an easy-to-use plug-in for people with visual or hearing impairment.

Android 2.0/2.0. 1/2. 1

Eclair

(muffin) 20091October 26th, 10, version 2.0 (Eclair muffin) software development package was released. The main updates are as follows:

1, optimize hardware speed

2. "car home" Plan

3. Support more screen resolutions.

4. Improved user interface

5. The user interface of the new browser and its support for HTML5.

6. New contact list

7. Better white/black background ratio

8. Improve Google Maps 3. 1.2.

9. Support Microsoft Exchange.

10, with built-in camera flash.

1 1, supports digital zoom.

12, improved virtual keyboard

13, supporting Bluetooth 2. 1

14, which supports the design of dynamic desktop.

Android 2.2/2.2. 1

Froio

(Frozen Yogurt) 2065438+On May 20th, 2000, Version 2.2 (Froyo Frozen Yogurt) software development package was released. The main updates are as follows:

1, the overall performance is greatly improved.

2.3G network sharing function.

3.Flash support.

4, App2sd function.

5. Brand-new software store.

6. Develop more API interfaces for Web applications.

android 2.3

gingersnap

(gingerbread) 20 10 12.7, version 2.3 (gingerbread) software development package was released. The main updates are as follows:

1, adding new garbage collection and optimized handling events.

2. The native code can directly access input and sensor events, EGL/OpenGL ES, OpenSL ES.

3. New management window and life cycle framework.

4. Support VP8 and WebM video formats, provide AAC and AMR broadband coding, and provide new audio effects.

5. Support front camera, SIP/VOIP and NFC (Near Field Communication).

6, simplify the interface, speed up:

7, faster and more intuitive text input:

8. One-click text selection and copy/paste:

9. Improved power management system:

10, a new application management mode:

Android 3.0

hive

(Honeycomb) version 2011February 2, version 3.0 (Honeycomb) is mainly updated as follows:

Optimized for tablets

The newly designed user interface enhances the web browsing function.

N-apppurchases function

Android 3. 1

hive

(Hive) 2011May110 was announced and released at the Google I/O Developers Conference. The main updates of the version are as follows:

Beehive (improved 3.0BUG)

Optimized Gmail email address;

Fully support GoogleMaps.

Once again, the Android mobile phone system and tablet system are combined to facilitate developers.

Task Manager is scrollable and supports USB input devices (keyboard, mouse, etc.). ).

Support Google TV. Can support XBOX 360 wireless controller.

Changes in Widget support make it easier to customize screen widget plug-ins.

android

hive

(Honeycomb) 20 1 1 was released in July 13, and the version is updated as follows:

Support for 7-inch devices

This paper introduces the zoom function of application display.

Android 4.0

Ice cream sandwich

(Ice cream sandwich) 20 1 1, 10, 19 is released in Hong Kong.

Version 4.0 (ice cream sandwich) is mainly updated as follows:

1, brand-new ui

2. New Chrome Lite browser with offline reading, 16 tag, stealth browsing mode, etc.

3. Screenshot function

4. More powerful image editing function

5. The photo application that comes with it is comparable to Instagram. Filters and photo frames can be added for 360-degree panoramic shooting, and photos can be classified by location.

6.Gmail has added gestures and offline search functions, and the UI is more powerful.

7. New functional figures: With contact photos as the core, the interface emphasizes sliding rather than clicking, and integrates communication tools such as Twitter, Linkedin and Google+. It is expected to support users to customize and add third-party services.

8. Add a traffic management tool to specifically check the traffic generated by each application.

9. Running programs can be switched like computers.

10, face recognition function

1 1, system optimization, faster.

12, supports virtual buttons, and the mobile phone can't have any buttons.

13, a more intuitive program folder:

14, tablet and smartphone are common.

15, which supports higher resolution.

16, an optimized driver specially written for dual-core processors.

17, brand new 18, enhanced copy and paste function.

19, voice function

20. Brand-new notice column:

2 1, richer data transmission function.

22, more sensor support

23, speech recognition keyboard:

24. Brand-new 3D drivers and improved game support.

25. The brand-new Google electronic market

26, enhanced desktop plug-in customization

Android n.n.

jelly bean

Jelly bean is the next version of Android after the ice cream sandwich.

