Junior middle school Chinese reading problem-solving methods and answering skills are urgently needed! ! !

How to read narratives, expository texts, and argumentative essays

How to read narratives: read the full text carefully → extract the main idea (people, things, feelings, reasons) → read the question carefully and make it clear Ideas→Answer the question and key words in the stem→The main points should be as complete as possible (scores)

1. Five ways of expression: narrative, description, explanation, discussion, and lyricism.

2. Some description methods: action, language, psychology, appearance, demeanor, detailed description.

3. Three narrative sequences: forward narration, flashback, and interlude narration (supplementary narration is a type of intervening narration).

There are three functions of narration: A. Interjecting the content of... and revealing the ideological origin of the character... B. Contrasting with... to highlight the image or center of the character

C. Explaining the reason for the time , paving the way for the following chapters.

4. Narrative person: first person (I), second person (you), third person (he, she, it).

5. Narrative clues: A uses objects as clues (look at the title), B uses emotions or emotional changes as clues (look for words with clear emotional changes in the text,)

C uses events as clues (words or sentences that appear repeatedly).

6. The meaning and function of the title:

Meaning: A double meaning [surface and deep] (surface: surface refers to...) (deep: actual refers to...: symbolic ...: Contact the article center)

B is a pun.

Function: A: As a clue, it runs through the whole text, promotes the development of the plot, and makes the structure of the article rigorous.

B: Summarize the main content of the article and highlight the theme of the article.

C: Set up suspense and stimulate readers' interest in reading.

D: Implicit, novel, vivid, thought-provoking, inspiring and interesting. (Referring to the use of metaphor, personification, and symbolism in the title)

7. The role of the beginning:

A: It sets up suspense and stimulates readers’ interest in reading. (Flashback techniques are often used)

B: Exaggerate the atmosphere, set off the character's mood, and lay the groundwork for the development of the following plot. (Use description of scenery)

8. Ending function:

A: (argumentative and lyrical) point out the main idea, deepen the center, and sublimate the emotion.

B: Implicit and meaningful, thought-provoking and thought-provoking.

C: Analogy to the beginning (echoing the beginning and the end) to make the article structure more rigorous.

9. Summarize the character’s character and spiritual quality: (four methods)

A. Look at the words in the excerpt; B. Look at the specific description; C. Look at the events written; D. Comprehensively from different angles Generalization.

10. Summarize the event: person (protagonist) + thing (cause + process + result)

Summary center: This article describes (describes)...things (objects, scenes), It reveals the truth of..., praises (flashes) the quality (phenomenon) of..., and expresses my feelings of....

11. Mood or psychology: The mood or psychology of... (contextual summary) and... (mood summary).

12. The function of elaboration: write in detail..., write in abbreviation..., make the article more detailed and highlight the center of the article....

13. What is the function of rhetorical sentences or descriptive sentences: (Appreciation questions are common, pay attention to choosing sentences for appreciation)

Metaphorical sentences: The image vividly expresses the psychology of... ( Character, quality, image), etc.

Personification sentence: Personify... and vividly express its characteristics...

Parallel sentences: enhance momentum, make language flow freely, and make feelings more intense.

Dual sentences: Make the sentence form neat, the phonology harmonious, sonorous and pleasant to the ear.

Descriptive sentence: vividly expresses the psychology (character, quality, image), etc. of...

Philosophical sentences: point out the center, deepen the theme, sublimate feelings, reveal the philosophy of..., and inspire or educate people.

14. Writing techniques: contrast, foil, echo, foreshadowing, symbolism, exaltation before restraint, borrowing things to express emotions, and seeing the big from the small.

Contrast: Through the contrast between... and..., the image of... is clearly highlighted.

To set off: to set off..., to clearly highlight the image of....

Anaphora: similarity anaphora; contrastive anaphora; causality anaphora.

15. Language style:

A vivid, beautiful and fresh; B simple and sincere, easy to understand; C humorous and interesting;

D language Sharp and sarcastic; E is profound and implicit and philosophical; F is majestic and powerful.

