On drama, film and television literature,

A collection of Chinese and foreign drama knowledge

Reward score: 25 | Question time: August 3, 2008 15: 40 | Questioner: lthlsh 1230.

Please help me find Chinese and foreign drama knowledge.

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1, drama concept:

Drama is a comprehensive stage art, which shapes the image of stage art, reveals social contradictions and reflects social life through literature, music, dance and art.

2. Drama type:

From the form of performance, it can be divided into drama, opera, ballet, poetic drama, radio drama, TV drama, street drama, live newspaper drama and so on; According to the nature of the works, they can be divided into tragedy, comedy, drama, etc. From the plot, it can be divided into one-act drama and full-length drama. It can be divided into historical dramas and modern dramas according to the times.

3. Dramatic elements: including stage description, dramatic conflict, characters' lines, etc.

4, the basic characteristics of drama:

(1), space and time should be highly concentrated.

Drama is different from novels and essays, and is not limited by time and space. It takes time, characters, plots and scenes to be highly concentrated on the stage. On a small stage, several people's performances can represent a tribe. After a few turns, it can be said that you have crossed Qianshan and changed a scene and characters. It can be said that you have arrived at a brand-new place or many years later ... thousands of miles apart and spanning several years, you can all show it on the stage through the transformation of scenes and fields.

(2) Contradictions and conflicts should be sharply concentrated.

All kinds of literary works should express social contradictions and conflicts, while drama requires that the contradictions and conflicts reflected in limited space and time be more acute and concentrated. Because drama is a literary form to reflect the contradictions and conflicts in real life, there is no drama without contradictions and conflicts. Because the script is limited by space and performance time, the real life reflected by the plot must be condensed into contradictions suitable for stage performance.

(3) Language should express personality.

The language of drama is mainly lines. Lines are what the characters say in the play, including dialogue, monologue and narration. Monologue is what characters say when they express their personal feelings and wishes alone. Narrator is what a character says to the audience from the side behind other actors on the stage. Drama mainly promotes the development of the plot through lines and expresses the character. Therefore, the language of lines should fully express the character, identity, thoughts and feelings of the characters, be popular, natural, concise, colloquial and suitable for stage performances.

China's plays mainly include drama and drama: drama is an inherent traditional drama in China, while drama is a form of western drama introduced into the 20th century.

China's classical opera is an important part of China's national culture. It is loved by people of all ages because of its artistic charm. Moreover, it also occupies a unique position in the world drama circle, and is called the three ancient dramas in the world together with the tragicomedy of ancient Greece and Brahma drama of India.

The formation of China's traditional drama can be traced back to the Qin and Han Dynasties. However, the formation process was quite long, and it was not formed until the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Mature operas should start from Yuan Zaju, develop and mature in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and enter modern times. They have flourished for more than 800 years, and now there are more than 360 operas. During its long development, China's classical operas have successively appeared in four basic forms: Southern Opera in Song and Yuan Dynasties, Zaju in Yuan Dynasty, Legends in Ming and Qing Dynasties, Local Opera in Qing Dynasty and Modern Opera.

Southern Opera in Song and Yuan Dynasties came into being at the end of Northern Song Dynasty and the beginning of Southern Song Dynasty. Wenzhou, Zhejiang, Quanzhou, Fujian and Fuzhou are the formative periods of Peking Opera.

Yuan Zaju is also called Beiqu Zaju. Yuan Zaju first appeared in Hebei Pingzhen and Shanxi Pingyang at the end of Jin Dynasty. Yuan Zaju was popular in the Yuan Dynasty, which was the first golden age of China opera. It has reached a very high literary level, so that in terms of poetic style alone, the ancients have long called Tang poetry, Song ci and Yuan qu together.

Legends in Ming and Qing Dynasties are a form of drama developed from Southern Opera in Song and Yuan Dynasties. It originated in the late Yuan Dynasty, spread in the early Ming Dynasty, flourished in the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, reached its peak in Wanli, and lasted until the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty. Many works are called "Ci Qu Shan Hai".

The local opera in Qing Dynasty is the third stage of classical opera. It has the same artistic form as modern and modern opera. At the end of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, local operas flourished around the country, called the Flower Department. When they entered the Qianlong period, they began to compete with the Kunqu Opera "Ya Bu". By the end of the leaf, the flower department overwhelmed the elegant department and occupied the leading position on the stage until the end of Daoguang. This 150 year is the era of local operas in the Qing Dynasty. The operas of 1840 19 19 are called modern operas, including Peking Opera formed in Tongzhi and Guangxu years and a drama reform movement that appeared in the early 20th century.

