Self-help and mutual rescue skills in natural disasters

Public emergencies refer to emergencies that cause or may cause heavy casualties, property losses, ecological environment damage and serious social harm, endangering public safety. Including natural disasters, accidents, public health incidents, social security incidents, etc. It can happen anytime, anywhere. The following are my self-help and mutual rescue skills in natural disasters, hoping to make everyone gain something!

Self-help and mutual rescue skills in natural disasters

The golden rescue time for cardiac arrest is only 4 minutes.

A heart attack is fierce, and it is often fatal if it is not rescued in time. The data show that at normal room temperature, after 3 seconds of cardiac arrest, people will feel dizzy due to brain hypoxia; /kloc-after 0/0 to 20 seconds, people will lose consciousness; After 30 to 45 seconds, the pupil will be dilated; 1 min later, breathing stops and incontinence occurs; After 4 minutes, the brain cells will be irreversibly damaged. Therefore, the golden rescue time of cardiac arrest should be within 4 minutes. Before the ambulance arrives, if we can take correct first aid measures for heart patients, their hope of survival will be greatly improved.

Specific steps of cardiac resuscitation

1, let the patient lie flat on a hard bed or flat ground, let him stay calm and comfortable, and untie his close-fitting clothes.

2. Check whether there is foreign body in the patient's mouth. If you have false teeth, you must take them off to prevent suffocation.

3. When chest compressions are performed, the palm roots of the rescuer's palms overlap, the fingers are locked, the palms are tilted, and they are placed under the patient's sternum 1/3, and they are continuously squeezed with the strength of their arms rhythmically, with the rhythm of 100 times per minute.

4, chest compressions and artificial respiration should be carried out at the same time. The rescuer takes a deep breath, holds the patient's nostril with his thumb and forefinger, tightly wraps the patient's mouth with his lips, and blows from mouth to mouth. Every time you blow, let go of the hand holding the patient's nostril and let him exhale. The rescuer turned his head sideways, inhaled fresh air and then blew again.

How to deal with burns scientifically?

It is very important to carry out scientific and reasonable disposal at the first time. First of all, don't panic, and don't deal with it blindly. This will not only help patients, but will bring more harm and pain to patients. The specific operation method is as follows:

1, cold water washing: once burns and scalds occur, the patient should be quickly removed from the fire source or heat source, and the affected area should be washed with tap water immediately 15 to 20 minutes, so as to achieve the effects of cooling down, reducing residual heat damage, relieving swelling and pain, and preventing foaming. Avoid damaging deep skin due to high temperature.

2, timely anti-inflammatory: gently apply a cotton swab dipped in light salt water to the burn, which can play an anti-inflammatory role.

3. Don't dispose blindly: Don't take off the clothes on the patient immediately, because the skin and clothes stick together at the moment of burns. Taking off clothes will cause the wound to fall off and cause the injured part to be damaged again. If the wound has blisters, don't break them yourself to avoid infecting the wound.

4. Don't use folk remedies: Many people will apply vinegar, toothpaste, etc. The wound after the burn? Earthwork? These? Earthwork? There is no scientific basis, which not only fails to achieve the purpose of treating burns and scalds, but also makes the wound blurred after being coated with colored solid or liquid, which brings great inconvenience to wound cleaning and increases the pain of patients.

After cooling with cold water, the patient was immediately taken to the hospital for treatment. Attention should be paid to avoid wound infection during transportation, which can be simply wrapped with clean sheets and clothes to avoid pressure. At the same time, we should pay attention to prevent bumps and keep the speed.

How to give first aid when a fracture occurs?

Fractures can be divided into two categories: closed and open. The skin or mucosa at the fracture site is intact, and the fracture end is not connected with the outside world. The skin or mucous membrane at the fracture site of the latter is damaged, and the fracture end is communicated with the outside world. Some serious fractures, such as pelvic fractures and femoral fractures, are often part of severe multiple injuries in the whole body. Therefore, on-site first aid is one of the important measures to protect the lives of the wounded, which has a great influence on the development and prognosis of trauma.

When a fracture occurs, first aid should not only pay attention to the treatment of the fracture, but also pay attention to the treatment of the whole body. The purpose of fracture first aid is to save lives, protect the affected limb in the simplest and most effective way and transport it quickly, so as to get proper treatment as soon as possible. Generally speaking, first aid is carried out from the following four aspects.

