Is there any information about the Great Wall?

How many roads does China take to surpass the Great Wall of Wan Li?

First, the Great Wall of Wan Li, which began in the Qin Shihuang period, starts from Lintao (now Gansu Province) in the west and reaches Liaodong in the east, with a total length of more than 5,000 kilometers.

2. The Great Wall and beacon towers built in the Han Dynasty start from Xinjiang in the west and extend to Liaodong in the east, with a total length of about 1 10,000 km.

Third, the Great Wall from Jiayuguan in the west to Yalu River in the east was built in the Ming Dynasty, with a total length of more than 6,000 kilometers.

According to Sima Qian's historical records? Biography of Meng Tian: "Qin has been integrated with the world, which made Meng Tian drive 300,000 people northward to Henan and build the Great Wall. Due to the dangerous terrain, it started in Lintao and extended to Wan Li, Liaodong. " In 22 1 BC, Qin Shihuang unified China, and the dispute over the separation of princes in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period came to an end, and a centralized feudal autocratic country was formed. It is a political and military measure taken by the Qin Dynasty to connect it with the old Great Wall of Zhao and Yan in the north and east, and build the Great Wall of Wan Li from Gaoque in the west, Liaoyang in the east and Liaodong in the east. In 15 years after Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, he made good achievements because of the defense project of building the Great Wall and reclaiming the northern land. Xiongnu moved north, and dared not go south to herd horses for more than ten years. It can be seen that under the historical conditions at that time, building the Great Wall was a better form of defense. The Great Wall of Han Dynasty was developed on the basis of Qin Changcheng. Liu Bang, Emperor Gaozu, Emperor Wendi and Emperor Jingdi fought back many times in the face of the harassment of Xiongnu slave owners. Han summed up the experience of Qin State and built the Great Wall to resist the Huns. Therefore, after recovering the land occupied by Huns, the Great Wall of Qin Shihuang in Wan Li was expanded and an outer city was built, with a length of 654.38+100000 kilometers, which is the longest dynasty in history to build the Great Wall. By the Ming Dynasty, the architecture of Wan Li Great Wall was more and more perfect, and its defense function was more obvious. In order to defend against the harassment of nomadic people such as Mongolia and Jurchen, the Ming Dynasty attached great importance to the defense in the north. It turns out that when Zhu Yuanzhang was about to unify the whole country, he adopted Zhu Sheng's suggestion of "building a high wall, accumulating grain widely, and slowing down to be king". "Building a wall high" here refers to building the Great Wall to strengthen defense. In the first year of Hongwu (1368) when Zhu Yuanzhang was officially founded, he sent general Xu Da to build the Great Wall in Juyongguan and other places. It took more than 200 years to reach 1600, and basically completed the construction of the Great Wall of Wan Li from Jiayuguan in the west to Yalu River in the east. (Selected from Dong Yao, a famous Great Wall expert, The Great Wall of Wan Li published by People's Education Publishing House)

Why build a platform on the Great Wall?

The battle platform is a kind of defense engineering building creatively built when Qi Jiguang was appointed as the commander-in-chief of Jiji Town and reinforced the Great Wall of Jiji Town. Its position is usually built on the commanding heights near the city wall, which is conducive to combat and can be condescending to support the combat on the Great Wall line. Between the walls, connect with the walls, cover the platform, and fight the enemies who break into the walls. So the role of the platform is equivalent to the position of the second echelon today. The plane shape of the platform is square, with the height of 12m and the length and width of 15m respectively. The section of each platform is divided into three layers. On the upper floor, a breach wall of1.7m is built, which is used by soldiers shooting in battle and patrolling on duty to give an alarm and communicate with each other with fireworks, lanterns and flags. The middle layer is used to defend foot soldiers, and the four walls are built with gun windows and arrow crossbows, which can be used to observe shooting in any direction and angle. The lower floor can ensure rest, accommodation and storage of weapons, food, drinking water and various combat materials. The periphery of the battle platform is connected with the barrier of the shield, and the three layers of the battle platform and the upper and lower passages between the battle platform and the barrier are connected by wooden ladders and bamboo ladders or rope ladders. This shows that the battle platform, the city wall and the barrier are not only connected in the engineering system, but also can fight independently and hold for a long time.