Edit the development history of this paragraph.

In 2005, Google acquired Android, a 22-month-old high-tech enterprise. Event 165438+20071October 5th, Google officially showed the Android operating system to the outside world. 165438+1On October 5th, Google and 34 mobile phone manufacturers, software developers, telecom operators and chip manufacturers jointly established the Open Handheld Device Alliance. On May 28th, 2008, Patrick Brady showed the architecture diagram of Android HAL at the Google I/O conference. /kloc-in August of 0/8, Android was approved by the Federal Communications Commission. On September 22nd, Google officially released the first Android phone-HTC G1. On September 23rd, Google released Android 1.0. On September 24th, the global industry expressed that they were not optimistic about the Android operating system, and claimed that Android would be shut down by Google at most 1 year. On April 30th, 2009, Android 1.5 was officially released. On May 10, HTC G 1 and HTC G2 sold well in the market, becoming the most popular models after iPhone. On September 25th, Android 1.6 was officially released. On September 29th, HTC Hero G3 became the most popular model in the world. 10 year1On October 28th, the Android 2.0 smartphone operating system was officially released. 165438+1October 10 Due to the popularity of Android, the first malicious spyware-mobile phone spy appeared on the Android platform. This program will automatically record any information input by the user and send it to the hacker's mailbox, and can also record all the operation processes of the user through video. 20 10 event 65438+ 10 On October 7th, Google released its first self-owned brand mobile phone: Nexus one(HTC G5). On June+10, 5438, there was a conflict between Google and the Linux Foundation because Google modified the Linux kernel. On February 3rd, Greg Kroah-Hartman, a developer of Linux kernel, removed the driver of Android from the "state tree" of Linux kernel. Since then, Android and Linux development have parted ways. /kloc-In May of 0/9, Google officially released the Android2.2 intelligent operating system. On May 20th, Google officially demonstrated the smart TV equipped with Android system-Google TV, which is the first smart TV in the world. 1 In July, Google announced a formal cooperation with Yahoo and Amazon to launch a number of Kindle services and Yahoo services on Android. On July 9th, a survey by NDP Group in the United States showed that Android system has occupied 28% of the mobile phone market in the United States and 17% of the global market share. 12 In August, the first Trojan virus appeared on the Android platform: Trojan-SMS. Androidos.fake player.a, a Trojan horse virus, will pretend to be an application. When users accidentally install it, it will send short messages crazily, so that users' mobile phones can start a high-priced service. In September, the number of Android applications exceeded 90,000. On September 2 1 day, Google released data, and the average number of new users selling Android devices reached 200,000 per day. 10 year 10 On October 26th, Google announced that Android had reached its first milestone: the number of Android applications in the electronic market reached 65,438+million. On February 7th, 65438, Google officially released the Android2.3 operating system. 20 1 1 event 1, the number of Android applications exceeded 200,000. 5438+ 10 June, Google released data, and the number of new users of Android devices reached 300,000 every day. On February 2nd, Android3.0 was officially released. In June, the market share of Android smartphone operating system in Japan reached 57%. In July, the market share of Android in the European smartphone operating system reached 22.3%. In July, Google released data that the number of new Android users reached 550,000 every day, and the total number of Android device users reached 65,438+35 million. In August this year, Google acquired Motorola Mobility. On August 2nd, Android phones have occupied 48% of the global smartphone market and dominated the Asia-Pacific market, ending the dominance of Symbian (Symbian system) and ranking first in the world. In August, the market share of Android smartphone operating system in South Korea reached 95%. In August, the market share of Android system ranked first in 35 countries, with an average market share of 48%. In August, Android became the largest system in the Asia-Pacific region, with the largest market share in the Asia-Pacific region. According to the data in September, the number of Android applications has reached 480,000. In September, the market share of Android smartphone operating system in the United States reached 43%. 10 June 19, Google officially released the Android 4.0 operating system. 165438+ 10/5, the market share of Android smartphone operating system in Chinese mainland reached 58%. 165438+1October 18, according to American NPD data, the game share on Android and iOS platforms surpassed Nintendo's DS handheld and Sony's PSP handheld for the first time, and mobile gamers also surpassed handheld players. Game developers are more inclined to develop games on Android and iOS phones. 1 18 10/8, Google reported that the total number of Android device users activated through Google server has exceeded 200 million, and more than 550,000 new users are activated through Google server every day, which is just the number of user devices activated through Google server.

