All previous Middle East wars

The Middle East is what western countries call the eastern and southern Mediterranean. The "Middle East War" is the longest war since the Second World War.

The First Middle East War: Because of the unfair division of Palestinian land, Arab countries went to war with Israel, and the Arab countries were dominant in the early days of the war. However, after the cease-fire, Israel received a lot of assistance from the United States, and the commander of the British Army Corps in Arabia commanded the troops to leave the battlefield, which led to the defeat of the Arab countries.

The Second Middle East War: The nationalization of the Suez Canal triggered a conflict of interest after the Egyptian civil revolution, and finally Britain, France and Israel withdrew their troops.

Third Middle East War: Syrian troops in the Golan Heights opened fire on Israeli settlements, and the conflict broke out. Israel won completely.

The Fourth Middle East War: Egypt and Syria attempted to recover lost ground and launched an attack on Israel, and the Arab countries won first and then lost.

Fifth Middle East War: Israel attacked Palestinian armed forces in Lebanon because its ambassador to Britain was assassinated by Palestinian armed forces. This war is a continuation of the Palestinian issue. Israel finally withdrew unilaterally and the fifth Middle East war ended. (Also known as the "Palestinian War", Israel calls it the "War of Independence")

The cause of the First Middle East War was that Jews forcibly expelled Palestinian aborigines before the First Middle East War. Arab countries were dissatisfied with the unequal division of Palestine by the United Nations and deprived the Palestinian people of their rights.

1948 In the early morning of the second day after the founding of Israel, the League of Arab States (seven member countries) * * * assembled more than 40,000 troops and launched a war of aggression against Israel, and the first Middle East war broke out.

At the beginning of the war, Israel's total strength was 34,000 and there were 33 planes. Arab countries are in a favorable position. The Israeli army retreated one after another, and the Israeli army desperately resisted in the south of Tel Aviv, so that the war situation did not deteriorate. Due to the short time since the founding of Israel, various state functional institutions have not yet fully operated normally. In order to gain time, the Israeli Prime Minister sent an urgent telegram to the Israeli representative to the United Nations Eban, saying that "Israel urgently needs several weeks to reorganize and equip its army." 17 in may, the United States submitted a motion to the un security Council, manipulating the security Council to order the two sides to cease fire within 36 hours. On June 1 1, the Arab and Israeli sides agreed to cease fire for four weeks. At this time, the Arab Coalition forces have occupied more than half of Israel's territory.

As soon as Israel caught its breath, it began to vigorously expand its armaments. At this time, Jews all over the world immediately took action to support Israel. The Israeli government formally established the formal Israel Defense Forces and received new light and heavy weapons donated by Jews all over the world. Bombers were imported from the United States and Britain, tanks were imported from France, and a large number of light weapons, field guns, bombs and explosives were obtained from the Czech Republic. 1on July 9, 948, the Arab Coalition forces attacked again, thinking that the war could be ended within ten days. Unexpectedly, at the beginning of the war, the allied forces were in a passive position, and Israel, which was not under Uxia Amon, seized about 1000 square kilometers of land in one breath. 15 On July 6th, the UN Security Council ordered the two sides to cease fire again.

At this time, the Israeli army, which has occupied military superiority, launched the Battle of Geoff, the Battle of Hiram and the Battle of Horev in one breath in view of the weakness of the Egyptian army. On February 23rd, 65438, the main force of Aron Division began to attack Arichi from Beersheba. Israeli commanders and archaeologists have discovered an ancient Roman passage, which may lead from Beersheba to Oja. Unexpectedly, Israel has secretly overhauled this old passage into a military road, which can be used by armored vehicles. Along this ancient road, the Egyptian army was completely defeated by surprise and without resistance. The Arab Coalition forces were originally based on the Egyptian army. When the Egyptian army was defeated, the allied forces were even more demoralized, losing ground and being completely driven out of Palestine.

In the case of military defeat, Egypt signed an armistice agreement in Rhode Island 1949, Greece on February 24th. According to the agreement, Egypt recognized the Israeli occupation of the entire Negev except the Gaza Strip. The border town of Oja is demilitarized, and Egypt is not allowed to set up positions within 0/4 to 0/7 miles from Oja/Kloc-.

