The world famous laboratory

Many first-class research universities in the United States host national laboratories for the government. These national laboratories located in universities serve as original innovation bases and play an important role in national basic research, technology development and scientific and technological research. undertake important missions.

1. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) at the University of California, Berkeley. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is located at the University of California, Berkeley, covering an area of ??81 hectares and adjacent to the San Francisco Bay. It is affiliated with the U.S. Department of Energy and hosted by Berkeley. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory was established in 1931 by Mr. Ernest Orlando Lawrence, winner of the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics. It focused on research in the field of high-energy physics in its early years, built the first electron linear accelerators, and discovered a A series of superheavy elements have opened up research directions such as ejectable isotopes and heavy ion science, and have become a holy place for nuclear physics in the United States and even the world. It is the pioneer of a series of famous laboratories in the United States: Livermore, Los Alamos, Brookhaven and other laboratories, and is also a model for hundreds of accelerator laboratories in the world. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's research fields are extremely broad, with 18 institutes and research centers covering high-energy physics, earth science, environmental science, computer science, energy science, materials science and other disciplines. Since the establishment of Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, it has cultivated 5 Nobel Prize winners in physics and 4 Nobel Prize winners in chemistry. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory currently has 3,800 employees, a significant number of whom are teachers and students at Berkeley, and its 2004 budget exceeded $500 million. What is particularly worth mentioning is that the director of the laboratory is Mr. Steven Chu, who is one of the very few Chinese to serve as the leader of a national academic institution in the United States.

2. MIT’s Lincoln Laboratory. MIT founded Lincoln Laboratory in Lexington, Massachusetts in 1951. Its predecessor was the Radiation Laboratory where radar was developed. The laboratory is a federally funded research center whose basic mission is to apply high technology to critical issues of national security. It quickly gained a reputation in the research on advanced electronics of air defense systems. Its research scope has rapidly expanded from space surveillance, missile defense, battlefield surveillance, air traffic control and other fields. It is the first large-scale, interdisciplinary, Multifunctional technology research and development laboratory. In 1957, the laboratory built a solid-state, programmable digital computer-controlled radar system (Millstone Hill radar), which realized real-time tracking of space targets. It could not only track the movement of Soviet satellites, but also monitor the situation at Cape Canaveral. Rocket launch. Later, this developed into a ballistic missile strategic defense system, in which the key technologies were digital signal processing and pattern recognition. In the early 1960s, Lincoln Laboratory developed a satellite communications system, resulting in the launch of eight experimental communications satellites. In the early 1970s, the laboratory began to study civil aviation traffic control, emphasizing radar monitoring, detecting severe scenes, and developing automatic control devices for aircraft. In the 1980s, the laboratory developed a high-power lidar system to overcome the influence of atmospheric turbulence. In the 1990s, sensors were developed for NASA and others. At the beginning, Lincoln Laboratory was developing Luyu image processing equipment. In order to support major innovative research, Lincoln Laboratory has always maintained its leading position in basic research, such as theoretical physics, solid-state physics and related materials. It realized early research on developing semiconductor lasers, designed infrared lidar, and developed a high-precision satellite positioning and tracking system. Lincoln Laboratory has made great contributions in computer graphics, digital signal processing theory, and the design and construction of high-speed digital signal processing computers. Signal processing is, after all, a core technology for many projects in the laboratory, including high-throughput general-purpose signal processors. It also has many outstanding works in speech encoding and recognition, opening up avenues for active translation.

Lincoln Laboratory currently employs 2,432 people. Its funding in fiscal year 2003 was US$522.6 million, of which 91.6% or US$478.7 million came from the US Department of Defense. It is not difficult to understand that MIT Lincoln Laboratory is actually the leader of US military electronic systems. Base camp.

3. Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) of the University of California. Los Alamos National Laboratory is located 56 kilometers northwest of Santa Fe, the capital of New Mexico, USA. In 1943, it became famous for developing the world's first atomic bomb. Los Alamos is a well-deserved science city and high-tech radiation source. The laboratory was established during World War II on the initiative of President Roosevelt as part of the Manhattan Project. Physicist Oppenheimer was the laboratory's first director. The laboratory is a multi-program research facility managed jointly by the Department of Energy and the University of California. Its research work is divided into two major categories: weapons research, including developing nuclear warheads that meet military needs, designing experimental advanced technology plans, and maintaining an innovative weapons research plan through experimental and practical research in related scientific and technological fields; non-weapons research, Including nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, medium physical acceleration, superconductivity, computational science, biomedicine, earth science, non-nuclear energy and basic energy science, etc. It is home to a large number of the world's top scientists, currently has 12,000 employees, and its annual funding is estimated to be as high as 2.1 billion US dollars.

4. Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) Brookhaven National Laboratory is located in the middle of Suffolk County (Suffolk County) on Long Island, New York. The original site was the first and second laboratories. U.S. Army Upton Barracks during World War II. The laboratory was established in 1948 and is now part of the U.S. Department of Energy and managed by Stony Brook University and the Brookhaven Scientific Society established by BATTELLE. Brookhaven National Laboratory has three reactors for research and a synchrotron radiation light source, a high-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer, a transmission electron microscope, a scanning electron microscope, a positron tomograph, a cyclotron and a large number of large-scale Instruments and equipment. In addition to pioneering research in many fields such as nuclear technology, high-energy physics, and nanotechnology, the laboratory also develops research in biology, chemistry, medicine, materials science, environmental science, energy science and technology, and other disciplines. The strong support capacity of the large scientific installation group and the multidisciplinary environment have given Brookhaven National Laboratory strong capabilities in developing new and cutting-edge science and breaking through major new technologies. It has achieved a number of major results that have attracted world attention, and has It has won several Nobel Prizes and has become a famous large-scale comprehensive scientific research base. Brookhaven Laboratory has 3,000 employees and hosts more than 4,000 scientists from around the world each year. Brookhaven's annual research funding exceeds $400 million.

5. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) at the California Institute of Technology is a subsidiary of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in Pasadena, California. Responsible for developing and managing unmanned space exploration missions for NASA, it is administratively managed by the California Institute of Technology. Its predecessor was the Jet Energy Research Institute, which was founded in 1936 by aviation giant Theodore von Karman. In the international scientific and technological community, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory is well-known. It has played an unprecedented role in the history of US missile and aerospace development, especially the launch of Explorer 1 into orbit in 1958, which confirmed its position as the mother of space development plans. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory is currently conducting research and development on 45 projects, and it is responsible for most of the control work of various unmanned probes after they are launched. It is also responsible for accurate measurements of the Earth and controls the global deep space exploration network. It gathers top scientists and engineers in the field of space research, with a total number of employees of more than 5,200 and annual research funding of US$1.3 billion.

6. Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Oak Ridge National Laboratory is the largest scientific and energy research laboratory affiliated with the U.S. Department of Energy. It was established in 1943 and was formerly known as Clinton. The laboratory, part of the Secret Manhattan Project, is jointly managed by the University of Tennessee and the Battelle Memorial Institute. During the 1950s and 1960s, Oak Ridge National Laboratory focused on research related to nuclear energy, physics, and life sciences. The establishment of the Department of Energy in the 1970s expanded Oak Ridge National Laboratory's research programs into areas such as energy generation, transmission, and retention. The mission of Oak Ridge National Laboratory is to carry out basic and applied research and development, provide scientific knowledge and technological innovative ways to solve complex problems, strengthen the United States' leading position in major scientific fields; further improve the utilization of large amounts of energy; provide Restoring and protecting the environment and contributing to national security. Oak Ridge National Laboratory is an international leader in many areas of science. It is mainly engaged in research in six areas, including neutron science, energy, high-performance computing, complex biological systems, advanced materials and national security. Oak Ridge National Laboratory currently employs more than 3,800 people and approximately 3,000 visiting researchers, with annual funding exceeding US$1 billion.

7. Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) Argonne National Laboratory is one of the oldest and largest science and engineering research laboratories of the U.S. government - one of the largest science and engineering research laboratories in the Midwest of the United States. maximum. Argonne is the first national laboratory in the United States chartered in 1946 and one of the largest research centers under the U.S. Department of Energy. For the first half century, the University of Chicago oversaw the operations of Argonne National Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy and its predecessor. Argonne was developed from the University of Chicago's Metallurgical Laboratory, part of the Manhattan Project during World War II. After the war, Argonne accepted the task of developing atomic reactors for peaceful applications. Over the years, Argonne's research has expanded to include many areas such as basic science, scientific facilities, energy resource solutions, environmental management, national insurance, and industrial technology development. Argonne has two sites: the 1,500-acre East Site in Illinois, home to the U.S. Department of Energy's Chicago office; and the approximately 900-acre West Site in Idaho, home to most of Argonne's major nuclear facilities. Home of the Reactor Research Facility. Today, Argonne employs more than 3,500 people, has an operating budget of approximately $475 million, and supports more than 200 research projects, ranging from atomic research to the study of global weather changes. Since 1990, Argonne has worked with more than 600 companies, numerous federal government agencies, and other organizations. Such laboratories belong to national institutions, and some are even international institutions, jointly run by several countries. Most of them are engaged in basic metrology, high-precision projects, very large research projects, and national defense and military tasks.

1. Germany's Federal Institute of Technical Physics (Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt, referred to as PTB) was founded in 1884, formerly known as the Imperial Institute of Technical Physics (Physikalisch Technische Reichsanstalt, referred to as PTR), which is equivalent to Germany's national metrology institute. Bureau, famous for its precise measurement of thermal radiation. At the end of the 19th century, researchers at the institute worked on the study of blackbody radiation, which led to Planck's invention of the quantum of action. It can be said that this laboratory is the birthplace of quantum theory. When talking about this laboratory, two important figures in the history of physics must be introduced. The first one was Wilhelm Wien (1864-1928), the 1911 Nobel Prize winner in physics. He was the theoretical leader of the laboratory and worked here for nearly ten years. His main contribution was the discovery of several important laws of thermal radiation. The second person is Planck, the 1918 Nobel Prize winner in physics. The energy level he discovered made a significant contribution to the progress of physics. He is one of the main academic leaders who worked in the laboratory after Wien.

2. The National Physical Laboratory (NPL) of the United Kingdom. The National Physical Laboratory of the United Kingdom is the long-standing core of measurement benchmark research in the United Kingdom. It was founded in 1900. In 1981, it was divided into six departments: Electrical Science, Material Application, Mechanics and Optical Metrology, Numerical Analysis and Computer Science, Quantum Metrology, Radiation Science and Acoustics. As the metrology center of a highly industrialized country, it has extensive daily contact with the national industry, government departments, and trade institutions. Externally, as a national representative agency, it maintains contact with various international organizations and metrology centers of various countries. It also provides advice to the government on environmental protection, such as noise, electromagnetic radiation, air pollution, etc. The British National Physical Laboratory has about 1,000 scientific and technical personnel, with a peak of 1,800 in 1969.