Edit the system architecture of this paragraph.

Android is a mobile phone operating platform with Linux as the core. As an open operating system, with the rapid development of Android, developers are now allowed to use multiple programming languages to develop Android applications instead of using Java to develop Android applications in the past. Therefore, it is welcomed by many developers and becomes a real development operating system. In Android, developers can use Java as the programming language to develop applications, or use C/C++ as the programming language through NDK, or use SL4A to program in other scripting languages (such as python, lua, tcl, php, etc.). ). Other well-known programming frameworks such as Qt(qt for android) and Mono(mono for android) also began to support android programming. Even through MonoDroid, developers can use C# as the programming language to develop applications. In addition, in 2009, Google released a simple Android language for beginners, similar to the Basic language. In terms of web programming languages, JavaScript, ajax, HTML5, jquery, sencha, dojo, mobl, PhoneGap and so on have all supported Android development. At the bottom of Android system, Android uses C/C++ as the development language.

Application (partial)

In the aspect of Java development, Android supports the use of Java as the programming language for developing applications, while in the aspect of Java development of Android, there are endless changes from interface to function. Considering the efficiency and resource occupation of Java virtual machine, Google redesigned Java for Android to improve efficiency and reduce resource occupation, which is different from J2ME. Android structure

Among them, Activity is equivalent to J2ME's MIDlet, an Activity class is responsible for creating windows, an Activity is in foreground mode, and the program running in the background is called Service. These two programs are connected by ServiceConnection and AIDL, so that multiple programs can be run at the same time. If all the pictures of the running activity are replaced by other activities, the activity will be stopped or even terminated by the system. View is equivalent to the displayable view of J2ME. Programmers can put the UI on the window through the View class and the "xml layout" file. Android 1.5 version can use View to create so-called Widgets. In fact, widgets are just a view, so they can use XML to design layouts. HTC's Android Hero phone contains a large number of widgets. As for ViewGroup, it is an abstract class of various layouts, and there can also be ViewGroup in ViewGroup. The constructor of View does not need to be called in Activity, but Displayable is necessary. In Activity, the View is obtained from XML through findViewById (), and the display of the view class of Android is largely read from XML. Views are closely related to events and are composed of listeners. Each view can register an event listener. For example, when a view is to handle an event touched by a user, it is necessary to register the view. OnClickListener for Android framework. In addition, the image is equivalent to J2ME bitmap. In C/C++ development, early Android development only supported Java as the programming language for developing applications, which made other language developers only flinch. On April 20 10, Google officially released Android NDK to developers. NDK allows developers to use C/C++ as the programming language to develop applications for Android. The first version of NDK made developers see the hope of C/C++ in Android development. However, the current version of NDK has many limitations in function: NDK does not provide maintenance of application life cycle; NDK also does not provide support for a large number of system events in Android system; As an application program interface, UI API is not provided in the current version of NDK. However, compared with the first edition of NDK, the current NDK has made many significant improvements in function. It can be seen that NDK still needs to be improved and developed. I believe that with the future development of NDK, NDK can do more and better.

Intermediary software

The bridge between the operating system and the application, the application is divided into two layers: functional layer (library) and virtual machine (virtual machine). Bionic is an improved version of libc for Android. Android also includes Webkit, the engine behind Apple's Safari browser. Surface flinger displays 2D or 3D content on the screen. Android uses Google's self-made bionic Libc tool chain. Android is based on OpenCORE, open core. OpenCORE can be divided into seven modules: PVPlayer, PVAuthor, Codec, Packet Video Multimedia Framework (PVMF), Operating System Compatibility Library (oscl), Common and OpenMAX. Android uses skia as the core graphics engine and cooperates with OpenGL/ES. The function of Skia is the same as that of Linux Cairo, but compared with Linux Cairo, the function of skia is still in the primary stage. Skia was acquired by Google in 2005. At the beginning of 2007, the source code of Skia GL was made public. Skia is also the graphics engine of Google Chrome. The multimedia database of Android adopts SQLite database system. Databases are divided into public databases and private databases. Users can obtain public databases through the ContentResolver class (column). The middle layer of Android is mostly implemented in Java, using a special Dalvik virtual machine. Dalvik virtual machine is a register-based Java virtual machine. Variables are stored in registers, and the instructions of the virtual machine are relatively reduced. Dalvik virtual machine can have multiple instances, and each Android application is run by a Dalvik virtual machine, so that the system can be optimized when running the program. Instead of running Java bytecode, the Dalvik virtual machine runs a program called. Dex format.