Armistice negotiations between Jordan and Israel, a foreign nation, also began in Rhode Island on March 2, 1949. 1On April 3, 949, Israel and foreign Jordan formally signed an armistice agreement, and the "Arab Army" retreated an average of 2 miles on the 55-mile-long front in the middle. Israel recognized the merger of Jordan and Palestine, which are foreigners in the West Bank. Through this agreement, Israel controlled the strategic route through the Carmel Mountains to Esredland and the Galilee Valley, and lifted the Arab military threat to Tel Aviv and the eastern coastal plain of Hadela. Iraq refused to negotiate with Israel, but said it would abide by the Israel-Jordan agreement. After the Israeli-Jordanian armistice, Iraqi troops withdrew from Palestine.

The armistice agreement between Israel and Lebanon was signed on March 23rd, 1949. The agreement stipulates that the original border line between Palestine and Lebanon should be used as the dividing line, the two sides should establish a demilitarized zone, and Israeli troops should withdraw from Lebanese villages.

Israel and Syria held armistice talks at the border on April 1949, and signed an armistice agreement on July 20 1949.

At the end of the First Middle East War, Israel narrowly won, Arab countries died10.5 million, and Israeli troops died about 6,000 people. Israel occupied 80% of the total area of Palestine. In this war, 960,000 Palestinians were driven out of their homes and became refugees. (Also known as Suez Canal War)

1956, because Egypt prohibited Israeli ships from crossing the Suez Canal Company and straits of tiran, Israel launched a war with Egypt for the right of passage. In order to control straits of tiran, the original owners of the Israeli United Canal, British and French troops, launched an attack on Egypt in an attempt to regain control of the canal. 1 Israeli paratroopers parachuted at mitra Pass in Sinai Peninsula, and ground troops also crossed into Sinai to cooperate with the British and Farr attacks. At that time, the total strength of Egypt was about 654.38+0.5 million, with more than 500 tanks and more than 250 combat aircraft (only 654.38+0.000 was available). Egyptian President Nasser ordered the 30,000 troops stationed in Sinai to withdraw to the canal area in order to concentrate on defending the allied forces from attacking the canal. The Israeli army dispatched 10 brigade, headed by armored forces, and occupied Sinai and Gaza for five days.

On June 365438+1October 3 1 and 1956, the British and French allied forces dispatched more than 200 aircraft to attack Erhai and air base first. 165438+1October 5, parachuting and helicopter landing will be carried out near Port Said and Port Fuad; On the 6th, 22,000 landing troops were dispatched to occupy the above ports. Egyptian soldiers and civilians rose to defend Port Said. After the first batch of British and French paratroopers landed, the Egyptian authorities quickly informed the residents of the location where the enemy landed through the broadcast of important locations, and the Egyptian people immediately gathered to help the defenders destroy the enemy. So that the British and French troops never completely occupied Port Said, and the vanguard troops only entered Kabu, 27 kilometers south of Port Said. The actions of Britain and France have been condemned by the international community. After accepting the UN ceasefire resolution, a ceasefire was declared on June 6th 165438+. In 65438+February, all the British and French allied forces withdrew from Egypt. In March of the following year, Israeli troops also withdrew from Egypt.

Throughout the war, the British and French bombing of Egypt lasted for six days, and the ground fighting lasted for more than 40 hours, with 300-400 casualties and more than 50 aircraft lost. There are about 1000 Israeli casualties. In Egypt, more than 65,438+0,000 people died, more than 20,000 people were injured, 200 planes were lost, and five major cities were seriously damaged. 65,438+2,000 houses were destroyed by the war.

