On Life Education (2)

Research on College Students' Life Education

Abstract: In recent years, the phenomenon of college students' suicide has become a hot topic in society, and the relevant data of colleges and universities are rising continuously. Suicide originates from pain, which is a sign that a certain aspect of life has been destroyed. When the amount of life destruction accumulates to a certain limit, death will occur. The main causes of college students' suicide are employment pressure, academic pressure, personal belief deviation and fragile psychological quality. Therefore, higher education must highlight the important position of life education, take the Marxist theory of all-round development as the guide, strengthen psychological consultation and guidance, and offer life education courses in time.

Keywords: suicide; College students; Life education

I. Introduction

For a long time, college students full of youthful passion and enterprising spirit have been regarded as "favored children". They selflessly absorb the essence of human knowledge in the "ivory tower", explore the truth of social development, and show their brilliant and energetic talents at the same time. Undoubtedly, college students who shoulder the heavy responsibility of national rejuvenation and sacred mission are the hope and future of the motherland and the most precious and scarce human resource wealth of the country. In a sense, the development of college students today indicates the development prospect of the country tomorrow. However, in recent years, college students' suicides (including master students and doctoral students) frequently appear in various media, which has aroused widespread concern from all walks of life. 20 12 In April, a girl from the Department of Chemistry, School of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University committed suicide by taking poison. The next day, another girl from the Finance Department of the School of Economics committed suicide by jumping off a building [1]; In June 2009, Yang Yuanyuan, a female graduate student of Shanghai Maritime University, tied two towels together and hanged herself in the bathroom of the dormitory, ending her 30-year-old life. On March 20 10, Wu Mou, a 2009 doctoral student at Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, jumped to his death from the main building of the school. 20 12 March, two female college students in Nanjing committed suicide within a short period of 10 days [2].

College students' suicide has become a hot spot of social concern, and its data is also rising. Relevant statistics show that from 200/kloc-0 to 2005, a total of 28 1 college students committed suicide, of which 72 survived and 209 died, with a suicide mortality rate of 74.4%. In 2006, the number of college students committing suicide surged to 130, which is called the "high incidence year" of suicide. In 2008, 63 college students committed suicide, including 23 in Shanghai and 23 in Beijing. In the first half of 2009, 14 college students committed suicide in Beijing, but this year, 2 1 college students committed suicide in Shanghai, of which 13 died. 20 10 the Jiangsu provincial department of education disclosed in the news conference of the new semester that the number of college students committing suicide in Jiangsu exceeded 40 in the first half of the year alone [3]. Due to the interwoven influence of employment pressure, graduation thesis and lovers' separation, college students commit suicide the most every May. Therefore, this pomegranate blooming and passionate May is called "Black May" by college students.

Second, the philosophical thinking of suicide.

Suicide, a sad and heavy topic, is not only an important topic concerned by educators and psychologists, but also an increasingly serious social problem that sociologists and philosophers attach great importance to. According to the statistics of the World Health Organization, suicide has almost become a "social plague". Every year, 16 people in the world die of suicide, but the number of people who attempt suicide is 20 times that of "successful" people. As far as China is concerned, suicide is extremely serious. About 230,000-250,000 people commit suicide every year, and the number of attempted suicides is as high as 2 million. There are 8 attempted suicides every 2 minutes, 1 person commits suicide. According to the Crisis Intervention Committee of China Mental Health Association, suicide has become the fifth leading cause of death after respiratory diseases, malignant tumors, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and accidental deaths. However, among people aged 65,438+05-34, the first cause of death is not medical incurable diseases, but shocking suicide [4]. On March 20 12, Professor Liao Guifang, director of the Mental Health Education Research Office of Chongqing Jiaotong University, conducted a research on the construction of innovative mode of life education for college students. The results show that among 980 college students in more than ten colleges and universities in Chongqing, are there any suicidal thoughts in their minds? On this question, 4 1.09% of the students chose "occasionally" and "occasionally". In the item "Have you ever committed suicide", 17.39% of the college students chose to commit suicide [5] .20065.00000000000005 In today's society where material living conditions are improving day by day, people are no longer running around all day for food and clothing. Many middle-class women are trying their best to find the best way to lose weight, plastic surgery and beauty every day in pursuit of "ups and downs" figure. In such a social life environment, the rising suicide rate forces sociologists and philosophers to think.

