Details of Tobago Island

Tobago is the second largest island of Trinidad and Tobago in South America, located in the Atlantic Ocean at the southern tip of the West Indies. The island is 42 kilometers long, and its widest point is only 1 1 km. As long and narrow as a cigar, it is rich in tobacco, so the island is called "Tobago", which means "tobacco", with 20 1 1 population of 60 people.

Chinese name: mbth, Tobago: administrative region category of Tobago: semi-autonomous region: Trinidad and Tobago * * * Resident: scarborough Location: Atlantic Ocean area at the southern tip of the West Indies: 300 square kilometers Population: 60,800 (2011year) Dialect: English climate: tropical monsoon climate, natural resources and physical geography. Teto, history, economy, industry, politics, press and publication, diplomacy, relations with China, forestry institutions, timber trade, forest resources, forestry policy, forest protection, forest management, forest utilization, other major laws, natural resources Tobago Island covers an area of about 300 square kilometers, with undulating peaks in the northeast and flat terrain in the southwest. Coconut groves are everywhere on the island, and birds and flowers are fragrant; The beaches along the coast are soft, the sea water is clear, and tropical fish swim between coral reefs, full of tropical customs. There are many birds of paradise with gorgeous feathers and good singing and dancing on Little Tobago Island at the northeast end of the island. There is a famous "underwater park" on Buko Reef on the southwest coast of the island. Tobago attracts tourists from all over the world with its unique scenery. Trinidad is about 80 kilometers long and covers an area of 4,828 square kilometers, with low mountains and plains alternating. There are three mountains in Trinidad, among which the elevation of Cerro de Alipo Mountain in the northern area is? 9 14m is the highest mountain range in China. Tobago is 42 kilometers long and covers an area of 300 square kilometers. The central and northern parts are mountainous. On the island of Tobago, there is a major mountain range running vertically through the island, with an altitude of 576 meters. Tropical rain forest climate, annual precipitation of 2,000 mm Tobago Island: The island used to be a producer of sugar cane and rum, but now it is a holiday resort. There is a "bird paradise" protected area on the adjacent island of Little Tobago, covering an area of 2,732 mu, which is the second largest bird protected area after New Guinea. There are many birds with golden feathers here. In the offshore Bugu Reef, you can watch underwater marine life. Robinson Crusoe Cave on the island is 2.4 kilometers long and leads directly to Store Bay at the western end of the island. Seven kilometers northeast of Union Island, at the southernmost tip of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, there are four barren rocky islands and some reefs, which are the Tobago Reef Group. Coral reefs at the bottom of the sea separate it from the Atlantic Ocean. Beautiful bays and soft beaches, together with fringed palm trees, attracted yacht races here. This sea area has a rich and diverse underwater world, so it is called the diving holy land in the Caribbean. However, it is precisely because of this that many divers from Tobago come here inexplicably. To manage the British Commonwealth, an independent country, measures must also be taken to control the berthing of yachts and prohibit the destruction of any marine animals and plants. Now, the Tobago Reef has actually become a national park. Physical geography: 5 128 square kilometers. Located at the southeastern tip of the Lesser Antilles in the West Indies, it faces Venezuela across the sea in the southwest and northwest. It consists of Trinidad and Tobago in the Lesser Antilles and some nearby islands. The area is 5 130 square kilometers. Trinidad Island covers an area of 4,827 square kilometers, and Tobago Island covers an area of 30 1 square kilometer. It has a tropical rainforest climate. The temperature is 20-30℃, and the annual precipitation is 1, 200-3800mm, increasing from west to east. 1-May is the dry season. The northeast is a tropical rain forest. Rich in oil, there is a world-famous natural asphalt lake. Oil reserves are estimated at 350 million tons. Forest covers about half of the territory. Administrative divisions The whole country is divided into 8 counties, 5 cities, 1 semi-autonomous administrative region. The eight counties are St Andrew, St David, St George, caroni, Nariva, Mayaro, Victoria and St Patrick. These five cities are Port of Spain, san fernando, arima, Cape Fortin and Chaguanas. Tobago is a semi-autonomous administrative region. The population is 6.5438+0.28 million. Among them, blacks account for 39.6%, Indians for 40.3%, mixed-race children account for 18.4%, and the rest are descendants of Europeans, China and Arabs. The official language and lingua franca is English. Among the residents, 29.4% believe in Catholicism, 10.9% believe in Anglican Church, 23.8% believe in Hinduism and 5.8% believe in Islam. Humanities and history Tobago has a population of 60,000. 1498 was discovered by Columbus, fought by Dutch, Spanish, British and French colonists for many years, and finally belonged to Britain in 18 14 according to the Paris Treaty. 1889 merged with Trinidad. The economy of Tobago is dominated by tourism, which receives about 60,000 foreign tourists every year. The island is full of coconut groves and flowers, with tropical rain forests, soft coastal beaches, coral reefs under the sea, clear water and colorful tropical fish games in the middle. The main attractions are coral reefs, swimming pools in the sea, ancient fortresses and large waterwheel museums. 