● Rescue shock

First, check the general situation of the patient. If he is in a state of shock, pay attention to heat preservation and minimize movement. If conditions permit, he should receive infusion and blood transfusion immediately. Coma patients with craniocerebral injury should pay attention to keep respiratory tract unobstructed and remove foreign bodies in mouth and pharynx in time.

● Bandage the wound

Most open fractures and wound bleeding can be stopped by pressure dressing. When the bleeding of great vessels cannot be stopped by pressure dressing, a tourniquet can be used to stop the bleeding. It is best to use an inflatable tourniquet, and record the pressure and time of use. The wound should be wrapped with sterile dressing or clean cloth to reduce secondary pollution. If the fracture end has been poked out of the wound and contaminated, and the important blood vessels and nerves are not compressed, do not reset it to avoid bringing dirt into the deep part of the wound. It should be sent to the hospital for debridement and then reset. If the fracture end slips into the wound by itself during dressing, it should be recorded for further treatment during debridement.

● Correct fixation

Fixation is an important measure of fracture first aid. As long as a fracture is suspected, it should be treated as a fracture. For patients with closed fracture, it is not necessary to take off clothes, trousers, shoes and socks of the affected limb in first aid, so as to avoid moving the affected limb too much and increasing the pain. If the affected limb is swollen seriously, you can cut off the sleeves and trouser legs of the affected limb with scissors to reduce the oppression. When the fracture is obviously deformed and there is a danger of penetrating soft tissue or damaging important blood vessels and nerves nearby, in order to avoid causing new injuries, the affected limb can be properly stretched and then fixed.

The purpose of emergency fracture fixation:

Avoid the damage of the fracture end to the surrounding important tissues during transportation, such as blood vessels, nerves, internal organs, etc.

Reduce the activity of the fracture end and relieve the pain of the patient.

Easy to transport. Fixation can be made with special plywood, or with wooden boards, sticks, branches, etc. Based on local materials. If no materials are available, the affected limb can be fixed to the chest for upper limb fracture, and the affected limb can be bound and fixed with the contralateral healthy limb for lower limb fracture. After fixing, pay attention to observation. If the fingers and toes are pale and blue, the limbs are cold, painful or numb, indicating poor blood circulation. Check the reason immediately. If the binding is too tight, it should be loosened or re-fixed.

● Fast transshipment

After initial treatment and proper fixation, patients should be transported to the nearest hospital for treatment as soon as possible. Attention should be paid to light and steady movements during transshipment, so as to prevent vibration from injuring limbs and relieve the pain of patients.

How to give first aid to traumatic bleeding?

Finger pressure to stop bleeding, find the beating blood vessels in the upper part of the wound, that is, near the heart, and press them tightly with your fingers. This is an emergency temporary hemostasis method, and at the same time, materials should be prepared to switch to other hemostasis methods. Using this method, the rescuer must be familiar with the compression points of vascular bleeding in various parts.

Facial bleeding: compress the facial artery between mandibular angle and mental tubercle with your thumb.

Hemorrhage of the anterior head: compressing the temporal artery above the anterior mandibular joint of the ear.

Hemorrhage in the back of the head: slightly press the posterior auricular artery outside the posterior auricular process.

Axillary and shoulder bleeding: at the supraclavicular depression, the outer edge of sternocleidomastoid muscle is downward and inward, aiming at the first rib and compressing the subclavian artery.

Forearm bleeding: at the medial groove of biceps brachii of upper arm, the brachial artery is pressed on the humerus by pressure.

Bleeding on the palm and back of hand: In the wrist joint, we usually live according to the pulse and the beating radial artery blood pressure.

Finger bleeding: squeeze the root of the injured hand with healthy fingers to stop bleeding.

Hemorrhage of thigh: bend the thigh to relax muscles, press the femoral artery pressing point (the middle point of the groin at the root of thigh) with your thumb, and press it back hard. In order to enhance the pressure, the thumb of the other hand can overlap the pressure.

Foot bleeding: press your fingers tightly on the lower side of the ankle joint where the instep beats.

Pressure bandage hemostasis method: put a cushion made of sterilized gauze and cotton on the wound, and then bandage it hard to increase the pressure to stop bleeding. This method is widely used and has good effect.

How to identify suspicious persons?

Terrorist suspects? There will be no traces on the face, but there will be some unusual behaviors, such as panic and abnormal words and deeds; Dressing and carrying items that are obviously inconsistent with their status or are not in harmony with the season; Pretending to be an acquaintance or a false courtier; In the process of inspection, urging the inspection or being arrogant and unwilling to accept the inspection; Frequent access to large-scale event venues; Repeatedly appear near the warning zone; Suspicious personnel notified by the public security department.