16. The role of environmental description:

A: To exaggerate the atmosphere: to set off the mood of... B: To pave the way for the development of the plot below C: To set off the character of...

D hints at the fate of the characters or promotes plot development E highlights the theme of the article F explains the time, place, season and scene of the characters’ activities

17. Analysis of key words:

A: ①The meaning of the word: Analyze the meaning of the word specifically and determine whether it is used rhetorically. If so, answer the appreciation questions. ② No rhetoric is used, generally guessing the character, reasons, feelings, etc. of the person who uses this word.

B: Whether a certain word can be replaced by another word? Generally speaking, it cannot be replaced. It is necessary to analyze the expression effect of the reason word based on the context, and this effect cannot be achieved after replacement.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

C Whether the two words before and after are contradictory: Generally not contradictory, the two words come from different angles The words are aimed at different contents (tell what angle and what content respectively.)

18. The profound meaning of the key words: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~

A: Grasp the key words, explain the meaning of the word, and if it is a metaphor, write the ontology.

B: Replace the keywords with their understood meanings, and then rejoin the sentences to form a complete sentence.

(It is equivalent to replacing the original words with your own words; you must also contact the center based on the context)

19: Supplementary test questions:

A: Supplementary transitional sentences (flashbacks and narrations) transition point; scene change point, etc.)

B: Supplement the beginning or end (pay attention to the anaphora and topic of the beginning and the end; pay attention to the function of the beginning and the end; pay attention to the central need)

C: E: Question ( Key words at the end: clues) (general contact center) to supplement the characters’ words (titles, polite words; what to say based on the context)

D: Supplementary description (actions, demeanor, psychology, etc.) (note that they must be consistent Context, pay attention to the use of personal pronouns and the narrative position)

20. Cause type questions

Pay attention to the search or summary in conjunction with the context (generally contact the center).

21. Writing characteristics:

A: Writing method B Conceptualization skills C Language characteristics D Character description method E: Structure

Expository writing

1. Read as a whole and obtain information

① Summarize the explanatory content of a certain paragraph or the full text

a. Find the central sentence or transitional sentence b. Explain the characteristics of the object c. Overlay the content of each paragraph

②In what aspects does the article explain clearly? [First divide the article into several parts and then summarize it]

2. Explanation methods and functions

Tips: ① If there are several explanation methods, write as many as possible and the words must be correct ② Explanation The content can be found in the previous sentence of the method sentence or the central sentence of the paragraph

A. List of numbers: accurately and concretely explain the content of...B. Give examples: concretely and vividly explain the content of......

C. Use an analogy: vividly illustrate the content of... D. Make a comparison: Compare... with... to highlight the content of...

E. Define: Scientifically and accurately explain... Content F. Distinguish categories: clearly explain content...

3. Define things

Nouns are characteristics (find from the original text) Central words such as: Coordination method It is a mathematical method of arranging work processes.

4. ① The language style a is accurate and plain b vivid and vivid (if a large number of descriptive sentences, rhetorical sentences, myths and legends are used)

② Can the added words be removed? (Words such as: about, about, about, most, almost, only, etc.)

Key points: a. Cannot b. Add some words to modify, restrict, and emphasize c. Explain the reasons based on the content of the explanation

d. If removed, then... e. Adding some words reflects the accuracy and rigor of the expository language

③ Words and phrases such as "according to scientists' analysis", "according to data" and "according to statistics" role.