Hardware extraction layer

HAL (Hardware Abstraction Layer) of Android can provide hardware driver module in the form of closed source code. HAL's purpose is to separate the Android framework from the Linux kernel, so that Android will not rely too much on the Linux kernel, so as to achieve the concept of kernel independence. The development of Android framework can not consider the implementation of drivers. HAL stub is a concept of proxy, and stub exists in the form of *. So file it. Stub "provides" operations to HAL, and the Android runtime obtains Stub operations from HAL, and then calls back these operations. HAL contains many stubs (proxies). As long as the runtime specifies the "type", that is, the module ID, the operation function can be obtained.

core

Android runs on the Linux kernel, but it is not GNU/Linux. Because most functions supported by GNU/Linux are not supported by Android, including Cairo, X 1 1, Alsa, FFmpeg, GTK, Pango and Glibc, etc., they have been deleted. Android uses bionic instead of Glibc, Cairo uses Skia, and FFmpeg uses opencore. In order to realize commercial application, Android must remove the part of GNU GPL license restriction. For example, Android moves the driver to user space and completely separates the Linux driver from the Linux kernel. Bionic/libc/kernel/ is not a standard kernel header file. The kernel header of Android is generated by Linux kernel header with tools, which is done to save constants, data structures and macros. At present, Linux kernel control of Android includes security, memory management, process management, network stack and driver model. Before downloading the Android source code, you should install its build tool Repo to initialize the source code. Repo is a tool used by Android to assist Git.

Security authorization mechanism

Android itself is an independent operating system. In this operating system, each application runs with a unique system identification identity (Linux user ID and group ID). Each part of the system also uses its own independent identification method. This is how Linux separates applications from applications and applications from systems. More security functions of the system are provided through the authority mechanism. Permissions can restrict specific operations of a specific process, or restrict the access of each URI permission to a specific data segment. The core design idea of Android security architecture is that by default, all applications have no right to operate other applications, systems or users. This includes reading and writing users' private data (contacts or emails), reading and writing other application files, accessing the network or preventing devices from standby. When installing an application, the software package installer will give the application permission after checking the permission mentioned in the program signature and confirming it by the user. From the user's point of view, An Android application usually needs the following permissions: making phone calls, sending short messages or multimedia messages, modifying/deleting the contents on the SD card, reading contact information, reading schedule information, writing schedule data, reading the status or identification code of the mobile phone, accurate (based on GPS) geographical location, fuzzy (based on network acquisition) geographical location, creating Bluetooth connection, fully accessing the Internet, checking the network status, checking the WiFi status, avoiding the standby of the mobile phone, Modify system global settings, read synchronization settings, automatically start the system, restart other applications, terminate running applications, set preferred applications, control vibration, take photos, etc. According to the functions provided by the application, it should require reasonable permissions. Users can also analyze the permissions required by an application, so as to simply judge whether the application is safe or not. If an application is a stand-alone version without advertisements and there is no additional content to download, it is suspicious that it needs to access the network.

Smart phone operating system

IOS？ Android? Symbian？ Windows Mobile？ Windows Phone 7

Open classification:

Operating system, Google, smartphone, tablet, Android

The definition of "Android" in the English-Chinese Dictionary (Source: Baidu Dictionary);

robot

KK: []

DJ: []

a.

1. has human characteristics.

2. Angular and narrow mouth (phalangeal disc)

3. masculine, masculine, masculine

Noun (short for noun)

1. Robot (in science fiction)