During the May 4th New Culture Movement, traditional operas were severely criticized, and since then, operas have entered the era of modern operas. The formation of Beijing Opera is the result of the development of local operas in Qing Dynasty. After Beijing Opera became a national representative opera, it did not suppress the development of local operas at all. From local operas in Qing Dynasty to Peking Opera, China opera is very prosperous.

China's plays are only a hundred years old. Introduced to China from the west, it was called "new drama of civilization" before the May 4th Movement in the early 20th century. This early drama still has some features of China traditional drama. After the May 4th Movement, western drama was introduced as it is and appeared in the form of realistic drama, which is called "new drama". It was called "Drama" from 1928, and it has been used ever since.

Traditional Chinese opera is a traditional form of drama in China. It integrates literature, music, dance, fine arts, martial arts, acrobatics and performing arts. Its origin has a long history. As early as the primitive society, song and dance sprouted. In the long process of development, after more than 800 years of continuous enrichment, innovation and development, a relatively complete system of traditional Chinese opera art has gradually formed. Although its origin comes from three different artistic forms: folk song and dance, rap and burlesque, the biggest feature that distinguishes a drama is that it comes from different vocal systems. These musical vocals are based on the language, folk songs and folk music in the region where they are produced, and are produced by absorbing music from other regions. Most of the characters in various dramas are filled by foot color quotient with different faces such as life, Dan, Jie and Ugliness. The focus of the performance is to use routine movements extracted from life and virtual space processing. Paying attention to singing, doing, reading and looking for art, performing and dancing are rich and high in technology, which constitutes a complete opera art system different from other operas.

According to incomplete statistics, there are about 360 kinds of traditional operas and tens of thousands of traditional plays in ethnic minority areas in China. After the founding of New China, many traditional plays have been adapted, and new historical plays and modern plays that express the theme of modern life have been warmly welcomed by the audience. The more popular and famous operas are: Beijing Opera, Kunqu Opera, Yue Opera, Henan Opera, xiang opera Opera, Guangdong Opera, Qin Opera, Sichuan Opera, Pingju Opera, Shanxi Opera, Han Opera, Chaozhou Opera, Fujian Opera, Qi Opera, Hebei Bangzi Opera, Huangmei Opera and Hunan Opera. There are more than 50 operas, especially Peking Opera, which is the most popular and spread all over the country. art

China's ancient drama is called "drama" because it is mainly composed of "drama" and "qu". China's operas mainly include Southern Opera in Song and Yuan Dynasties, Zaju in Yuan and Ming Dynasties, legends and legends in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and traditional repertoires of modern Peking Opera and other local operas. Is the floorboard of China national drama culture.

Modern drama mainly refers to drama, opera, ballet, etc. Since the 20th century, drama has been introduced from the west, while foreign drama generally refers to drama.

China opera has a long history, which originated from songs and dances imitating labor.

(A) Pre-Qin-the embryonic stage of China traditional opera. The "Ode" in The Book of Songs and the "Nine Songs" in The Songs of Chu are the lyrics of singing and dancing when offering sacrifices to the gods. From the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Han Dynasty, recreational songs and dances gradually evolved. From the Han and Wei Dynasties to the mid-Tang Dynasty, there appeared "Jiao Di" (that is, a hundred plays), in which "joining the army" performed in a question-and-answer way and "dancers" performing short stories of life were all budding plays.

(2) The Tang Dynasty (middle and late period)-the formation period of traditional Chinese opera. After the mid-Tang Dynasty, China's drama advanced by leaps and bounds, and the art of drama gradually took shape.

(3) Song and Jin Dynasties-the development period of China traditional opera. "Zaju" in Song Dynasty, "Courtyard Style" in Jin Dynasty and "Zhu Gong Tune" in rap form all laid the foundation of Zaju in Yuan Dynasty in music, structure and content.

(D) Yuan Dynasty-the mature period of China traditional opera. In the Yuan Dynasty, "Zaju" developed greatly on the original basis and became a new kind of drama. It has the basic characteristics of drama, which indicates that China's drama has entered a mature stage.