What is a watchtower?

A high platform built on the city wall and protruding from the outside of the city wall to defend against siege enemies is called an enemy tower. The watchtower in the Northern Song Dynasty was a wooden platform built on a horse's face and hanging outward, with two or three or four columns on each side. Install wooden boards on three sides outward and open arrow windows; Spread wooden rafters on it to make a flat roof; Cover the top with thick soil to prevent falling rocks; Some parts are also covered with cowhide to prevent rockets. The enemy platform of the Ming Great Wall was built on the city wall, made into two or three floors, hollow, with arrow windows on all sides, for soldiers guarding the city to live and store food, grass and weapons. Also known as the hollow enemy platform.

Why was Guancheng built at the gateway of the Great Wall?

Guancheng is usually built at Guanjin Pass. Topographically, the location of Guancheng controls the internal and external access roads. The terrain is steep, easy to defend and difficult to attack, and it is invincible by one person. Generally, it is selected to be built on high mountains, deep valleys and the throat of mountains and rivers with important strategic and tactical value and the struggle between the enemy and ourselves; Or built in a place where rivers and bays can be controlled, and more enemy attacks can be resisted with fewer troops. Guancheng, built on the pass, is the key point of defending the Great Wall defense line and plays a supporting role, which is directly related to the security of the Great Wall defense line in a certain area. The pass of Guancheng can station and deploy more troops, reserve enough weapons, food and military materials, directly supply and support the defensive operations on the Great Wall line within the jurisdiction of Guancheng, and it is also a strong support for stopping the breakthrough, ensuring that the troops controlled in depth counter the invading enemy and stop the breakthrough. The defense line of the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty was in Jiubian Town, involving many cities, such as Guansai and Guan Bao, among which the famous Guancheng, such as Shanhaiguan, Juyongguan, Badaling, Yanmenguan and Jiayuguan, is typical.

Why should the city wall abutment be built on the Great Wall?

Every other distance on the wall, there is a platform protruding from the outside of the wall, which is called the wall platform, commonly known as the horse face. The abutment of the city wall is the same height as the city wall itself, protruding outside the city wall and built on three sides of the crib. The function of the wall platform is similar to that of the enemy platform. When the enemy approaches the city wall and prepares to board the city, the defenders on the city wall can shoot the invading enemy from the side with the help of the city wall platform.

What is the purpose of pheasant and female wall?

The crevasse, also known as the crib, is a continuous concave-convex tooth-shaped low wall built on the outside of the top of the city wall to cover the soldiers guarding the city when countering the enemy's attack. Some cribs have observation holes in the upper part to observe invading enemies, and ventilation holes in the lower part to protect the walls. The female wall is also called "arrogance", which refers to the small wall on the top of the city wall. It is built on the inner side of the top of the city wall, which is generally lower than the crib and plays the role of guardrail. Some female walls are also equipped with observation holes.

What's the use of the barrier on the Great Wall?

A horizontal partition wall built on the city wall to prevent the enemy from seizing the battle platform after attacking the city wall. In battle, if the enemy climbs the wall, he can not only attack the platform from the side along the wall, but also shoot the platform from the side with fire, and the platform will be caught between the enemy and the enemy's fire. Therefore, on the wall near the battle platform, some transverse barriers about 2-3 meters high are built. One end of the barrier wall is connected with the wall, and the other end is about 1 m away from the wall, which can accommodate a single person. There are holes in the barrier, and defenders can shoot according to them. Because the battle platform is built on the commanding heights, the section of the Great Wall connected with the battle platform is similar to the staircase leading to the city, with a large inclination angle. If only one or two barriers are built, it is impossible to cover the enemy's firepower. Therefore, on the Great Wall in the inclined section, a barrier is built at regular intervals according to the inclination, so that each barrier perforation can shoot farther, and the overlapping barrier can shield the enemy's side fire on the battlefield. Obviously, in the face of such a structural layout, it is extremely difficult for the attacking enemy to break into the battlefield. (Selected from Dong Yao, a famous Great Wall expert, The Great Wall of Wan Li published by People's Education Publishing House)