3. European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) Founded in 1954, CERN is the largest international experimental organization. Its establishment, policies, organization, topic selection, funding and implementation of research plans are all unique. W± and Z0 particles were discovered here in 1983, and two physicists from the center, Rubia and van der Meer, won the Nobel Prize in Physics the following year. CERN was initiated by 11 European countries in 1951 under the initiative of UNESCO and now has 26 member states. The funds are apportioned by the member states, and the director is appointed by the Board of Directors for a term of five years. It consists of a Management Committee, a Research Committee and an Experimental Committee, with strong organization and perfect management. There are 9,000 researchers, most of whom are on an application-based basis. This is a purely scientific physics research institution that aims to explore questions such as what the most basic things were at the beginning of the universe. It is also one of the largest scientific laboratories in the world today. More than 6,000 physicists from more than 80 countries around the world, including China, have worked here. This research center houses two international institutes for world-renowned groups of scientists to study the structure and theory of subatomic nuclei. The First Research Institute is equipped with a 600 million electron volt synchrocyclotron, a 28 billion electron volt proton synchrotron, etc. The Second Institute, next to the First Institute, houses a new proton synchrotron with a circumference of about 7 kilometers. In addition to many advanced and expensive experimental equipment, the research center also has a library and material room, and publishes the "CERN Courier" (monthly) and scientific lectures. Because of the center's complete equipment, excellent services, and the diligent efforts of its scientists, CERN has achieved some world-renowned results in the field of particle physics research, thus becoming a genuine nuclear research center. Over the past decades, the research center has successively built the proton synchrocyclotron, proton synchrotron, intersected storage ring (ISR), super proton synchrotron (SPS), large electron-positron collider (LEP), and has the world's largest Hydrogen Bubble Chamber (BEBL).

4. Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) in Switzerland The Paul Scherrer Institute in Switzerland is a multidisciplinary research center for science and technology in Switzerland. In cooperation with universities, other research institutions and industry at home and abroad, PSI is active in research in solid-state physics, materials science, elementary particle physics, life sciences, nuclear and non-nuclear energy research and energy-related ecology. PSI is the largest national research institute in Switzerland, with 1,200 employees and the only research institute of its kind in Switzerland. PSI research focuses on basic and applied research, especially in areas related to sustainable development and areas of importance for education and training, but beyond the capabilities of individual departments at universities. The development and operation of PSI requires extremely high-standard technical know-how, education and professional complex research facilities. It occupies large scientific facilities such as the Spallation Neutron Source and the Swiss Light Source (SLS), and is one of the important user laboratories in the world's scientific community. Through the research it carries out, PSI acquires new fundamental knowledge and actively promotes its application in industry.

There are 5 national laboratories*** that have been built in China, namely:

1. National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory-University of Science and Technology of China (Hefei)

2. Beijing Normal University National Laboratory of Electron Collider-Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Beijing)

3. Lanzhou National Laboratory of Heavy Ion Accelerator-Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Lanzhou)

4. Shenyang National (Joint) Laboratory of Materials Science - Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shenyang)

5. Qingdao National Laboratory of Marine Science and Technology - Ocean University of China (Qingdao) has been approved for construction There are 5 national laboratories, namely:

1. Beijing National Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences

2. Hefei National Laboratory for Microscale Physical Sciences China Science and Technology Universities

3. Wuhan National Laboratory of Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology and other institutions

4. Tsinghua National Laboratory of Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University

5. Beijing Molecule National Laboratory of Science Peking University, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 1 Aerospace - National Laboratory of Aeronautical Science and Technology

Relying on Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics

2 Population and Health In terms of nuclear energy - National Laboratory for Major Disease Research

Relying on the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences

3 Nuclear energy - National Laboratory of Magnetic Confinement Fusion

Relying on the Hefei Institute of Physical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Southwest Institute of Nuclear Physics

4 New energy - National Laboratory of Clean Energy

Relying on the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences< /p>

5 Advanced Manufacturing——National Laboratory of Shipbuilding and Ocean Engineering

Relying on Shanghai Jiao Tong University

6 Quantum Control——Microstructure National Laboratory Laboratory

Relying on Nanjing University

7 Protein Research——National Laboratory of Protein Science

Relying on the Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences

8 Rail transit aspects----Modern Rail Transit National Laboratory

Relying on Southwest Jiaotong University

9 Agriculture aspects-------- --National Laboratory of Modern Agriculture

Relying on China Agricultural University