Yuan Zaju is a comprehensive stage art that inherits and develops the literary achievements of the previous generation on the fertile soil of folk operas, and is improved and created through the joint efforts of teaching workshops, theaters, actors, musicians and "book clubs". Metaphysically, Yuan Zaju uses four sets of northern songs to arrange stories, and the disjointed parts are combined with wedges to form the usual format of four folds and one wedge (Wang Shifu's The West Chamber is a unique novel in Yuan Zaju, * * * wrote five 2/kloc-0 folds), and each fold is composed of several tunes of the same palace tune, and a "wedge" is added when necessary. At the end, two, four and eight lines are used to summarize the content of the whole play, which is called "getting to the point". Each fold includes three parts: Qu Ci, Bai Hua () and (). The lyrics are written according to the music cards that the tutor needs, also called Wen Qu, lyrics or lyric poems. Its function is to tell stories and portray characters. All the lyrics rhyme. Vernacular writing is an artistic means to express the plot or explain the relationship between characters in the form of words, which can be divided into dialogue (dialogue between characters), monologue (words that characters express their personal feelings and wishes alone), narration (words that characters recite to the audience from other players on the stage) and vernacular writing (words inserted in lyrics). The subject is action, expression, etc. A play is usually sung by one person to the end or the end, and the other feet are all white. The lead singer at the end of the program is called "Final Book", and the lead singer at the end of the program is called "Final Book".

Foot color:

Ending: male role. The hero is the hero in Yuan Zaju.

Dan: Play a female role. Zheng Dan (the heroine in the play), Xiao Dan and Cha Dan.

Jing: Commonly known as "painted face" and "painted face", most of them play male roles with special characters or appearances. For example, Yuan, a civil servant (government official), falls into this category.

Ugliness: Also known as "Three Faces" or "Small Faces", it plays humorous roles, including Wen Chou and Wu Ugly.

Foreign: There are three kinds of zaju in the Yuan Dynasty, namely, the end of foreign drama, foreign drama and foreign classics. , which are the secondary roles at the end, Dan and Jing. Inside job-the end of the outside.

Miscellaneous: Also known as "miscellaneous". Play the role name of the old woman. Such as: Cai.

In just a few decades, Yuan Zaju writers have created at least 500 or 600 plays, and more than 50 plays of/kloc-0 are still preserved today. These works comprehensively and profoundly reflect the social life of the Yuan Dynasty, and many of them have become valuable cultural heritage of our country. For example, Guan Hanqing's "Dou Eyuan" describes the tragic experience of the kind and naive child bride Dou E, reflects the cruel exploitation of usurers, extortion by local ruffians and the perverting of the law by corrupt officials, profoundly exposes the dark reality of the Yuan Dynasty society, and praises the strong will and indomitable resistance spirit of the oppressed. With the help of historical themes, Ma Zhiyuan's Autumn in the Palace of Han Dynasty describes Wang Zhaojun's loyalty to the country, Mao Yanshou's betrayal of the country and the corruption and incompetence of his officials, mercilessly exposes the national oppression of the Yuan Dynasty and satirizes the rulers at that time. Wang Shifu's The West Chamber describes the story of young men and women fighting for the autonomy of marriage in feudal society. From stunning, couplets to refusing to get married, Cui Yingying's desire for love has been fully demonstrated. However, she was born in a famous family and was influenced and bound by feudal ethics. As a result, she had twists and turns such as "making trouble with Jane" and "relying on Jane". She finally embarked on the road of rebellion in such scenes as Listening to Qin Qu, The Book of Rites and The Pavilion, which added a strong comic color to her works. The main line of the whole drama is the contradiction between fighting for the autonomy of marriage and obeying the "parents' orders", and the misunderstanding and conflict between Cui Yingying, Zhang Xun and the matchmaker is the secondary line, which is interwoven rhythmically, with moderate relaxation, dynamic and static combination, mixed joys and sorrows, gathering, dispersing and blending, and colorful. His theme of "May all beings in the world become well-being" and vivid artistic image have strong artistic charm, which can give people a strong infection and is deeply loved by the masses.

○ Four masters of Yuan Qu: Guan Hanqing-Dou Eyuan; Zheng Guangzu-Ghost Story; Bai Pu-Wu Tongyu; Ma Zhiyuan-"Autumn in Han Palace";