Although Israel withdrew its troops from Gaza and Sinai Peninsula in March of the following year (United Nations troops were stationed in the coastal areas of Gaza and the Gulf of Aqaba), it was granted the right to sail through straits of tiran. After the establishment of the Palestine Liberation Organization (also known as the Sixth Five-Year War), it became a threat to Israel. 1From May 28th to June 4th, 964, with the support of the Arab League, representatives from all walks of life in Palestine held the first Palestinian National Congress in East Jerusalem, which decided to set up the Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization and the Palestinian armed force Fatah. Since then, Fatah has continuously attacked Israel in order to establish an independent Palestinian state. This force began to form before the Six-Day War and posed a threat to Israel. Therefore, weakening the strength of the Arab League, destroying the Palestine Liberation Organization and then occupying Palestine became an important reason for Israel to launch the third Middle East war.

1967 in may 16, the commander-in-chief of the Egyptian armed forces asked the United nations to withdraw all troops stationed at the Egyptian-Israeli border observation post. Immediately, the Egyptian army sent troops to occupy part of the United Nations observation post. 1967 On May 18, the Egyptian Foreign Minister informed all countries that sent UN troops that UN troops must leave Egypt and Gaza immediately. 1On May 22nd, 967, Egypt announced that it would block the Straits of Tiran in Sinai from the next day. 1967 On May 30th, Jordan and Egypt signed a five-year mutual defense treaty. At this point, the Ethiopian-Jordanian Coalition forces have the opportunity to split Israel within half an hour.

Israeli troops attacked first. On June 5th, 1967, after the fighter plane 12 left to perform local air defense tasks, all other fighters of the Israeli Air Force mobilized to prepare for military strikes against Egypt, Jordan and Syria. The Israeli army took advantage of the lax security of the Egyptian army breakfast and before the officers went to work, and concentrated on using 200 planes to attack the Egyptian air base, destroying most of the Egyptian army's planes on the ground, and then destroying a large number of planes in Syria and Jordan; Twenty-two brigades were dispatched to carry out multi-directional quick assault, occupying Sinai Peninsula and Gaza area within four days, then occupying East Jerusalem and the West Bank of Jordan River, and occupying Syrian Golan Heights at 10. Egypt underestimated the Israeli raid and suffered heavy losses. Jordan, Egypt and Syria were forced to agree to a ceasefire. As a result, Israel expanded its strategic depth by 65,000 square kilometers, and hundreds of thousands of Palestinian Arabs were driven out of their homes by Israel and became refugees.

After the Third Middle East War, the Arab-Israeli confrontation continued to develop. 1967, 10 In June, an Egyptian navy ship sank the Israeli destroyer Eilat with a ship-to-ship missile, which was the first record of missile sinking a warship. 1968 since the second half of the year, Egyptian artillery units have carried out large-scale shelling on Israeli troops on the east bank of the canal and sent small units to attack Israel. From the second half of 1969, the Israeli army began to carry out retaliatory strategic air strikes on the west bank of the canal, including the surrounding areas of Cairo. Ceasefire in August 1970. The fighting between Arab and Israeli sides in the past two years is called "war of attrition". The two sides got new weapons and equipment from the Soviet Union and the United States respectively to prepare for the next war. The intensification of the struggle between the Soviet Union and the United States for the Middle East is an important international cause leading to the fourth Middle East war. The Fourth Middle East War (also known as the October War, Ramadan War or Yom Kippur War) After the Third Middle East War, Israel occupied the land of Egypt and Syria, drove millions of Palestinians out of their homes, and occupied a large area of land in Arab countries. The Arab countries launched this war to recover lost ground.

1973 10, Egypt and Syria went to war with Israel in order to get rid of the situation of "no war and no peace" caused by the United States and the Soviet Union. Iraq, Jordan, Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Kuwait, Tunisia and the Palestine Liberation Organization all sent troops or planes to participate in the fighting. Egypt (President Sadat) tried to recover part of the lost land on the east bank of the canal and create conditions for the subsequent recovery of Sinai Peninsula through negotiations. Syria (President Assad) attempted to recover all the Golan Heights. In order to realize the suddenness of the attack, Egypt and Syria adopted various deceptive measures, such as repeated mobilization and demobilization, military exercises, etc., and chose the time of war as Ramadan in Islam (Muslims fast during the day) and Yom Kippur in Judaism (Christians fast on that day and stop general official activities) to cover up the attempt and timing of the attack. After Israel acquired some territories of Egypt and Syria in 1967, it expanded its defense depth, built defense lines in Balaf and Golan Heights on the east bank of the canal, and turned to a defense strategy. The Israeli army relies on its powerful air force, tank forces and reconnaissance intelligence system, which is too paralyzed and neglected. Until a few hours before the war, the Israeli high command (Prime Minister Chmell, Defense Minister Midayan, etc. ) I thought that Egypt and Syria dared not attack, only four brigades were stationed in Sinai Peninsula and three brigades were stationed in Golan Heights.

