What is Beppong culture?

A translation of "Pompeii". An ancient city located in Campania, the southwest coast of Italy, is located at the southeast foot of Mount Vesuvius and only 4 minutes' drive (23 kilometers) northwest of Naples. Pompeii has a long history. It was buried in the ground by volcanic ash at the moment of Vesuvius eruption in August 79 A.D., but it retained a large number of architectural relics and artistic relics of the ancient Roman Empire and became the most famous ancient city site in the world. The excavation of the ancient city began in 1748 and was nearly completed in 196. The city is built on a pentagonal platform with an area of about 63 hectares, surrounded by a wall with a length of 3 kilometers. Ancient Roman buildings, handicrafts and other living relics are well preserved, providing first-hand information for studying ancient Roman society and history. A famous tourist destination.

Pompeii's history can be traced back to the 1th century BC, when Pompeii was just a small market on the bay, mainly engaged in agriculture and fishery production. Until the 3rd century BC, the powerful Roman Empire included Pompeii into its territory, and it began to become a prosperous city with numerous trade exchanges and developed economy, with many magnificent buildings and exquisite sculptures, which was one of the economic, political and religious centers of the Roman Empire at that time.

At noon on August 24th, 79 AD, Vesuvius, an active volcano near Pompeii, suddenly erupted, and the whole Pompeii was instantly annihilated by volcanic ash, gravel and mud. The most prosperous city in ancient Rome disappeared completely within 18 hours after the eruption of Vesuvius. It was not until the mid-18th century that this ancient city, which was deeply buried in the ground, was excavated and rediscovered.

In a mural unearthed in Pompeii, it was written that "nothing lasts forever", but the sudden disaster not only destroyed Pompeii, but also made the style of the ancient city at that time immortal-an arena that can accommodate nearly 2, people, more than 1 bars, more than 3 bread and dessert shops, a grand theater that can accommodate 5, people, a pedestrian street paved with large slabs, carved stone pools and exquisite murals ..... As Goethe, the great poet, said, "Among many disasters in the world, there has never been a disaster like Pompeii, which has brought such great pleasure to future generations."

The unearthed Pompeii is 12m long from east to west and 7m wide from north to south, with an area of 1.8km2 and seven gates. The four streets in the city are criss-crossed in the shape of a well. The main street is 7 meters wide, paved with stone slabs, and there are drains along the street. The most magnificent buildings in the city are concentrated around a rectangular public square in the southwest. There are temples, public markets, municipal center halls and other buildings around the square, which is the political, economic and religious center of Pompeii. The southeast of the square is the seat of the official government of Pompeii, and the northeast of the square is a bustling bazaar. In addition, there are public baths, gymnasiums and two theaters in the city, and there is an amphitheater in the east of the market that can accommodate more than 1, spectators.

Editing this section of Pompeii's artistic achievements

Pompeii was excavated, in which a large number of murals were preserved. According to these murals, Roman murals are divided into the first, second, third and fourth styles of Pompeii. The first style is mosaic style, that is, the details of the building are molded with lime mud on the wall, grooves are made to divide the wall, and colors are painted, resulting in the illusion effect of colored slate mosaic; The second style is architectural style, that is, drawing architectural details with colors on the wall, creating the illusion effect that the indoor space is much more spacious than it actually is with perspective method, and arranging plot paintings with larger scenes in the center of the wall; The third style is Egyptian style, which emphasizes the sense of plane and depicts exquisitely, and draws small and exquisite still life and small mythical scenes with color on the wall, which has an elegant decorative feeling; The fourth style is Pompeii's baroque style, which is similar to the baroque style popular in Europe in the 17th century. It depicts layers of very realistic scenery on the wall, which is complicated and rich, with a sense of space and movement and gorgeous colors. Pompeii's famous mural "Secret Sacrifice" is the masterpiece of the second style, which shows the secret sacrifice to Dionysus, the god of wine. On the crimson background, the scene of the secret sacrifice unfolded step by step, and the nervous girls, the drunken Sator and the anxious female believers were all in a solemn, mysterious and tense atmosphere.

Pompeii

Ancient Roman city. Located near Naples in southern Italy. Founded in the 6th century BC, it was destroyed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD. Pompeii was a small and medium-sized town at that time, but because it was buried by volcanic ash, the street houses were well preserved. Archaeological excavations have continued since 1748, providing important information for understanding the social life, culture and art of ancient Rome.

The ancient city is slightly rectangular, surrounded by city walls, surrounded by city gates, with criss-crossing streets and a chessboard layout of neighborhoods. Important buildings surround the municipal square, including the Temple of Jupiter, the Temple of Apollo, the Great Hall, baths, shopping malls, etc., as well as the necessary facilities of Roman municipal buildings such as theaters, gymnasiums, Colosseum and aqueducts. There are many workshops and shops, all of which are set up in neighborhoods according to industries. Together with a large number of residential buildings, they constitute an important physical object for studying Roman civil architecture. Generally, wealthy families have gardens. The main house is surrounded by a central patio, with halls and bedrooms. There are classical colonnades and marble statues in the gardens. There are many murals in the halls and corridors (see Pompeii murals), which are important remains of classical murals. These murals have a high level, and after they were discovered, they had a great influence on European neoclassical art.