The in-depth and systematic research on suicide in academic circles mainly focuses on sociology and psychology, especially psychoanalysis. As far as sociology is concerned, the French sociologist Emile? Durkheim was the first person to study suicide systematically, and his "On Suicide" published in 1897 was the first classic book to study suicide. In this book, he strongly refutes naturalism, psychology and racism's explanation of suicide, and profoundly points out the defects of his explanation, so he can't justify himself. He believes that suicide is not directly related to mental state, natural conditions, race, genetic quality, mental illness, personal quality and climate change. , but closely related to the social environment (mainly involving political crisis, social unrest, marital changes, economic crisis, job changes, etc. ) and summarized it as "the sociality of suicide" [6]. Durkheim made an in-depth study of suicide as an extremely serious sociological problem, which surpassed the previous study of simple empirical induction or subjective imagination. But unfortunately, he only gave a linear description of various social factors related to suicide, such as demotion, unemployment, divorce, etc. ), but did not give a "thorough and convincing explanation" from the sociological point of view.

Psychologists use sociological methods different from Durkheim's, especially scholars who are committed to psychoanalysis try to uncover the mystery of suicide from the fields of personality characteristics, unconsciousness, instinct and early experience. Sigmund, an outstanding psychoanalyst in Austria? Freud believed that suicide was an individual's extreme self-attack. He believes that when individuals' anxiety, sadness and depression are not well vented and released, they will take the form of self-punishment and self-attack to disperse and transfer the repressed worries. On this basis, he explained suicide as an individual's innate "death instinct". Freud believed that everyone has an instinct for survival and an instinct for death, which respectively represent the constructive tendency and destructive tendency in the personality system. When the balance of personality is unbalanced due to the tendency of destruction, individuals will become morbid and go to the extreme of suicide or murder. Carl from America? Menlinger inherited Freud's view of "death instinct" and further developed this theory. He believes that the destructive impulse inherent in human nature is always trying to find a way to vent. When this exit is blocked, he will turn to himself When the energy of self-venting accumulates to a certain extent, tragic suicide will occur [7]. In the field of psychology in China, scholars mainly believe that suicide is the result of individual personality disorder. When suicide happens, they ignore the direct and indirect reasons and always trace back to the fact that the suicide suffers from some degree of depression; On the contrary, when someone is depressed, people will worry that he will one day embark on the dangerous road of suicide.

Psychoanalytic theory of psychology explains suicide from the perspective of "death instinct". Although it is reasonable in logical structure, it is difficult to be confirmed at the empirical level. Because the essence of life is to keep the pursuit of eternity, that is, the longer you live, the better. Then, as a living individual with advanced rational thinking ability, why should he risk his life to face death? We believe that suicide stems from pain, and pain is a sign that a certain aspect of life is destroyed. When the amount of life destruction accumulates to a certain limit, death will occur, so the essence of pain is death. Losing love is mental pain, unemployment is physical pain caused by material loss, and demotion is both physical and mental pain. When life is painful, rational thinking will lead him to find a good way to relieve the pain. When there is no other more effective way to get rid of the subject's pain, death becomes a choice, so suicide occurs. Of course, suicide for the purpose of dedication is not included in this discussion (for example, Qu Yuan committed suicide by throwing himself into the Miluo River in 278 BC, and Chen Tianhua committed suicide by jumping into the sea in Dasen Bay on February 8, 1905, etc.). Such suicide is actually a transformation of life, that is, sacrificing biological life in exchange for social life.

Third, the causes of college students' suicide

Although looking at suicide from a philosophical point of view, it is found that suicide stems from the individual's liberation from pain, that is, the release of pain and suffering by death. However, from the suicide note and in-depth communication with the attempted suicide, we can find that there are some little-known complex factors behind every college student who chooses to commit suicide. Only by solving these confusing and suicidal "dead knots" can we awaken every college student who tries to commit suicide to love life, resist sadness and refuse to commit suicide.

(A) Employment pressure

The severe employment situation and strong employment pressure are the important reasons for college students' suicide, especially those who come from the "grassroots" class, have no social relations and are heavily in debt. Because I can't find a job smoothly on the eve of graduation, I often help myself commit suicide. From 1977 to the early 1990s, China's higher education implemented a planned economy system. In the meantime, as long as college students can graduate smoothly, the government will arrange corresponding jobs for you. Since the mid-1990s (1999), especially since the "enrollment expansion" of colleges and universities, the employment pressure of college students has been increasing day by day. 1998 China colleges and universities enrolled 1083600 students, with a gross enrollment rate of 9.8%. In 20 10, the gross enrollment rate of higher education in China was 26.5%, and the undergraduate enrollment was 66 17600, 6.7 times that of 1998. Faced with the severe employment situation, many undergraduates who are not keen on scientific research choose postgraduate entrance examination to alleviate the employment pressure, and choose Kaobo when they graduate from master's degree because there is a big gap between the employment position and the ideal position. Doctoral students are generally older and have heavier academic tasks. If coupled with financial constraints, employment prospects are not optimistic and other factors, they tend to go to no return.