(5) Ming and Qing Dynasties-the prosperous period of China traditional opera. In the Ming Dynasty, legends developed. The legend of the Ming Dynasty was formerly the Southern Opera in the Song and Yuan Dynasties (Southern Opera is the abbreviation of Southern Opera, which is a new form of drama developed on the basis of the Zaju in the Song Dynasty combined with the tunes of the southern region). Wenzhou is its birthplace. South Opera is different from North Zaju in system: it is not limited by 60% discount or one person singing to the end. It has an opening story, mostly a happy ending, and its style is mostly sentimental. Unlike the northern zaju, it is more free in form and more convenient to express life. Unfortunately, the books of the early Southern Opera are rarely preserved. It was not until the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty that Southern Opera began to flourish. After the processing and improvement of the literati, this short play which is not rigorous enough has finally become a quite complete long play. For example, "Pipa Story" is a transition from southern opera to legend. The theme of this work comes from folklore, which shows a story completely and has certain drama. It was once known as "the ancestor of reviving southern opera". In the middle of Ming Dynasty, a large number of legendary writers and scripts emerged, among which Tang Xianzu was the most successful. He wrote many legendary plays in his life, and Peony Pavilion is his masterpiece. Through the story of Du Liniang and Liu Mengmei's life and death parting, the work praises the rebellious spirit of opposing feudal ethics, pursuing happy love and demanding individual liberation. The author endowed love with the power to bring it back to life, overcame the shackles of feudal ethics and won the final victory. This had far-reaching social significance in the society firmly ruled by feudal ethics at that time. This play has been loved by readers and audiences for 300 years. To this day, the boudoir, The Scared Dream and other fragments are still active on the stage of traditional Chinese opera performance, radiating its artistic brilliance.

According to legend, in the early Qing Dynasty, there were four major operas in Beijing, namely Nankun, Yi Bei, Liu Dong and Xibang. According to the records in the eighth year of Jiaqing: "In the Ming Dynasty, there was Kunqu opera, and the sound was heard, while many Yiyang, Bangzi, Qin and Liu in the north and south were homophonic, singing and dancing, and many musicians were unmoved by Beijing." It also illustrates the historical grand occasion at that time. Among them, the so-called Nankun is popular in Kunshan dialect in the south of the Yangtze River. The combination of northern Yi Guide Opera and northern Quju Opera originated from Yiyang Opera in Yiyang, Jiangxi Province, which was the high-pitched opera spread to the north, which was the Peking Opera prevailing in Beijing at that time. Liu Dong is a popular Liu Qiang in Shandong. Xibang is naturally a Bangzi opera, which is widely circulated in northwest China, that is, Shaanxi opera. It shows the grand occasion of artists from all directions gathering in Beijing.

At present, the above four major tunes have gone far beyond their original scope, and some of them have spread all over the country. Yiyang Opera (that is, high-pitched opera) is widely spread in Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Hunan, Hubei, Fujian, Guangdong, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Hebei and other places. Therefore, people concerned think this statement is unscientific, but this historical statement still objectively reflects historical facts. Judging from the current distribution of operas, Kunqu opera still has a considerable audience base in Shanghai, Nanjing, Zhejiang, Hunan and other places. Yiyang Opera not only took root and sprouted in the north, but also played an important role in the formation of Peking Opera and some northern operas from the Qianlong period, especially in many northern language areas. Although Liu Zi Opera (including Liuqin Opera influenced by it) is popular in northern Henan, northern Jiangsu, southern Hebei and northern Anhui, its important activities are Qufu, Tai 'an and Linyi in Shandong. Although Shaanxi Opera (Shaanxi Bangzi) and the Bangzi from Shanxi, Henan and Hebei are popular in the north so far, the Shaanxi Opera we saw in Gansu, Ningxia and Shaanxi has deeper roots, is older and has a wider audience, so it is called "Nankun, Yi Bei, Liu Dong and Xibang".

Types of National Opera

Color Drama Tibetan Chaozhou Opera Chu Opera Fengyang Opera Guangdong Han Opera Gui Opera Huangmei Opera Huizhou Opera Shandong Bangzi Shao Opera Sichuan Opera Yong Opera Yunnan Lantern Zhuang Opera Yue Opera Yang Opera Xinjiang Opera xiang opera Xiju Wu Opera Wan Wan Qiang Tianjin Civilization Opera Su Ju Opera Qiongju Qinghai Pingxian Opera Qi Opera Pu Opera Puxian Opera Pingju. Ou Opera Fujian Opera Long Opera Longjiang Opera Liaonan Opera Kunqu Opera Liyuan Opera Beijing Opera Jin Opera Huanglong Opera Huai Opera Shanghai Opera Hebei Bangzi Gan Opera Errentai Sichuan Opera Northern Kunqu Opera Xincheng Opera.