What is the significance of building a war wall in front of the main wall of the Great Wall?

Most of the battle walls are built on the favorable terrain 40-50 meters in front of the main wall in the important part of the Great Wall Line, and there are several battle walls in some places. For example, there are four battle walls in the Xiaozhangjiakou-Xihongshan-Sansi area in the northwest of Beijing. Battle walls are usually made of bricks and stones. Can force the enemy to expand ahead of time, kill the enemy in front of the main wall, so that the enemy can not easily approach the main wall; It can also divide the fighting formation of the attacking enemy, which is conducive to destroying the attacking enemy in large numbers. The so-called battle wall can also be said to be an additional side wall built in front of the main wall, which is easy for the enemy to approach. The specifications of the battle wall depend on the terrain. In a relatively flat area, it is built higher and thicker, and the walls are built with cribs and fences. On steep terrain, it is built shorter, and its height is usually 2.5 meters. The main feature of the battle wall is to build a perforation on the whole wall for lying, kneeling and standing, and the perforation is 0.3 meters square. The three rows of perforations in the shooting position are staggered in plum blossom shape, which can ensure more guards to participate in the battle in the battle wall, and at the same time ensure that there are three kinds of firepower to kill the enemy, improve the firepower density and increase the killing effect. As the defenders fought behind the wall, the degree of casualties was greatly reduced. In order to facilitate the guards to attack outside the wall in time to engage the enemy, or to detour the enemy's rear road, a brick alley door is reserved every 50- 100 meters on the war wall, or the war wall is disconnected at an appropriate position for personnel to enter and exit normally. The joint structure at the break of retaining wall is front and rear lap joint, with the lap gap of 0.5m and the lap length of front and rear retaining walls of 15-20m. On the back wall of the overlapping part, a shooting hole is reserved every 3 meters to control the gap of the joint through fire. From any angle of the enemy, this joint is closed. This construction technology closely meets the operational requirements and creates favorable conditions for the active defense of the Great Wall defense line.

What is a beacon tower?

Beacon tower, also known as trestle, beacon tower, Langyan trestle, etc. There are round bodies and square bodies, and round bodies are covered with round houses. Beacon tower has a long history. They were called beacon towers in the Han Dynasty. Most of them are built on the top of mountains far away from the city or on the heights of Pingchuan, and are used for observation and alarm. Some beacon towers are connected with branches of the Great Wall. They are made of mud and stone. The circular bottom is big and the top is small, and there are steps in it. Outside the beacon tower, there are square fence facilities. Chapter 46 of the fifth volume of "Taibai Silence" and "Beacon Tower" wrote: "Build a sheep and horse city under it, as high as you want. Changshan Mountain is subject to three to five. The tower is five feet high, three feet wide at the bottom and one foot wide at the top. Its size is consistent with the actual investigation, but the setting situation is not clear because of the destruction of the platform. According to records, the small house on the stage is made of wood. There are three stoves on the house and three on the stage. There are three incendiary bombs, which are used to signal smoke. Flags, drums, crossbows, cannon stones, wood, water tanks, dry food, fire drills, rockets, wormwood, wolf dung, cattle and sheep dung, etc. Everything is ready at the station. There are six people on each beacon, five on duty and one delivering documents. Some beacon towers are basically the same as enemy towers Generally, the lower part is mainly made of stone with doors. The upper part is brick, hollow and surrounded by arrow windows. This beacon tower can go up and down. You can raise a beacon tower at the top of the platform, or send a messenger to the enemy-occupied area for information. In return, the No.29 beacon tower in the west of Wohu Mountain in Gubeikou is located at the top of the mountain, and the northwest is connected with the city wall. The plane is circular and the door is arched from east to west. There is a wall 3.8 meters high and 2. 1 meter wide in front of the door, which is obviously the aisle to enter the beacon tower. The door is made of blue bricks and is arched, with a height of 1.8m and a width of1.03m. After entering the door, it is an arched cave with a depth of 2m and a width of 1m, turning at right angles to the south, and eight steps reach the top of the platform. The table is round, the lower part is made of rubble, with a height of 8.2 meters, followed by a brick wall of 1.5 meters, with a total height of 9.7 meters. The top of the platform has a diameter of10.2m, and is surrounded by brick low walls with a height of10.5m.. There is a doorway with the width of 1m in the southwest of the platform, which can lead to the city wall, and the low wall is covered with observation holes. Now there are 12 holes, 30cm long and 20cm wide. Beacon towers are often connected together, and at the top of the dangerous mountain, a communication network serving the defense system is formed through signals.