20 10 on March 22nd, 2009, Wu Mou, a Ph.D. student of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, jumped off the 13 floor of the main building of the school, ending his young life. Why did Dr. Wu commit suicide? His suicide note clearly stated, "The world is a stagnant pool, and I can't stir up any ripples here. All struggles are facing difficulties. " How he wished his elderly mother "didn't have to pick up garbage and rags for me, cook for others on the construction site to make money, and don't have to look at other people's eyes." "However, the difficulties after graduation made him unable to repay his mother's hardships. Driven by a strong sense of self-blame, he chose to die as an apology. Dr. Wu of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT) committed suicide for fear of the future, which is deplorable, while Liu Wei's suicide refers to the obstruction of employment. Liu Wei (junior college), a junior girl from Shijiazhuang University, comes from the countryside of Wei County. On June 23, 2009, she drowned herself in a small garbage dump. After Liu Wei committed suicide, he left a diary of 654.38+ 10,000 words. His diary shows that the direct cause of Liu Wei's suicide was the employment pressure on the eve of graduation, which became the last straw to crush her [8]. At present, there are more than 6 million college graduates in China's colleges and universities every year, and with years of accumulation, there are still more than 7 million college graduates to be employed. Facing the very severe employment situation, college students with poor psychological quality and poor self-ability will have suicidal thoughts.

Academic pressure

In the in-depth discussion and excavation of the causes of college students' suicide, we find that academic pressure (especially for girls) is a cause worthy of great concern. Many "favored children" who have entered the university have achieved excellent results in the process of receiving basic education 12 years. They are not only affirmed by teachers, praised by parents, but also envied by students. In the process of growing up with flowers and applause, their sense of self-superiority is very prominent. However, after entering colleges and universities, due to the "Copernican" changes in learning environment, learning methods and learning groups, the outstanding students who stood out from the crowd in the past became no longer outstanding and their grades were average, so there was a strong gap in their hearts and the idea of suicide sprouted.

Another kind of college students, after entering colleges and universities, because of the extensive school management, either indulge in online games and neglect their studies, or make friends extensively and travel to different campuses all day, or blindly and madly research, leading to the lack of majors, and the red light of "failing the subject" flashes frequently. When their self-awareness was discovered, they were filled with remorse and confessed to death. 20 10 in March, a boy from an university in Xi 'an committed suicide by taking medicine because he couldn't get his diploma twice. 20 10 On March 28th, a girl surnamed Huang of Nanjing Forestry University hanged herself in the dormitory. The cause of death is related to the pressure of postgraduate entrance examination. 20 10 On April 5th, Panther Chen, a junior girl from University of Science and Technology Beijing, jumped off the ninth floor of the Yifu Building of our school and ended her life at the age of 2 1. According to the school's education archives, by the end of junior year, Panther Chen still had more than 60 credits. In my junior year, Panther Chen 1 1 failed all subjects (two subjects were absent) [9].

(C) personal belief deviation

As young talents with modern scientific knowledge, college students should establish a correct world outlook, a scientific outlook on life and values, and treat the operation and development of things with dialectical materialism and historical materialism. As far as personal growth and development are concerned, we must take Marxism–Leninism as the guide, arm our minds with scientific knowledge, rationally distinguish between true and false, and consciously resist fallacies, instead of being bewitched by some cult organizations in society. A few years ago, illegal cult organizations used the participants' original intention to keep fit to spread cults, which caused some people with incorrect right and wrong concepts and weak ideological will to fall into a quagmire of negative world-weariness, and there were many incredible college students among the people who were bewitched and victimized.