Drama schools: Huang Er, Errentai, Shangdang Huang Er, Shangdang Bangzi, Shaanxi Bangzi, Shandong Bangzi, Sichuan Opera, Triangle Opera, Yiwu Opera, Yiyang Opera, Guangdong Han Opera, Yunnan Zhuang Opera, Yunnan Lantern Opera, Dan Opera, Puppet Opera, Baling Opera, Wuyin Opera and Wennan Ci. Han Opera, Ninghe Opera, Leping Opera, Zhengzi Opera, Siping Opera, Four-stringed Opera, Right-handed Nanjian Opera, Xipi Opera, Xiqin Opera, West Road Huagu Opera, West Road Opera, West Road Pingju Opera, Zhuang Opera, Zhuang Sha Opera, Mi Opera, Ji Opera, Lu Opera, Opera, the old tune Bangzi, Lu Opera, Cooking. Beijing Opera, Beijing Opera, Qingyang Opera, Qinghai Pingxian Opera, Wu 'an Luozi Opera, Hangbang Opera, Yangopera, Kunqiang Opera, Long Opera, Qiang Mao Opera, Shao Opera, Ou Opera, Dong Opera, Yihuang Opera, Tea Picking Opera, Sizhou Opera, Xiansuo Opera, Guaizi Opera, Shaanxi Laoqiang Opera, Liu Qiang Opera, Liuqin Opera, Fujian Opera, and Western Fujian Opera. Yong Opera, Puxian Opera, Haiyan Opera, Haimen Mountain Opera, Haicheng Jiao Opera, Laiwu Bangzi, Huguan Yangko Opera, Huai Opera, Huaihong Opera, Huangmei Opera, Huanglong Opera, Huangxiaohuagu Opera, Qing Opera, Yin Qing Opera, Cantonese Opera, Wu Opera, Chu Opera, Tui Opera, Liyuan Opera and Bangzi Opera. Wan Wan Qiang Opera, Ruihe Opera, Xinjiang Quzi Opera, Cisse Opera, Taiwanese Opera, Tongzi Opera, Yuxian Yangko Opera, Manhan Opera, Chaozhou Opera, Huizhou Opera, Shadow Play, Guizhou Opera, Henan Opera, Xiangyang Opera, Wu Xiang Yangko Opera, Tibetan Opera, Gan Opera and Yi Opera.

Dramatic terms: Jiugong, Rupo, Boer, Thirteen Tunes, Erhualian, Beijing Opera Blues, Character Modeling, Daqu, Damian, Dabian, Xiaoman, Xiao Dan, Xiaoxi, Xiao Sheng, Xiaohualian, Trilogy, Sanhualian, Sanxi, Talents, Radio Drama, Introduction, Introduction, Wenchang and Art Troupe. Inner monologue, hand-eye posture, plum blossom award in Chinese drama, horse performance, bow back, lines, catwalk, tail show, Zheng Dan, drama, net, four emblem classes, four major vocal chords, four skills and five methods, Dan, Dan, tail, mud, natural color, natural color, performance, external life, promotion and dragon. Drama, Tailing, Narrowing, Qupo, Qupai, Qupu, Lao Dan, Laosheng, Carving Mao, Legend, Zadang, Guoqu, Jiqu, Hesheng, Xu Hu, Baixi, Youling, Lousou, finale drama, local drama, problem drama, self-report, Huabei, Hua Dan, Bazi and Bazi Gong. Su Zhonglang, Zuo Buyi, Liantai Opera, Improvisation, Wu Dan, Wu Chou, Wu Chang, Jason Wu, Wu Sheng, Wu Erhua, Banyan Tree, Banyan Tree, Joining the Army, Joining the Army Drama, Dingchangbai, Jing, Bi, Brick Pagoda, Faqu, Tsing Yi and so on. Pop music, school-based, string, mime, appearance, overbearing, circus, mask, axis, guest appearance, grass troupe, boudoir, news live drama, sound effect, general meeting initiative, theater, drama, script, tragedy, tragicomedy, masonry, rehearsal, narration, chime, home and guest, etc. Singing, singing opera, basic skills, street drama, badminton, helmet head, inspection field, facial makeup, colorful Dan, oratorio, chrysanthemum department, amateur, Guo head, elephant man, teaching workshop, virtual action, bronze hammer painting face, fish dragon face, elegant department, elegant department, Nuo, props, comedy. Bai Yun, Rolling Tune, Jumping Pill, Performance Book, Lu Qiren, Sour, Earning, Picking All, Gong Jing, Wedge, Parody, Subtext, Stage, Stage Lighting, Stage Art, Stage Guidance, Stage Art, Title, Title Rectification, Relocation, Riding, Buckling, Pleating, Embroidering and Performance.