1973161October 14, Egypt and Syria attacked the Sinai Peninsula (western line) and the Golan Heights (northern line) with superior forces under the cover of artillery, air fire and anti-aircraft fire nets. On the northern line, three Syrian infantry divisions broke through the Israeli defense line on the same day, and on the 7th, two armored divisions went into action, reaching an area several kilometers away from Israel. On the western front, the Egyptian army crossed the canal with the cooperation of navy and air force. Three infantry divisions of the Second Army quickly broke through the Balaf line north of Great Bitter Lake, and two infantry divisions of the Third Army broke through the south of Great Bitter Lake. Infantry carrying anti-tank missiles and rocket launchers took the lead in passing through the gap between the support points of the Israeli army, destroying a large number of Israeli tanks, and the Israeli army's ace armored brigade was annihilated by Egyptian infantry earlier and earlier. Engineers quickly broke the dike, opened 60 passages in 9 hours, and erected 12 pontoon bridge to ensure that two armored divisions, two mechanized divisions and other follow-up troops crossed the river. The navy fought naval battles with Israeli warships and used naval guns to support the attacks of ground troops. The Egyptian army won a great victory in the first battle.

19731June 10, the Egyptian army initially achieved its operational goal, stopped its large-scale attack as scheduled, and changed its plan to completely eradicate Israel with the Arab League countries. Israel, on the other hand, quickly mobilized its reserve forces and increased its total strength to nearly 400,000 under the circumstances of heavy losses and extreme passivity. First, focus on the northern line, stop the Syrian army from attacking, carry out local counterattacks, and concentrate on using the main air force to attack Syrian ground forces and air defense missile positions, and air strike major cities in the rear of Syria.

197365438+1October 1 1, taking three divisions of the army as the offensive, counterattacked the 1967 ceasefire line that threatened Damascus, the capital of Syria, attacked Syrian aid forces in Iraq and Jordan, and won the initiative in the northern battlefield. Subsequently, the Israeli army turned its focus to the western front. Seeing that the Israeli army had invaded Syria, the Egyptian army thought that the time had come, and in June of 5438+04, it invested 1000 tanks to launch a general attack on Israel. The Israeli army invested 800 tanks, cooperated with infantry, tanks and artillery, used helicopter gunships and other planes, launched air-to-surface missiles such as Mavericks and Kuzu, and TV-guided bombs such as White Star Eye, and destroyed Egyptian tanks.

1973, 10, 15 nights, Israeli army division a Sharon made a surprise attack on the junction of the 2nd and 3rd army groups in Egypt in Dakuhu area, and the vanguard troops crossed the river near Dewiswa, Hubei province in the morning of 16, destroying some positions of Egyptian air defense missiles, creating favorable conditions for air force activities. After the pontoon bridge was erected, two more divisions crossed the river, detoured south and launched an attack; On the 23rd, he arrived in Suez Bay, occupied the port of Adaibi, formed an encirclement of Suez City and the Egyptian Third Army, won the initiative of the western front, and exchanged the Egyptian Third Army for the relaxation of the northern line.

1973101On October 24th, Egypt decided to cease fire under the mediation of the UN Security Council. Egypt, Syria and Israel signed the 1 phase disengagement agreement in June and May of the following year respectively. At this point, Egypt controlled the narrow strip about 10 km deep on the east bank of the canal, and basically achieved its strategic goal (1in April 1982, according to the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel in March 1979, Israel completely withdrew from Sinai Peninsula). On the northern line, Israeli troops retreated to the west of the 1967 ceasefire line.