Editing this section, the Millennium ancient city disappeared overnight

As early as the 8th century BC, Pompeii, a small fishing village relying on a natural harbor in the Mediterranean, gradually developed into a city. Hundreds of years later, its merchants gathered and became the second largest city after Italy and ancient Rome. It is 3 kilometers north of Rome, west of the famous Sicily, and Nantong of Greece and North Africa. The magical Temple of the Sun, the huge Colosseum, the magnificent Grand Theatre, the efficacious wizard's hall, the novel steam bath, and numerous shops and entertainment venues in Pompeii have attracted many wealthy businessmen and aristocrats from the countries around the Mediterranean. In addition, the strange magma soil, volcanic rocks and geothermal hot springs brought by the repeated eruptions of Navesuvius volcano in the north of the city for hundreds of millions of years have made Pompeii famous far and wide: that large piece of fertile magma soil with a slightly burnt taste makes Pompeii's grapes sweet and excellent in wine making, which has become the top grade for nobles everywhere; The geothermal hot springs, which are around the clock, not only attract people to take a bath, but also attract many nobles and wealthy businessmen to come to Pompeii to build gardens and villas, and develop entertainment venues in succession, making Pompeii a prosperous place of smoke and willow. In particular, the bright red volcanic rocks in the black are possessed by everyone because of their magical effects of relieving pain, calming the nerves and stopping bleeding. However, who would have expected that this volcano that has been sleeping for thousands of years next to Pompeii will suddenly wake up one day and swallow the famous Pompeii city with its mouth wide open!

It was the first Sunday in August 79 AD. The wife of a great wine merchant in ancient Rome who was praying suddenly suffered from severe chest pain and hemoptysis, and her daughter Sophia was so anxious that she cried. Just then, Carlo, the unmarried son-in-law, heard the news and volunteered to ride a fast horse to Pompeii's hometown to get the hemostatic stone. Rome goes to Pompeii for more than 3 kilometers. The wooded mountain road is rugged, and robbers are everywhere, which makes the passionate Sophia choose a dilemma. Carlo understood his fiancee Sophia's concern. He said, "I have been riding for more than ten years, and I am a strong warrior. I am good at it. I will be back in two days and nights!" Before Sophia obeyed, Carlo in uniform left with several assistants!

Mother has been coughing up blood for two days, and Sophia has been awake for two nights. She has been thinking about Carlo's return home. The next day, she has been leaning against the door and looking forward to the familiar hooves ringing in her ears, but I don't know why her fiance didn't appear in front of her until the fourth, fifth and sixth days. It was only after Christmas that she vaguely heard a terrible news: One night in August, Mount Vesuvius opened its crater, spewing bloody magma, and Fiona Fang suddenly became a sea of fire for hundreds of miles! ......

Pompeii, a thousand-year-old city, disappeared overnight! It took a long time to cool down after the volcano erupted. After the catastrophe, herdsman found that hundreds of thousands of hectares of forest farms, grasslands and the bustling city of Pompeii, which were very familiar in the past, were all gone, and only long scorched earth areas like rivers left by volcanic magma after cooling were silent, which made people worry about life!

Calculate the time of the disaster, and it is the night when Carlo rushed to Pompeii to get the hemostatic stone. My fiance never came back. From then on, the folk songs of "heartbroken Sophia" sounded everywhere in the Mediterranean ...

Edit this paragraph to dig up the wonders of the ages

With the passage of time, the ancient city of Pompeii gradually faded out of the world. Later, immigrants from Rome to the south and from Greece and Sicily to the north found that the foot of the volcano was covered with dense forests. When people cut down trees, they exposed black land, so everyone developed and planted grapes on it.

In the spring of 1748 AD, a farmer named Andrew was digging deep into his vineyard. He held up his hoe with a bang, as if he had found a boulder, but he couldn't pull it out no matter how hard he tried. He quickly called his younger brother and sister-in-law for help. They dug up the dirt and stones and found that the hoe had penetrated a metal cabinet. So too many cooks dug up the cabinet and opened it. It turned out to be a lot of melted and semi-melted gold and silver jewelry and ancient coins. When the news spread, farmers who planted grapes in this land suddenly remembered the legend of Pompeii's disappearance handed down by their ancestors, so treasure thieves flocked, and later attracted a group of historians and archaeologists to come here for archaeology. Later, on the advice of experts, the Italian government began to organize scientists to excavate the ancient city of Pompeii in an orderly manner in 1876. After more than 1 years' continuous work of seven or eight generations of experts and the hard maintenance of thousands of staff, this thrilling scene of the ancient city of Pompeii has finally been truly reappeared in front of the world. Vanya, a historian who participated in the excavation of Pompeii, said, "What a shocking sight it is! Many people died in their sleep, and others died at home. They held their arms high and gasped for air. Many people's bread is still on the oven, and the dog is still tied to the chain by the door; The slaves still carry ropes; Books made of papyrus were placed on the shelves of the library, and election slogans were pasted on the walls, with words of love painted on them ... "These scenes fully demonstrated how tens of thousands of creatures in the ancient city were suddenly torn off alive at that time! When I saw the bodies of men, women and children in various forms on display in sealed glass in Pompeii (mostly fossilized), I felt a twinge of panic. In the face of the eternal universe and nature, people must first respect nature, protect ecology and compete with nature. How small and powerless people are!