How did the materials used to build the Great Wall get up the mountain?

According to records, there were about three ways to carry materials up the mountain at that time: one was manual handling, with people carrying them on their backs, shoulders, baskets and shoulders, and some also used the method of queuing people to pass in turn. The second is simple mechanical transportation, such as pushing, rolling wood, crowbar or installing winch on the mountain to twist boulders. To transport materials in the deep valley, the method of "flying baskets and walking ropes" is adopted, and brick lime is put into the basket and slid down from the ropes fastened on both sides. The third is the use of animal transportation. It is said that the ancients used donkeys, goats and so on. Those who are good at climbing mountains use bricks carried by donkeys and bricks tied by goat horns instead of human transportation.

When the Great Wall was built in the Ming Dynasty, how many levels were there?

According to the discovered stone carvings of the Great Wall in Ming Dynasty, the Great Wall in Ming Dynasty was built in three grades. Most of the first-class Great Wall are built in fortresses. Generally, it is based on the square stone, and the inside and outside of the wall are built with bricks or stones, the wall core is filled with lime soil or rubble masonry, and the upper stack and the female wall are built with bricks. The top of the wall is also paved with bricks for people to walk on. The outer side of the wall of the Second Great Wall is built with brick or strip stone, the inner side with rubble stone, and the inner side with tiger skin stone, and jointing with plaster. The crib and the female wall are all made of bricks, and the top of the wall is also paved with bricks. Most of the third-class Great Wall is made of local materials, and it is generally made of stone. The inner and outer surfaces are tiger skin stone walls. The thickness, section size, top surface and upper part of the wall are determined according to the defense needs and terrain conditions. (Selected from Dong Yao, a famous Great Wall expert, The Great Wall of Wan Li published by People's Education Publishing House)

Who were the main laborers who built the Great Wall in ancient times?

The sources of labor for the construction of the Great Wall are: First, active servicemen, who are the main force for the construction of the Great Wall. For example, the Great Wall built by Qin Shihuang was built under the defense of 300,000 troops led by General Meng Tian after repelling the Huns. The second is the civilian workers recruited, which is an important force in building the Great Wall. In the process of building the Great Wall in various dynasties, a large number of migrant workers were forcibly recruited. According to historical records, it is not uncommon to recruit hundreds of thousands, hundreds of thousands or even millions of laborers every time the Great Wall is built. Third, exiled prisoners. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, there was a penalty called "Cheng Dan" to punish those who built the Great Wall. This punishment is cruel: patrol by turns during the day and build a city at night. The sentence is four years. Fourth, many excuses were invented to force the working people to build the Great Wall.

Where is the main source of funds for the construction of the Great Wall?