In this war, Egypt and Syria made a surprise attack and a double attack on Israel after careful preparation, which posed a great threat to Israel. The rapid mobilization of the Israeli army, from the north to the west, focused on the use of troops, and turned passivity into initiative, especially the deep assault on the west bank of the canal, which played a role in reversing the passive situation. The two sides invested a lot of tanks, artillery, planes and missiles. Egypt and Israel launched a war of 1800 tanks in one day, which is rare in the history of war. A, Israel used the advanced weapons and equipment of the Soviet Union and the United States at that time, and was supplemented by the strategic airlift of the Soviet Union and the United States in time, and used the information provided by the Soviet Union and the United States reconnaissance satellites. The Egyptian army's air defense system, mainly based on Sam -2, Sam -3, Sam -6 and Sam -7 missiles, mastered the battlefield air superiority at the beginning of the war, so that Israeli planes dared not enter the canal airspace for several days; Air-to-air missiles such as military rattlesnakes and dragonflies and Gabriel ship-to-ship missiles were used to deal with the planes and ships of the Afghan army. The development of large-scale electronic countermeasures makes the battlefield situation more complicated and the combat losses increase. About 60% of the aircraft losses and more than 80% of the ships losses of both sides, and most of the destroyed tanks were destroyed by various missiles. In terms of strategic guidance and operations, the extensive use of electronic technology and the use of various tactical missiles are the outstanding features of this war. After the war, Israeli hardliners rose again, and their vigilance against Arab countries was greatly strengthened. (Also known as Israel's invasion of Lebanon)

In order to establish their own country, the Palestinians established the Palestine Liberation Organization in May 1964 and launched a war with Israel. The bases of the PLO guerrillas are located in neighboring Arab countries, mainly in Syria and Lebanon. From 65438 hours to 0970 hours, the PLO headquarters and its main guerrillas entered Lebanon from Jordan. Later, they directly intervened in Lebanon's domestic struggle, fostered and armed Islamic forces, cracked down on pro-Israel Christian forces, and gradually took control of southern Lebanon and the capital Beirut, becoming a "country within a country." And build military facilities, attack and shell northern Israel from time to time, especially in the fourth Middle East war, the PLO guerrillas assisted the Egyptian and Syrian troops in launching guerrilla warfare and attacked Israeli military bases, warehouses and radar stations. Become a threat to Israel.

1On June 4th, 982, Israel dispatched planes to attack the PLO guerrilla bases in Beirut and southern Lebanon. The Israeli army dispatched four brigades with about 20,000 people. After five hours of artillery and aviation fire preparation, with the support of helicopter gunships, navy, air force and artillery fire, they launched a surprise attack on the PLO guerrillas in the west, middle and east. And attacked the Bekaa Valley of the Syrian army.

1On June 27th, 982, the seventh emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution demanding that Israel cease fire immediately and withdraw its troops from Lebanon unconditionally. At this time, in order to preserve its strength, the PLO agreed to leave Beirut West. On the 28th, the PLO put forward three conditions for Israel's withdrawal from Lebanon: (1), Israeli troops withdrew 5 kilometers south of Beirut; (2) Retain a symbolic Palestinian military unit in the Lebanese army; (3) Maintain the political structure of the PLO in Beirut. Israel rejected these three conditions, demanding that the relevant PLO groups must hand over their weapons to the Lebanese army and that all PLO members should withdraw from Beirut and Lebanon. On July 6, the PLO refused to be escorted by the US military, demanding that a multinational peace force be deployed in Beirut to escort the PLO armed forces to evacuate safely. On August 1 day, Israeli troops captured the international airport, entered the museum area in Beirut West District on the 4th, surrounded the PLO headquarters building on the 5th and bombed the PLO headquarters building on the 6th. During this period, the Israeli army also bombed the Bekaa Valley.

In this war, the PLO suffered more than 3,000 casualties, destroyed more than 0/00 tanks/KLOC, fired 500 artillery pieces and occupied more than 400 secret warehouses. The Syrian army suffered more than 65,438+0,000 casualties and lost more than 400 tanks and 58 aircraft.