It's amazing to edit the ruins of this ancient city

Today's ancient city of Pompeii has been designated as a world cultural and natural heritage by UNESCO. Tourists call it a "natural history museum", which attracts tens of thousands of tourists from all over the world to visit here every day. I shuttled through the streets and alleys of the ruins of the ancient city, entering and leaving the half-destroyed houses, villas, trade markets, shops, bakeries, hot spring baths, warehouses, theaters, Colosseum and sports fields, without feeling the ups and downs, and imagining things.

Although only one third of the ancient city of Pompeii is open to tourists, the rest is still buried underground. But from 1.8 square kilometers of land, I saw dozens of streets and lanes paved with white and cyan boulders. The streets and lanes are square and tidy, ranging from two meters wide to four or five meters wide, as if they were Chang 'an City in the Tang Dynasty. I found that every sidewalk here is one or twenty centimeters higher than the horse road. Looking closely, it turns out that the ancient Roman carriages were very developed, and deep ruts were left in the middle of the road, which was worn down by one or two inches. It seems that at that time, the big carriages of warriors and nobles always galloped in the middle of the road, while slaves and humble townspeople who bowed their heads and bowed their eyebrows could only walk beside them. At all intersections, I didn't expect that, like today's zebra crossing, each intersection was set with a raised "car-separating stone" about 3 cm high. When the galloping carriage saw the "car-separating stone" near the intersection, it naturally slowed down and the vehicle could only slowly pass through the cracks in the boulder. So it occurred to me at this moment: the zebra crossing on our road today was invented by the ancient Romans, right?

at many street corners and intersections, I also saw large stone grooves engraved with relief. The reliefs or gods, animal heads, or fish mouths on the stone trough are all connected with bronze pipes behind them, and there are turning faucets. As soon as it rotates, there will be gurgling mountain springs flowing out for pedestrians to drink or wash. Nowadays, many stations, docks, airports, parks, sports fields and streets in developed countries also have tap water taps for direct drinking. At this time, I wonder: Was this setting in many big cities inspired by ancient Pompeii more than 2, years ago?

In Pompeii, besides all kinds of murals and exquisite mosaics left by houses, shops and villas, as well as all kinds of pottery and glassware with strange shapes, people are intoxicated and fantasized. What's more, the 5,-seat circular theater, the 3,-seat Colosseum and the 4,-seat large stadium built of marble surprised me, and I felt reverence: the ancient Romans' humanistic quality and vision of social development, Even today, 2 years later, people still admire it ...

Among them, it is a long-term question for scientists why the red walls of the ancient city of Pompeii can still keep their colors bright after more than 2 years.

Today, when we see it again, the bright red in the mural is still touching. Some of them are still intact on the wall, like leaving us with a brilliant mystery.

A recent study found the reason why the ancient city of Pompeii is "forever young". Daniila Daniel, a researcher at Staatliche Museum in Berlin, said, "Although Pompeii's red pigment only uses Cinnabar as raw material, it is obviously better than ordinary Cinnabar."

In order to solve the mystery of the red pigment in Pompeii, Daniel analyzed the red pigment samples in wall painting in pompeii and other ancient Roman murals at the same time: Cinnabar is a sulfide of mercury, and the Cinnabar used in Pompeii murals is carefully treated. Daniel summarized this processing process as "purification, grinding, and then artistic expression in three dimensions."

Bernard Maches of the University of Naples said that Cinnabar, as a pigment, really needs careful processing. "The vehicle of pigment is lime, so it must be liquid to be used as the raw material of murals. After the mural is completed, it has to go through a process of waxing and polishing to make the mural more durable. "

Daniel said, "The finer the particles of the pigment, the brighter it is and the stronger its coverage. But Pompeii's pigments are more than that. After observing with a microscope, I found that crystals of 1-15 microns were added to the matrix of pigment particles as flash particles. "

Usually, in ancient Rome, 2-3 micron particles were added to the ground Cinnabar powder, which made the surface of the painting shiny and kept the pigment saturated with bright red.

Daniel's analysis shows that the murals of the ancient city of Pompeii are really different from the ordinary ancient Roman murals, because they are mixed with crystals of 1-25 microns, which makes the crystals of this size more transparent and makes the colors softer and deeper, which makes the red in the murals of the ancient city of Pompeii close to the red ochre. He said: "The red color of the ancient city of Pompeii shows the superb face of ancient Rome.