197 The population of Tobago is about 65,438+300,000, of which 95% live in Trinidad. The population growth rate is 0.8% per year. The GDP is USD 5.9 billion (1997), and it is estimated that the annual growth rate will be 3.5% from 1998 to 2002. Oil used to be the main economic industry in this country, but in recent years, natural gas, tourism and other industries have developed rapidly. From 65438 to 0996, the oil industry rose by 1.7%, and the non-oil sector rose by 3.5%. The per capita GNP is $4,230 (1997); About15 of the population lives below the poverty line stipulated by the state. Urban residents account for 73% of the total population. /kloc-The literacy rate of the population over 0/5 years old is 98%. Trinidad was originally inhabited by Arawak and Caribbean Indians. 1498, Columbus passed by the island and declared it owned by Spain. 178 1 occupied by France. 1802 was allocated to Britain according to the treaty of Amiens. After many struggles between the West, the Netherlands, France and Britain, Tobago became a British colony in 18 12 according to the Treaty of Paris. 1889, the two islands became a unified British colony. 1956 implements internal autonomy. 1958 Join the Federation of the West Indies. 1962 August 3 1 declared independence and became a member of the British Association, with the Queen of England as the head of state. In August 1976, 1, the new constitution came into effect, the constitutional monarchy was abolished, and it was reformed into a republic, and it remained a member of the British Association. Trinidad and Tobago used to be an agricultural country, with sugarcane cultivation and sucrose production as the main products. After oil production began in 1970s, economic development accelerated. Oil industry has become the most important economic sector. The additional resources mainly include oil and natural gas. Teto also has the largest natural asphalt lake in the world. The lake covers an area of about 47 hectares, with an estimated storage capacity of120,000 tons. Industrial output accounts for nearly 50% of GDP. Oil and gas exploration and refining are the main industries, followed by construction and manufacturing. The main manufacturing industries are fertilizer, steel, food and tobacco. Teto is the world's largest exporter of ammonia fertilizer and methanol. Agriculture mainly grows sugarcane, coffee, cocoa, citrus, coconut and rice. 75% of the food is imported. China has about 230,000 hectares of arable land. Tourism is the third largest source of foreign exchange. In recent years, Tedo has changed the situation that the economy is too dependent on the oil industry and vigorously developed tourism. Pursue an independent and non-aligned foreign policy, safeguard national independence and sovereignty, adhere to the principle of non-interference in other countries' internal affairs, oppose colonialism and racism, advocate the establishment of a new international economic order, develop equal and mutually beneficial international economic cooperation, and actively promote the process of Caribbean integration. While maintaining close relations with the West, it emphasizes strengthening ties with developing countries, especially strengthening cooperation with Caribbean and Latin American countries. Attach importance to developing economic and trade relations with Asian countries. The national flag of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (Republic of Trinidad and Tobago) is rectangular on August 3 1 (1962) and national day on August 3 1 (1962), with an aspect ratio of 5: 3. The bottom of the flag is red, and a black broadband from the upper left corner to the lower right corner divides the red flag into two equal right-angled triangles, with two thin white edges on both sides of the black broadband. Red represents the vitality of the country and people, and also symbolizes warmth and the heat energy of the sun; Black symbolizes the strength and dedication of the people and the unity and prosperity of the country; White symbolizes the future of the country and the ocean. These two triangles represent Trinidad and Tobago. The center of the national emblem of Tobago is the coat of arms. On the upper part of the shield are two hummingbirds on the black land, which are the national birds of the country, symbolizing the people's spirit of not fearing power and loving independence and freedom; The lower part is three sailboats on the red ground, representing the fleet when Columbus arrived in the island country in 1498. The upper end of the coat of arms is a helmet; There is a steering wheel and palm trees on the helmet, which symbolizes the importance of the maritime industry in this island country. On the left of the coat of arms is an ibis, and under the bird's paw is a mountain with three peaks, symbolizing Trinidad; On the right is a flamingo, symbolizing the island of Tobago. On the ribbon at the bottom, it says in English, "Let's pursue together and win together." . Port of Spain, the capital, has a population of 420,000 and an average annual temperature of 25℃. Language English is the official language and lingua franca. Among religious residents, 34% believe in Catholicism, 25% believe in Protestantism, 25% believe in Hinduism and 6% believe in Islam. Trinidad was originally inhabited by Arawak and Caribbean Indians. 1498, Columbus passed by the island and declared it owned by Spain. 