The Great Wall Project is mainly funded by the feudal government and is an important part of the national financial expenditure. Because the purpose of building the Great Wall in the past dynasties was different from the objective situation at that time, the requirements for the Great Wall project were also different, so the financial investment in different dynasties and periods was different, and the construction period often changed according to the situation. The Qin and Han Dynasties was the peak of the Great Wall Project in Wan Li, so there was a great demand for funds for the Great Wall Project in this period, especially in the early Qin Dynasty and the Western Han Dynasty. At that time, the financial revenue of the Great Wall Project was mainly land rent (land tax) and customs tax (population tax). The tax rate in Qin dynasty was heavier, while that in Han dynasty was lighter. In the early Han Dynasty, in order to raise national financial funds to pay taxes and personal income, everyone was taxed at the age of 3, and then adjusted to 7, with a tax rate of 20-30 yuan. There is also a tax calculation, that is, the tax is levied on adults aged 15 ~ 56. At first, it was per person 120 yuan, but due to the increase of population, the tax money decreased. These are the main sources of funds to become the Great Wall. In addition to land rent and customs taxes, there are family taxes, customs duties, calculation currency and livestock taxes. Especially in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, in order to raise military expenditure, build the Great Wall and strengthen border defense funds, the monopoly policy of salt, iron and wine was also implemented to increase government revenue. Later, due to the protracted war and huge financial consumption, the normal income was no longer enough to pay for the use, and the rulers adopted extraordinary income measures such as selling officials and honours and atoning for sins with money. Even from the end of the Western Han Dynasty to the Eastern Han Dynasty, the social economy declined and the national finance could not make ends meet. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, the funds for building the Great Wall mainly came from land rent and household tax. It was not until the Ming Dynasty that the land tax was added, that is, a part was levied on top of the regular tax. During the period of Zheng De of Ming Wuzong, Jiapai began to rise and gradually strengthened. Military expenses and taxes are increasing day by day. By the end of the Ming Dynasty, the border salary increased by as much as 9 million taels, which made the peasants overwhelmed and accelerated the social and economic bankruptcy. The Great Wall Project is mainly used for armament, which constitutes a powerful national barrier engineering system. However, due to the huge project, the huge manpower, material resources and financial resources invested have exceeded the financial capacity of the country to a certain extent and become a heavy burden for the people.

Where is the best preserved site of the Great Wall in Wan Li?

Qin Shihuang's Great Wall in Wan Li was built from 2 14 BC to 2 10 BC. For centuries, this ancient Great Wall, which stretches across Vandory, has been attacked by the bad weather in the north, and most of it has been annihilated or destroyed. In recent years, National Cultural Heritage Administration plans to allocate huge sums of money to repair a section of Qin Changcheng in western Inner Mongolia. This is the first time that China has partially repaired Qin Changcheng. The project started in the spring of 1999, and the first phase of the project has been completed, with a total wall breaking of more than 300 meters and masonry of 10000 cubic meters. This section of Qin Changcheng is located in the depths of a Yinshan Mountain called Xiaonaitai in Wulate Qianqi, Inner Mongolia. It is the best preserved section of the Great Wall of the First Qin Emperor in Wan Li. This section of the Great Wall is made of stone, with a length of more than 200 kilometers, a height of 3.5 meters, a bottom width of 4. 1 meter and a top width of 1.5 meter, and a beacon tower is built every 1 kilometer on average, which is a national key protected cultural relic unit. However, due to the age and the earthquake damage in recent years, this section of the Great Wall collapsed in many places. In the next few years, the relevant state departments will continue to maintain this section of the Great Wall, and selectively carry out archaeological excavations on its beacon towers, bunkers and post sites, so as to further understand the structure of Qin Changcheng and the human history when it was built that year. The local government also hopes to carry out tourism development after maintenance.

How did the Great Wall of Qin Shihuang cross Liupan Mountain?