Key points: Indicate the source of the information, enhance the credibility of the explanatory content, and reflect the scientific nature and accuracy of the expository language

④ "Can the two words in the sentence be interchanged?" ” type of questions

Key points: a. Cannot b. Explain the meaning of the two words separately based on the content c. Analyze the reasons why they cannot be interchanged d. Accuracy

⑤ Analysis The expressive function of expository words or sentences.

a. The function of words: Analyze the accuracy of the meaning (or vividness, image) of the words based on the content

b. The expressive function of the sentence: Find the correct explanation method of the sentence. This method of explanation The role of

5. The role of the beginning of the expository text: The key points are as follows

①Introduce the object of explanation ②Stimulate the reader's interest in reading ③(Descriptive language at the beginning vividly introduces the things to be explained (Principle)

6. The role of the end of the expository essay

Key points: ① Summarize the full text and point out the purpose of writing ② Express hope and make a call ③ Imagine the great prospects (the supplementary ending is for reference)

7. What is the role of description in expository writing? (Analysis from two perspectives: content and language)

Key points: Describe the content of... and highlight...; language Use vivid images to stimulate readers' interest in reading.

8. Explain the role of quoting ancient poems, legends, sayings, stories, etc.

Key points: Add literary color to the article and make it interesting to read. ; Stimulate readers' interest in reading (attract readers)

9. The reason why the two paragraphs in the article cannot be interchanged or why it is said first... then said...

Key points: ① Summarize first The content of the two paragraphs ② then explain the reason why they cannot be interchanged (for example, the upper and lower paragraphs have a progressive relationship, a primary and secondary relationship; from phenomenon to essence, etc., which conforms to people's cognitive rules)

10. Supplementary questions

①Supplement the transitional sentences (to connect the previous and the following) ②Supplement the central sentence of a certain paragraph (should be able to summarize the content of this paragraph) ③Supplement the ending

11. Explain the open-ended questions, types and key points of answering the questions in the text

① Suggestions, methods, and measures should be as specific as possible and consistent with the actual situation

② Draft advertising slogans, design slogans, etc. a. Must be to the point b. The language should be concise, concise, vivid, and contagious c .Creative/prompt

③For research questions, when extracting information and obtaining information, you should refer to the full text and summarize the content of the article

④After reading the full text, when talking about understanding, you should combine it with the original text. Talk about opinions and understandings in detail

12. Types of explanatory text titles ① Taking the object of explanation as the title ② Characteristic object ③ Question form ④ Metaphoric form

13. Classification of explanatory objects ⑴ Physical object ⑵ Basis for judgment: ①Look at the title ②Look at the beginning ③Look at the explanation content of each paragraph

14. Explain the characteristics of the object

①Read the title first and find it from the title ②Write the paragraph ③ Central sentence or transitional sentence ④ Summarize by yourself (superimposition of the characteristics of each paragraph)

15. Explanation sequence

① Time sequence (history of development) Mark: words that indicate the passage of time ② Spatial sequence (architecture Object) Sign: Words that express location transfer

③Logical sequence (explanatory text) Sign: from phenomenon to essence, from primary to secondary (words such as "first", "secondly" and "again", from result to the reasons, from general to specific, from whole to part, from general to specific)

16. Structure: ①Total score ②Total score ③Total score (Tip: You must understand each time before writing an explanatory essay) (Clear the hierarchical structure of the article)

17. What content does the pronoun refer to?

① Look forward and look backward (look forward and look backward) ② Summarize and test by yourself (substitution or substitution method )

Warm reminder: Expository texts are the simplest, and most of the answers are in the text. After reading, sort out the layers first and find out what each paragraph explains.

Argumentative essays

1. Title types of argumentative essays Argumentative essays

①Argument type: such as "Thrift is a virtue", "Add a dimension to life" "Significance", "Be Good at Giving Up", "Let Children Learn to Be Thankful from an Early Childhood", etc.

Function: Propose the central argument of this article

② Topic type: "Simple", "Talk about Integrity" Function: Put forward the topic of this article (argumentative essay question)

2. Argument:

1. Type of argument: ① Central argument ② Sub-argument

2 , The position of the central argument:

① Title ② Beginning ③ End ④ Middle ⑤ If not clear in the text, summarize it with the full text

How to judge: ① It is a complete declarative sentence with clear meaning ② It is for the discussion of the topic

③For the full text, the arguments in the text can prove the content, and the content is the argument (except sub-arguments)

3. How to present the argument:

① Introduce arguments through examples or life phenomena, famous sayings, and poems ② Put forward the central argument straight to the point

③ Layer arguments and finally summarize the central argument

1. Argument Type: theoretical arguments and factual arguments

2. Supplementary argument questions (note): First, review the question clearly, distinguish what type of argument it is, and clarify what point of view it is supplemented with. For example: Please add an example of saving in this paragraph to make the argument more sufficient.