A senior girl from Anhui College of Traditional Chinese Medicine found a tumor in the head of colon and spleen during her college years. She was treated under the direct guidance of a famous oncologist in Anhui Province, and her condition improved rapidly. Later, someone sold ""to the girl, advocating that as long as she practiced, the tumor would disappear naturally, and she didn't need to take medicine or have surgery, which led the girl to stop taking medicine and practicing. When the condition worsened and the pain was unbearable, the girl committed suicide from the ward on the fifth floor of the hospital. 1On July 4th, 999, Chang Haochi, a student of Shanxi Coal Management Cadre College, piled up branches outside the village and poured gasoline on them to set himself on fire. Lv Tao, a student of Shanghai Railway University Medical College, began to practice ""from 1997 and fell deeply into it. He jumped from the eighth floor of the second teaching building of the school in the early morning of June 1998 and died at the age of 24. Due to the deviation of personal beliefs, it is a pity, sad and deplorable thing for college students to commit suicide under the temptation of fallacies and cults.

(D) fragile psychological quality

At present, the main body of college students is the post-90s generation, and a small number of them belong to the post-80s generation, regardless of whether they are the post-90s generation or the post-80s generation. The only child accounts for the vast majority. In the one-child family, children are in an absolute central position. In addition to the meticulous care of parents, there are also the care and love of grandparents and grandparents. Children growing up in such a family environment is extremely unfavorable to the sound development of their personality. Apart from studying, almost all other things are "contracted" by family members, which is the real "clothes to reach out, food to mouth". Surrounded by layers of care, children become very willful and self-centered, and their psychological quality is very fragile because they have not (rarely) experienced setbacks. At the same time, with the social transformation in China, the number of single-parent families has been increasing, the actual population in the family has been further reduced, and the family structure has undergone drastic changes, that is, from the traditional joint family to the nuclear family. Durkheim pointed out, "In a family with a small population, common feelings and homesickness cannot be very strong. In this kind of family, it is impossible to form a strong tradition as a link between members of the same group. " When college students grow up in such a family environment, whenever they encounter setbacks, the emotional support provided by the family is very limited. Such college students rarely communicate with their classmates and it is difficult to get their sincere help. Therefore, we have to admit that fragile psychological quality is an important factor leading to college students' suicide.

Fourth, measures to implement life education for college students.

(A) highlight the important position of life education

Life education refers to helping individuals understand life scientifically, so that they can establish a correct outlook on life, values and outlook on life in the process of continuous growth and development, and fear and cherish life; Constantly stimulate the potential of individual life, strive to improve self-regulation ability and survival ability, overcome the difficulties encountered in life, and finally realize the education of life value. Life education is a long process, which should run through an individual's life. From birth to school, family is the main undertaker of life education, and school is the main undertaker during more than ten years of school education. Personal adult life education is mainly self-education. Higher education plays an important role in the growth and development of individuals and shoulders the great responsibility of implementing life education. However, since modern times, under the strong impact of instrumental rationalism, colleges and universities have paid more attention to science and engineering than humanities, and the status of liberal arts education in colleges and universities has been declining, especially since World War II. In recent years, college students commit suicide frequently, which reflects the underestimation and indifference of the value of life education in colleges and universities. Maria, a famous Italian educator? Montessori profoundly pointed out: "The goal of education is to help the normal development of individual life, and education is everything that contributes to the healthy development of life." [10] Tagore, an Indian poet and philosopher, said: "The purpose of education should be to convey the breath of life to mankind." The starting point of education is individual life, and the end point is the healthy and all-round development of life. Life education is an educational activity to guide students to know, fear and love life. In this sense, caring for life is an indispensable core value of modern education. Colleges and universities should guide students to explore scientific truth, analyze natural mysteries and constantly create new knowledge and technology, while caring for life (life is the basic point of all human activities), and put life education in an important position in the whole education and teaching activities, so that individuals can study happily, live healthily and grow up happily.

(2) Guided by Marxist theory of man's all-round development.

Since the end of the 20th century, China's higher education has undergone Copernican changes, from the traditional steady development model (the gross enrollment rate of higher education in China was 9.8% in 1998) to the fast lane of leap-forward development (the gross enrollment rate of higher education in China was 26.9% in 20 165438). The expansion of the enrollment scale of higher education has greatly improved the cultural level and comprehensive quality of the population, supplemented high-level professionals in time and effectively, and played a huge role in promoting the all-round and rapid development of the economy and society. However, with the continuous promotion of college enrollment expansion, the employment rate of graduates has been severely tested and challenged. In order to effectively improve the employment rate of graduates, many colleges and universities take social needs as their major setting direction, and at the same time increase the proportion of skilled and operational courses in the curriculum setting. In particular, many higher vocational colleges arbitrarily cut humanities and social sciences courses, which seriously tilted the balance of personal all-round development.