Suspicious vehicle? Whether the state is abnormal, whether the paint color of the vehicle joint and the outside of the curve is consistent with the color of the vehicle, and whether the vehicle changes color; Whether the door lock, trunk lock and window glass of the car are broken; Such as whether the lights are damaged or filled with foreign objects, and whether abnormal wires or strings are attached to the body surface; Whether the stay is abnormal or not, whether it violates the regulations to stay near important facilities such as water, electricity and gas or crowded places; Whether there is any abnormality in the personnel in the car, such as panic, urging inspection or arrogance when checking; Start the vehicle to avoid after the inspection.

What if there is an explosion?

There was an explosion in the subway? Press the train alarm button; Rely on the fire fighting equipment in the car to extinguish the fire; During the running of the train, there shall be no dangerous behaviors such as sliding doors, smashing windows, tripping, etc. When evacuating in the tunnel, follow the instructions, enter the tunnel from the front or rear evacuation doors calmly and orderly, and evacuate to the adjacent stations.

An explosion occurred in an entertainment venue? Quickly hide or lie down nearby, looking for simple shelters to protect important parts and organs of the body; Don't ignite with a lighter, lest it explode or burn again.

Shopping malls and bazaars exploded? Pay attention to avoid temporary shelves to avoid new injuries that may be caused by collapse; Be careful to avoid things under your feet. Once you fall, try to keep your body close to the wall or other supports.

What if you are hijacked by terrorists?

Stay calm, don't resist, don't look at each other, don't talk, lie on the ground and move slowly; Keep and hide your communication tools as well as possible, mute your mobile phone in time, and call the police by SMS (1 10) for help, mainly including your location, the number of hostages, the number of terrorists, etc. Pay attention to the number and leaders of terrorists so as to provide testimony afterwards; At the moment of the police raid, get on the ground as much as possible and leave the scene under the cover of the police.

What if I get shot?

Choose dense and impenetrable bunkers, such as walls, columns, tree trunks, front engines of automobiles, tires, etc. Wooden doors, glass doors, trash cans, bushes, flower baskets, counters, venue seats, doors, car tails, etc. Cann't stop the bullet, but it can be hidden. Try not to choose irregular objects, because it is easy to cause ricochet, which will lead to ricochet injury after concealment, such as rockery and ornamental stone.

When you are shot on the bus, you should quickly lower your head behind the front seat or squat down instead of standing. Take the opportunity to get off, don't get off if the situation is unknown; After determining the shooting direction, get off in the opposite direction of shooting and use the car body as a cover to evacuate quickly; When you are shot on the subway, you should kneel down quickly, lean back on the car body as much as possible, or kneel down, and don't stand up and walk around at will; If the vehicle is parked in the tunnel, you should take the opportunity to leave, and don't rush to break the window to avoid other injuries; When you are shot in a hotel, restaurant or entertainment place, if you hear the gunshots outside indoors, don't come out to watch, and hide to the side of the sofa or bed in time. Don't hide behind the door or in the closet.

What should I do if I encounter arson terrorist attacks?

Don't panic at the scene of the fire, don't run away or jump off a building blindly. Keep calm, know the environmental position, fire point, fire cause and fire size as soon as possible, and choose the escape method and route correctly; Modern buildings will emit a lot of smoke and toxic gases when burning, which is easy to cause suffocation and death. You can cover your nose and mouth with a wet towel and crawl forward to escape. You can't take off the towel in case of emergency on the phone. Don't waste time dressing or taking valuables, and don't temper in order to take things into the house; If the room is full of smoke, doors and windows can be opened if necessary, and closed again immediately after the smoke is exhausted, so as to prevent a large amount of smoke from pouring into the room for a long time, reduce visibility and make it impossible to hide because of high temperature and toxic gases; Avoid taking the elevator, because once there is a fire, the elevator will lose power, which may trap you in the elevator and make you unable to escape. Running at will not only cause a fire, but also cause a new burning point, leading to the spread of the fire; Don't make the decision to jump off a building easily when the room can't take refuge. At this time, you can grab the balcony or windowsill and turn it out of the window, waiting for rescue.

What should I do if I encounter a chemical terrorist attack?