178 1 occupied by France. 1802 was allocated to Britain according to the treaty of Amiens. Tobago has been contested by the West, the Netherlands, France and Britain for many times and changed hands several times. 18 12 became a British colony according to the Paris Treaty. 1889, the two islands became a unified British colony. 1956 implements internal autonomy. 1958 Join the Federation of the West Indies. 1962 August 3 1 declared independence and became a member of the British Association, with the Queen of England as the head of state. In August 1976, 1, the new constitution came into effect, the constitutional monarchy was abolished, and it was reformed into a republic, and it remained a member of the British Association. Trinidad and Tobago was originally an agricultural country. Since the large-scale exploitation and production of oil and natural gas began in the 1970s, the national economy has continued to develop in an all-round way, and the economic and social structure has undergone a thorough transformation, from farming to initial industrialization with the simultaneous development of basic industries and service industries. After years of hard work, Teduo has built a national economic system based on the energy industry, with a relatively complete range of processing and manufacturing industries and rapid development of financial and other service industries. In the past 1 1 year, Teto's economy has continued to grow. In 2003, the GDP reached11300 million US dollars, and the per capita income was about 8,700 US dollars, an increase of 4. 1%. The total import and export volume is about $95 16 billion, of which $5.433 billion is exported, $4.083 billion is imported, and the surplus is $0.35 billion. Tedo * * * implemented a prudent fiscal policy and the budget was well implemented. The fiscal surplus in 2003 accounted for 65,438+0% of the GDP in that year. Due to the recent increase in oil and gas prices in the international energy market, it is expected that more fiscal surplus will be realized in 2004. Supported by stability and a large amount of export income, Teto's balance of payments has been good, the exchange rate has been basically stable for a long time, and its ability to pay abroad is strong. The debt repayment rate is far below the warning line. The country's foreign exchange reserves are about 2.2 billion US dollars, which is enough to pay for imports for more than six months. The long-term sovereign debt ratings are BBB (Standard & Poor's) and BAA3 (Moody's). In recent years, it has attracted about $700 million in foreign direct investment every year ($500 million in 2003). Other macroeconomic indicators are basically normal. The economic foundation is relatively solid, the democracy and legal system are relatively sound, the infrastructure is relatively perfect, the market and financial services are relatively developed, the land, sea and air transportation are relatively convenient, modern airports and ports are built, and the service industry accounts for more than 60% of GDP. Tedo actively encourages trade liberalization, and there are no restrictions on the import and export of general commodities. The overall tariff level is below 20%, and there are other preferential arrangements for exports to the United States, Canada, the European Union and Canada. In addition, Teto's capital market is open, with the largest stock exchange center in the Caribbean. The local and foreign currencies are freely convertible in Tedo, and the remittance of funds and profits is completely free without any approval. Trinidad and Tobago, formerly an agricultural country, is mainly engaged in sugarcane cultivation and sucrose production. After independence, industry and tourism developed rapidly, and the per capita gross national product ranked first in Latin American countries. After oil production began in 1970s, economic development accelerated. Oil industry has become the most important economic sector. The additional resources mainly include oil and natural gas. Teto also has the largest natural asphalt lake in the world. The lake covers an area of about 47 hectares, and the estimated storage capacity is120,000 tons. Industrial output accounts for nearly 50% of GDP. Mainly engaged in oil and gas exploitation and refining, the annual output of crude oil is more than 65438+00 million tons, and crude oil is imported from the Middle East and Venezuela for refining, followed by construction and manufacturing. The main manufacturing industries are fertilizer, steel, food and tobacco. Teto is the world's largest exporter of ammonia fertilizer and methanol. The agricultural output value accounts for only 2% of the gross national product, and sugarcane, coffee, cocoa, citrus, coconut and rice are mainly planted. 