Liupanshan, also known as Longshan, runs from northwest to southeast, with a total length of nearly 250 kilometers. It starts from Haiyuan County in Ningxia in the west and reaches Weihe Canyon in the southeast. In administrative division, most of Liupanshan Mountain belongs to Guyuan area in Ningxia, and a few belong to Pingliang, Tianshui area in Gansu and Baoji area in Shaanxi. The main body of Liupan Mountain consists of two roughly parallel mountains. On the east are Huangmao Mountain and Waliangting Mountain, which are about 70 kilometers long and have an average height of 2,200 meters. The hillside is steep and there are many deep valleys. On the west side is the main vein of Liupan Mountain, which is Xifengling, Luxiang Mountain, Migang Mountain, Daxue Mountain and Guanshan Mountain. , about 140 km long, with an average height of over 2700 meters. Xihua Mountain, Nanhua Mountain and Moon Mountain in the west and south of Haiyuan are branches of Liupanshan Mountain extending to the northwest, all of which are above 2600 meters above sea level. At the intersection of the main vein and these branches of Liupan Mountain, there is a relatively open valley covered with loess. The gourd river that originated in Liupanshan passes through here. The Great Wall of Wan Li, the first Qin Emperor, started in Lintao, Gansu, and came from the southwest. Insert Liupan Mountain along Hulu River, turn Taibao South along Hulu River tributary, and finally reach Panshan Mountain. It passes through Liupanshan, enters the broad and flat loess plateau in Longdong, and winds from Liupanshan to the southeast. This kind of situation of crossing large mountains and crossing things is rare in the construction of the Great Wall. If you can go to the field and have a look, you will be deeply impressed by the wonderful way that the ancients chose the Great Wall to cross Liupanshan.

How was the old faucet in Shicheng built?

Stone Town, where the old dragon head entered the sea, was the only section of the Great Wall of Wan Li built in the sea in the Ming Dynasty. There is a folk saying: the foundation of Shicheng's entry into the sea is built by a large iron pot with countless buttons upside down. This statement originated from the article "Preface to Chenghai Building" written by Emperor Kangxi. The article said: "The foundations of Stone Town entering the sea are all built with iron kettles, and people who pass through it can see it clearly." This statement is not credible, because no iron pot or even fragments have been found so far. According to the actual measurement, the original Shicheng, which enters the sea, is 22.4 meters long and 8.2 meters wide, and the top of the sea surface is a pier-shaped trapezoidal layout. The ancient technology of silver ingot tenon was adopted in the construction of the megalithic stone in the city foundation, that is, tenons or tenons were chiseled up and down in the front, back, left and right of each megalithic stone weighing 2-3 tons, so that tenons and tenons were connected with each other, and then the joints of tenons and tenons were poured with a binder heated by alum, rosin and iron powder, and finally pure white mortar was poured between the megalithic stones. After the reconstruction of 1987, Shihai Stone Town reappears its former majestic posture, stands proudly in the sea, is magnificent and unparalleled in the world, and can be called "the best of the Great Wall in Wan Li".

What are the provinces across the Great Wall Belt?

The Great Wall Belt, with the Great Wall of Wan Li, the northern land of China, as the intermediary, consists of vast areas in the north and south, and runs through a considerable part of Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Qinghai, Xinjiang and other provinces, cities and autonomous regions, including parts of Mongolia and the Korean Peninsula in the historical period. Its range is hundreds or even thousands of kilometers wide from north to south and thousands of kilometers long from east to west.

What are the main aesthetic features of the Great Wall architectural art?