(Knowledge point) Factual evidence: it must be an example of a famous person, and it must be a well-known, real, representative and typical example

Logical argument: it must be a famous quote. The emphasis is on daily accumulation.

4. Argumentation methods and their functions:

1. Demonstration with examples: Use factual arguments to prove... points of view, making the argument more specific, authentic and credible, and enhancing persuasiveness.

2. Logical argumentation: Make logical arguments to prove... point of view, make the argument profound and thorough, and enhance persuasiveness.

3. Comparative argument: By comparing... with..., the point of view of... is clearly demonstrated, making the argument rigorous and persuasive.

4. Metaphorical argument: Comparing... to... vividly demonstrates the point of view of..., making the argument easy to understand and enhancing persuasiveness.

5. The general structure of argumentative essays:

Raising questions, analyzing problems, solving problems

6. Argumentation ideas: (or "briefly describing the argumentation process" Or "How is... argued?")

1. Appropriate use of words "first, then, next, last" to express order

2. Complete form: express order. The word argumentation method and argumentation content

7. The role of the beginning of the argumentative essay: (There are three ways of argumentation: argumentation, refutation, and combination of argumentation and refutation)

Three ways of argumentation : ① Introduce and prove the central argument or introduce the topic through... examples (natural phenomena).

②Introduce and prove the central argument or introduce the topic through... famous quotes

③Get straight to the point, put forward the central argument, and lead the whole text.

Refutation: ① Introduce the central argument or topic through wrong remarks

② Put out wrong remarks, set up a target for criticism, and prepare for the following refutation

8. The role of the end of an argumentative essay

①Structurally: Echoing the beginning, the article has a rigorous structure. ② Summarize the full text: Summarize the arguments in depth and issue a call for action.

9. Can one of the arguments be removed?

Generally cannot be removed. Reason: The author argued from the perspectives of ancient and modern times (Chinese and foreign, pros and cons, different identities, etc.). After removing it, it was not comprehensive and lacked representativeness, making the argument insufficient and rigorous.

Are the arguments interchangeable? Generally not.

Reasons: ⑴ Structurally: It corresponds to some of the previous words and phrases in sequence or has an ancient, modern, Chinese and foreign order, and the structure is not rigorous after the exchange. ⑵Content: This argument is to prove a small point of view of... and cannot prove the point of view of another paragraph.

Examples of open-ended test questions in argumentative essay reading.

(1)

Supplementary writing: For example, "Please add an example to prove the point of view that 'no force can be surrendered'." "The author said that parents should educate their children from an early age. Mingli'education to develop good habits. This is a positive argument. Please write a sentence or two to explain from the negative side to further emphasize the point of "starting from the baby" (2)

Experience Category: For example, "Please combine your own reality and talk about how to move towards 'excellence' from the 'starting point of beauty'." " (3)

Speculative type: For example: "Think about the author's point of view, please talk about your true feelings or different opinions. ""What do you think are the similarities and differences between the discussion in this article and Mencius' proposition of "born from sorrow"? Please tell me what you think. "(4)

Accumulation type: such as "After reading the above, please write a famous aphorism related to thinking. "The famous British writer Defoe mentioned in the selection is whose representative work is "Robinson Crusoe." Please write a summary of this novel in concise language (about 100 words)." (5)

Imitation type: For example, "Please imitate another sentence based on the function and sentence structure characteristics of the underlined sentence in text B."

(6) Suggestion type : For example, "Combined with the context and based on your opinions, make three suggestions for the school library.