75% of the food is imported. China has about 230,000 hectares of arable land. Tourism is the third largest source of foreign exchange. In recent years, Tedo has changed the situation that the economy is too dependent on the oil industry and vigorously developed tourism. Exports are mainly petroleum and its products (accounting for more than 85% of the total export value), followed by sugar, cocoa and asphalt. Import crude oil, machinery and equipment, grain and food. Road and air transportation are developed. It is also the country with the most complete industrial categories and the highest degree of industrialization among English-speaking countries in the Caribbean. In addition to the exploitation and smelting of oil and natural gas, the manufacturing industry also has a considerable scale, with the largest industrial enterprises in fertilizer, steel, food, daily chemicals and tobacco in the Caribbean. In 2003, Teduo's oil output was about 60 million barrels, and the output of liquefied natural gas was close to 6.5438+million barrels. The export income of energy products accounts for about 50% of its total export income, and the output value accounts for about 55% of GDP. In 2003, the annual output of Tedo methanol and ammonia fertilizer was 2.9 million tons and 4.7 million tons respectively, and the export volume was among the highest in the world. In the same year, Teduo produced about 2.5 million tons of direct reduced iron, 830,000 tons of billet, 700,000 tons of wire rod and 750,000 tons of cement. In addition, construction, tourism, finance and insurance have also developed rapidly in recent years. The tourism sector has received nearly 400,000 overseas tourists, and its contribution to GDP and the number of people employed have increased year by year. By 2003, Tedo's proven and potential natural gas reserves reached 35.2 trillion cubic feet, of which 20.8 trillion cubic feet have been proved. The oil reserves are 990 million barrels of recoverable oil, and the possible reserves are 324 million barrels. Together with the recoverable reserves of 2 billion barrels, the total oil is 3.34 billion barrels. Even if no new oil and gas resources are found, these reserves can be mined for 30-50 years, laying a solid foundation for the development prospect of this beautiful island country and opening up a steady stream of financial resources. At the same time, it has also created extremely favorable conditions for China and Germany to expand economic and trade exchanges and deepen economic and technological cooperation. The political president is the head of state and is elected by an electoral college composed of members of the Senate and the House of Representatives for a term of five years. The country holds general elections at least every five years. * * * It is composed of political parties that won the majority of seats in the House of Representatives in the general election and is responsible to the Parliament. Parliament is the national legislature, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Its term of office does not exceed five years, and the Prime Minister has the right to dissolve Parliament at any time. There are mainly three kinds of daily newspapers in Tobago, with a readership of 665,438+0%. Trinidad and Tobago Express, Trinidad Guardian, news daily. There are three major news organizations in China: National Broadcasting Network, State-owned and Caribbean Communication Network, Private and Trinidad Broadcasting Company Limited. There are 14 radio stations, such as Radio China 6 10 (state-owned) and Radio Trinidad (state-owned). There are three TV stations: Trinidad and Tobago National TV Station, state-owned commercial TV Station, established in 1962, Sixth TV Station established in 1987, and Information Channel TV Station established in 19 1. In recent years, cable TV has developed rapidly in Teto. Diplomacy pursues an independent and non-aligned foreign policy, safeguards national independence and national sovereignty, adheres to the principle of non-interference in other countries' internal affairs, opposes colonialism and racism, advocates the establishment of a new international economic order, develops equal and mutually beneficial international economic cooperation, and actively promotes the process of Caribbean integration. While maintaining close relations with the West, it emphasizes strengthening ties with developing countries, especially strengthening cooperation with Caribbean and Latin American countries. Attach importance to developing economic and trade relations with Asian countries. Relations with China1974 On June 20th, Trinidad and Tobago established diplomatic relations with China. Trinidad and Tobago Forestry Bureau has a Forestry Department in the Ministry of Agriculture, Land and Marine Resources. The Ministry has 65,438+0,500 monthly employees and 3,500 temporary workers. The quota of permanent workers and temporary workers in the Ministry of Forestry is 334 and 58 1 respectively. The Ministry of Forestry is funded by the central government or donor agencies. The capital of 1997 is about 45.6 million TT yuan (about 7.238 million US dollars). Expenditure items included in the funds include wages, labor services, development funds and daily expenses. The Minister of Forestry is responsible for forestry and wildlife under the leadership of the Minister. In order to facilitate management, Trinidad is divided into six forest management areas. Forestry in Tobago is managed by the local agricultural director. The forestry department is divided into five departments, namely, scientific research department, forest utilization department, wildlife department, national parks department and forest resources investigation and management department. There are 1 forestry training schools in China, which are affiliated to the Eastern Caribbean Agriculture and Forestry College. The director of forestry department is a member of the leading group of the college. According to the forestry strategic planning of Trinidad and Tobago 1993 to 1995, the main tasks of the Ministry of Forestry are: ① forest management (including the management of shelter forests and timber forests); ② Watershed management (including agricultural and forestry activities); ③ Management of historical parks, national parks and protected areas; ④ Protection and management of wild animals. Timber Trade Forestry in Trinidad and Tobago plays an important role in forest utilization. Teak, pine and wood from natural forests are worth 46,543.8 billion TT (Trinidad and Tobago) and can provide a lot of employment opportunities. 