If you smell unusual smells in public places, such as garlic, spicy, bitter almond and so on. See such as a large number of insect deaths, abnormal smoke, abnormal changes in plants, etc. ; When people are injured by chemical poisons or chemical poisons, they will have different degrees of discomfort. Such as nausea, chest tightness, convulsions, rash, etc. ; Abnormal items on site, such as abandoned gas masks, barrels, cans, plastic bags filled with liquid, etc. It may be a sign of a chemical terrorist attack. If you encounter a chemical terrorist attack, don't panic at the scene to further find out the situation. Chemical terrorist attacks mostly use air as the medium of communication, which makes people inhale toxic air and get poisoned. Often accompanied by abnormal smell, abnormal smoke and other phenomena; Hide as soon as possible. Cover your body, mouth and nose with environmental facilities and articles you carry with you to avoid or reduce the division, invasion and inhalation of poisons; Find the exit as soon as possible, leave the pollution source or polluted area quickly and orderly, and try to evacuate against the wind; Call the police in time and ask for help. You can call the police at 1 10, 1 19, 120; Carry out necessary self-help and mutual rescue. Take measures such as vomiting to speed up the discharge of poisons.

Use seats to protect the head in traffic accidents.

If there is a fire or traffic accident in a bus or private car, the passengers on the bus must leave the vehicle immediately and evacuate to a safe area. Never sit on the bus waiting for rescue or get off to watch, so as to avoid a second accident.

When the vehicle is in distress, passengers should hold the front seat or armrest and handle tightly with both hands, lower their heads, and protect their heads and faces with the backrest or arms of the front seat. In the event of a rollover or crash, you should quickly squat down, firmly grasp the chair feet of the front seats, try to fix your body between the two rows of seats, turn over with the car, and then evacuate one after another after the car stops.

When a bus or bus is on fire, don't push the door to escape; If the door doesn't open, passengers can get off from the nearest window. If you don't have a safety hammer, you can find something sharp and strong, such as belt buckles and stilettos.

How can a drowning person find first aid?

When someone is found drowning, it is very important to rescue the drowning person before hospital: rescue the drowning person from the water as soon as possible; Postural drainage adopts head-down prone position; Quickly remove foreign bodies such as sewage, dirt and secretions from the mouth and nose; Pat the back to promote the discharge of airway liquid and keep the airway unobstructed. For people with cardiac arrest, cardiopulmonary resuscitation should be performed immediately on the spot. Vomiting often occurs during resuscitation, so attention should be paid to prevent vomit from being inhaled by mistake. When conditions permit, endotracheal intubation and oxygen inhalation are performed. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation should not be stopped during patient transfer. After admission, give further life support.

1. Oxygen inhalation is treated with high concentration oxygen or hyperbaric oxygen, and mechanical ventilation can be used according to the condition.

2. In the case of rewarming and hypothermia, in vitro or in vivo rewarming measures can be adopted.

3. If the intracranial pressure increases after cerebral resuscitation, a ventilator should be used to increase the ventilation volume to keep PaCO2 at 25-30mmHg. At the same time, intravenous infusion of mannitol reduces intracranial pressure and brain edema.

4. Deal with complications. Treatment of patients complicated with convulsion, hypotension, arrhythmia, pulmonary edema, acute respiratory distress syndrome, stress ulcer bleeding, electrolyte and acid-base imbalance.

Survivors who are dying usually have no sequelae after treatment. The drowning patients who regained consciousness after 1 hour treatment had a good prognosis. The shorter the time from rescue in water to spontaneous breathing recovery, the better the prognosis.

In addition, we should prevent drowning from every detail of life: strict health examination should be carried out for those engaged in water operations. People with chronic or potential diseases should not engage in water work or sports. Don't drink alcohol before entering the water because alcohol will damage your judgment and self-protection ability. Regular knowledge and skills training in swimming, water self-rescue and mutual rescue; Water operators should have life-saving equipment. Avoid swimming in complex natural waters, or snorkeling or diving in shallow waters. Make full preparations before launching. Swimming in water with low water temperature is easy to cause leg and foot convulsions and promote drowning.

When drowning happens, people who are not familiar with water can take self-help methods: in addition to calling for help, take a supine position, head back, and let the nose come out of the water to breathe. Shallow exhalation and deep inhalation. Don't panic, don't raise your arms and flutter, which will make your body sink faster. Swimmers, if they have cramps in their calves, should keep calm, take a backstroke posture, bend the toes of the cramped legs backwards with their hands to release the cramps, and then slowly swim to the shore.