Marxism holds that anyone's task, pursuit, value and mission is to spare no effort to develop all his abilities in an all-round way, constantly tap his potential abilities, and constantly improve the abilities he lacks. Man's all-round development is an indispensable part of Marxist philosophy, even the ideal of Marxist philosophy. Marx once put forward the ideal of the alliance of free people in the declaration of * * *. In his view, man's real all-round development means that "man has his own all-round essence, that is, as a complete person" [1 1]. As far as the pursuit of education is concerned, Aristotle attaches equal importance to physical education, moral education and intellectual education with plant soul, animal soul and rational soul respectively. The "Six Arts" in China's ancient education is not only the interpretation of people's all-round development, but also the essential pursuit of educational development. As far as China's higher education is concerned, it must be guided by Marxist theory of all-round development of human beings. While strengthening skills and operation training, it is also necessary to lay a solid philosophical foundation, improve students' humanistic quality, ensure the health of college students from the source of life and the depths of their hearts, and truly realize their all-round development.

(C) to strengthen psychological counseling and guidance

The psychological development of college students is between mature and semi-mature, and some aspects of psychological development lag behind the growth rate of physiological function. So it fluctuates greatly, and they are often easily influenced by external factors to produce emotional and psychological changes. In addition, China is in a period of social transformation, the pace of life is accelerating, the social competition is becoming increasingly fierce, the employment prospects of college students are becoming more and more severe, and factors such as poor academic performance and lovelorn are superimposed, which may become the driving force of psychological obstacles. In the psychological interview and analysis of attempted suicides, it is found that they generally have more or less psychological problems. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen psychological counseling and guidance for college students. Psychological counseling refers to the process of helping visitors achieve self-reliance through interpersonal relationships and using psychological methods and skills. Through psychological consultation, we can create a good social and psychological environment and conditions for college students, improve their quality of spiritual life and psychological efficacy, thus reducing and reducing psychological barriers, preventing psychological diseases and ensuring mental health. Through psychological consultation and guidance, college students can face up to the reality, improve their ability to bear setbacks and self-psychological adjustment, make them maintain a rational and correct attitude in the face of failures and setbacks, give full play to their subjective initiative to transform the environment and strive to realize their ideals.

Provide life education courses

As the main body of students' systematic learning and its process and arrangement, curriculum is not only the basic basis for schools to practice normal educational activities, but also the basic guarantee for schools to achieve educational goals, and plays a "runway" role in students' growth and development. In western developed countries, life education courses are offered not only in higher education, but also in basic education in many countries. China Port and Taiwan Province attach great importance to life education. Taiwan Province Province of China once declared 200 1 as the "Year of Life Education", and vigorously promoted life education into the classroom and life. The authorities of Taiwan Province Province in China have invested a lot of people, money and materials to set up life education courses, mainly including philosophy and life, life and death care, moral thinking and choice, religion and life. , thus forming a relatively systematic and complete content system. However, due to the lack of profound understanding of the significance of life education courses in Chinese mainland, only a few universities offer life education courses, and the curriculum system is not perfect. There are almost no life education courses in the existing 1280 higher vocational colleges. China's first "Life Education" reader was born in Wuhan University, which separated life education from ideological and moral education and listed it as one of the general courses in the whole school. Harbin Medical University tested the students who took health education courses, and the results showed that eight of the nine risk factors leading to students' psychological pain had shown an obvious downward trend. Some colleges of South-Central University for Nationalities set up compulsory courses of life education, which strengthened the life ethics education for students and achieved good results. It can be seen that Chinese colleges and universities must improve their understanding of the significance of life education courses, strengthen the development of life courses, make them systematic and scientific, and take care of life from daily life to formal courses and teaching processes.

References:

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[3] Huang Yongkui, Zhang Yunjun. College students' life education should turn into the fast lane [J]. Higher education research, 2011(2): 31-35.

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[5] Huang Jun. Investigation shows that 0/7% of college students in Chongqing/KLOC commit suicide [EB/OL]. [20 12-03- 16].

[6] Durkheim Suicide theory [M]. Beijing: Commercial Press, 1996: 14.

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[8] Yang. Diary of the death of female graduates [N]. Southern weekend, 2009-03- 19.

[9] Yang Meng, Huan Yao. Female college students commit suicide: why life is worse than death [J]. Du Nan Weekly, 20 10 (19): 62.

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[1 1] Marx and Engels. Complete works of Marx and Engels [M]. Volume 42. Beijing: People's Publishing House, 1979: 123.

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