China's traditional cosmology holds that "one yin and one yang are the Tao". This China's traditional view of the world is reflected in China's traditional aesthetics, which is graceful and magnificent, in short, female beauty, which is the so-called "apricot blossom and spring rain in the south of the Yangtze River"; The beauty of masculinity is the so-called "steed, autumn wind, northern Hebei". The beauty of the Great Wall belongs to masculine beauty, that is, majestic. Magnificence is characterized by majestic, vigorous, grand and rough, and wins with momentum. Elegance is characterized by softness, charm, beauty, elegance, quietness and harmony, and it is known for its interest. Poems by the Great Wall, Lisao, Han Yuwen and Su Xin, as well as Weibei in calligraphy, statues of Qin figurines in sculpture, Buddha statues in Yungang, Longmen and Leshan, and the Forbidden City in architecture. , reflecting a kind of "harmony between man and nature" momentum and strong artistic appeal. If the feeling process of female beauty has the characteristics of "moistening things silently", then the works of masculine beauty will shock people in an instant. Judging from the functions of these two forms of beauty, it can be said that female beauty is of great significance to improve an independent and complete personality by focusing on the inner world and the cultivation of spiritual feelings that affect individual personality. The beauty of masculinity is of inestimable value and significance for inspiring a nation's self-confidence and spirit and thus promoting historical progress. "Since ancient times, no one has died in life, leaving Dan's heart to shine." Wen Tianxiang's famous words inspired countless people with lofty ideals to die for their country. Tragic and hard. The masculine beauty represented by the Great Wall has this profound connotation that affects historical creativity. This masculine beauty, or grandeur, of the Great Wall comes from the majestic momentum formed by its huge external volume. The Great Wall of Wan Li has conquered countless tourists with its magical, steep and majestic posture. When Gillman, the discoverer of the Trojan Plateau depicted in Homer's Iliad, saw the Great Wall of China for the first time, he exclaimed: "No matter from the top of the volcano in Java, from the top of Sheila Ribada in California, from the top of the Himalayas in India, or from the plateau in Gotham, South America", it can never be compared with this beautiful and magnificent picture that I unfolded before my eyes. Everyone will be shocked by the sight of swallowing mountains and rivers when they see the Great Wall for the first time. This is the main aesthetic feature of the Great Wall architectural art .. (selected from Dong Yao, a famous Great Wall expert, The Great Wall of Wan Li published by People's Education Publishing House)

Where is the biggest Great Wall in China?