1997, Trinidad and Tobago has 65 registered private timber mills and 1 state-owned timber mills (namely Trinidad and Tobago Forest Products Co., Ltd., Tanteak for short). These timber mills have promoted the forest utilization of state-owned forest land and private forest land. See Table 35 for the timber production, import, export and consumption of Trinidad and Tobago from 1992 to 1996. 10。 Table 35 in Tobago? Wood production, import, export and consumption range from 10 1992 to 1996 (ten thousand m3)-identification. -Log output 5.9 3.6 4.6 5. 1.5.0 sawn timber 2.7 2.5 3.0 veneer 0.0. —— Imported log 0.40.30.20.2 sawn timber 0.20. 1. 438+0.0 1.0-.0 0 0 0 0 plywood 00.10.10-. 38+0 sawn timber 2.61.92.63.13./veneer 00000000 plywood 0.90.70.910 Forest resources in Trinidad and Tobago13 is covered by forest. 1995 * * Natural forests are about148,000 hm2, artificial forests are about130,000 hm2, and teak is the main tree species. Teak and Caribbean pine Caribbean pine? . The main type of natural forest is semi-evergreen seasonal forest, but there are also large areas of swamp forest, mountain forest and semi-evergreen forest. 42.6% of the forests are state-owned and the rest are private. Biodiversity and Nature Protection in Tobago Trinidad and Tobago is rich in biodiversity, although its land area is small. There are 228 1 species of flowering plants, including 2 15 native plants. There are 100 species of mammals (ranking first among Caribbean countries), 420 species of birds and 70 species of reptiles. According to IUCN's classification standard of nature reserves, there are 1.760 hm2 I-IV nature reserves in this country, accounting for 3.5% of the land area, which are managed by the Ministry of Environment and Services. According to the report of FAO 1999, the deforestation rate of Trinidad and Tobago in 1990 ~ 1995 was 1.5% per year, that is, the annual deforestation rate was about 3 000 hm2. Forest Ownership and Forest Management Most of the forest land in Trinidad and Tobago is owned by the state. 75,000 hectares of natural forests have achieved sustainable timber production. These forests are carefully protected by local rangers, with clear forest management objectives and forest management plans, and forest harvesting activities are restricted to a certain extent. The management of state-owned forests is the responsibility of the Forestry Department of the Ministry of Agriculture, Land and Marine Resources. Regeneration of teak, pine and mixed broad-leaved forest in Tobago is the main activity of Trinidad Forestry Department. The purpose of planting trees is for forestry production and environmental protection. The construction of the second batch of teak and pine plantations has begun. In the afforestation projects in Tobago, local conifers and broad-leaved trees are usually used as afforestation trees instead of exotic trees. Forest fire prevention is an important forestry activity in dry season. The chairman of the National Forest Fire Prevention Committee is the director of the Forestry Department. The forest fire prevention police and the folk forest protection team cooperate with the forest fire prevention operation. Forestry Policy Forest Protection The total area of forest protection areas is not less than 25% of the total land area. When selecting forest protected areas, factors such as topography, water source, wind, soil, natural plants and wild animals should be considered, and the selected forest protected areas should be announced. In order to provide a reliable basis for forest management, it is necessary to conduct a sampling survey on 1% or 2% of forest resources. Control the amount of logging in forest reserves, prevent excessive logging, and realize the sustainability of forest logging. Control the number of oil fields in forest reserves and reduce the damage of oil fields to forests. Promote forest regeneration by creating local or exotic tree plantations and improving forest harvesting methods. The utilization of forests in Tobago encourages the use of local timber, and improves timber harvesting and processing methods. Carry out research on precious tree species and their substitutes. Market development of less well-known tree species. Take anti-ant, anti-bacterial and anti-corrosion measures for local and imported wood. Others cultivate forestry talents through the combination of theoretical practice and examination. Provide technical advice to the private sector to help them sell thinning timber. The objectives of the national forestry policy can be summarized as follows: (1) to ensure sufficient forestry land area, so that the forest coverage rate is not less than 33%; ② Forest production, forest protection and forest rest; ③ Providing necessary forest products and services; (4) Conducive to the overall social and economic development of the country; ⑤ Ensure that the public is aware of the importance of forest and forest resource management. Main laws The main laws related to forestry activities are: ① Forest Law (revised by 1980); ② Wildlife Protection Law (revised by 1980); (3) Sawmill Ordinance (revised by 1980); ④ State-owned Land Law (revised by 1980) and Regulations on Forestry Production of State-owned Land; ⑤ Agricultural Fire Prevention Law (revised by 1980); ⑥ Environmental Management Law (1995). Tobago is.