Yulin is located at the junction of loess plateau and grassland in the south of Hetao, and it is the only zone for agricultural population to build fortifications to prevent nomadic people. There are six Great Walls in Yulin, which is the area with the largest number of Great Walls in China. Wei Great Wall in the Warring States Period. It was built in 35 1 year BC, starting from Shenmuma Town on the west bank of the Yellow River in the east, running southwest, along the west banks of Yuxi River and Wuding River, and ending at Huojiagou Village on the south bank of Dali River, 7 kilometers northwest of Suide. The base is 3-4m wide, and the rammed layer is18-20cm thick, with a maximum residual of 3m. It is composed of loess, which is more than 200 kilometers long and has few relics. During the Warring States Period, the Qin Dynasty "went to the county to seal the marquis". Built in 324 BC, it starts from Fugu Qiangtou Township on the west bank of the Yellow River in the east and ends at Liangjing, 2.5 kilometers south of Dingbian Secret Gate in the west, with a total length of more than 430 kilometers. It was an important defense project during the reign of King Huiwen of Qin Dynasty and the predecessor of the Great Wall near Dabie Mountain in Ming Dynasty. The base of the Great Wall to the west of Luhe River is 8.3 meters wide, and the east of Luhe River is halved. The wall is 5 meters high and the rammed layer is 6 to 15 cm thick. It is made of loess or chalk mud or aeolian fossils. There are beacon towers, pavilions and roads inside, and Qin Palace near important entrances and exits, forming a complete defense system. Changcheng Wang, Qin Zhao. It was built in 27 1 year BC. There are three articles: south, north and middle. Nantiao starts from Lintao, Gansu, travels northeast, passes through Bai Yushan, ends in Baojing Town, Jingbian County, and connects with Shang Jun County. It is the expansion and strengthening of Shang Jun County, and Jingbian is called two walls. The northern belt starts from Saicha Mountain in Shang Jun in the north, to the west of Dabaibao in Shenmu, to the vicinity of Dianta in the north, to the Kuye River in the east, to the northeast of Huangniang City in the north, and to the south bank of the Yellow River in Tuoketuo County, Inner Mongolia in the west, which is the expansion of Shang Jun plug. In the middle section, on the connecting line of the beacon tower in Shang Jun County, a wall-riding pier was added. In this way, the second line of defense was formed, but there were not many ruins of the city wall, which belonged to the unfinished project. Qin Shihuang Great Wall. It was founded in 2 13 BC. There are seven in the north of Guanzhong. 1, with the lower secret door of the fixed edge as the intersection point, 2 kilometers south and connected with the upper secret door of Shangjun Race; It is 6 kilometers to the northeast and connects with Beiyuan Wharf in Saipengtan, Shang Jun County, but only the wall of 1 km is seen, which is solid and the rest has been destroyed. The horse face is sandwiched in the middle of the wall, and the other shapes are the same as those of Shang Jun Tournament, but there is a rammed nest with a diameter of 7 cm in the rammed layer, which is a unique regulation of the Qin Dynasty. This section of the Great Wall strengthens a corner of the western end of Shang Jun. 2. From Dingbian Xiami Gate to the northwest, through Dingbian City, Yanchangbao, Yanchi County and Lingwu North to the east bank of the Yellow River in Tao Le, Ningxia, the shape, structure and quality are the same as those of Qin Changcheng in the south and east of Xiami Gate, but there is a phenomenon of virtual soil between rammed layers, which is formed in a hurry. This section of Qin Changcheng, under the jurisdiction of Beidi County, is connected with Shangxian County, realizing the "crossing". 3. It extends southward from the beam of Dingbian Secret Gate Scenic Area to the vicinity of Wangpanshan Township, with a length of about 28 kilometers, which is about to extend southward at the western end of Shangjun County. The pier on the wall has been built, but only a few walls are seen, which belongs to the unfinished project. The shape is the same as that of the three Qin Changcheng branches radiated by the Lower Secret Gate, but the pier on the wall is mixed with black ridge soil, which is urgent. 4. From Beitai of Yulin Town to the north, it passes through Wujialiang and extends eastward along the south bank of Toudaohezi, but it does not reach the site of Qiuci City, which is about 2 kilometers long. Black soil building, the rammed layer is 5-8 cm thick, which is the reinforcement of Shang Jun plug. The other three, one in Fuxian Great Wall, one in Heyang North and one in Yin Bei, all run east-west. Sui Great Wall. It was built in 585. First, Yuandunzi, located in the northern county of Pengtan, Dingbian, diverges to the northwest, parallel to the Great Wall of Qin Shihuang, with a distance of 6-8 kilometers, and then connected with the Great Wall of Qin Shihuang through Zhoutaizi, Yang Liu Fort in Yanchi and Lingwu. The base is 3 meters wide, the rammed layer is 25 to 30 centimeters thick, and there is a beacon tower inside. Secondly, from Dingbian Pengtan to the east, or using Shang Jun plug, or rebuilding and construction inside and outside Shang Jun plug, until Fugu Yellow River west bank. Ming Great Wall, also known as the side wall. 1436 started from the Seine River in Shang Jun and was built as a fortress in Qin, Han and Song Dynasties. 1474, Yansui Town was moved from Suide to Yulin, that is, the Saisui Great Wall in Shangjun and the west of Yuandunzi in Dingbian, and Qin Changcheng in Ningxia were rebuilt or rebuilt. Among them, many sections east of Beitai in Yulin Town were rebuilt not far from the inside, and the western section of Jiaquan in Dingbian was rebuilt not far from the outside of the Sui Great Wall. During the Wanli period, the piers, fortresses, guards and inner walls of towns of the Great Wall began to be bricked.