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In the long history of human development, apart from the ancient social and cultural phenomenon of religion, the Olympic movement can be regarded as the oldest social and cultural phenomenon. From the recorded history, the origin of the Olympic Movement can be traced back to 776 BC. But before that, the ancient Olympic Games may have existed for centuries. Olympic Games, referred to as "Olympic Games", is a comprehensive world games sponsored by the International Olympic Committee.

The Olympic Games originated in ancient Greece and got its name because it was held at the Olympic Games. Legend has it that the ancient Olympic Games was founded by Zeus, the king of the gods. The 1 th ancient Olympic Games was held in 776 BC and 293 times in 394 AD. The sports meeting is held every 14 17 days, that is, every four years. Later, people called this cycle the Olympic cycle. With the rise of modern sports, the Greek people hope to restore the ancient Olympic Games. 1859―― 1889, Greece hosted four Olympic Games and made a preliminary attempt. Starting from 1883, Frenchman Coubertin devoted himself to reviving the ancient Olympic Games. Through the efforts of several generations, the International Olympic Committee was established on June 23rd. The first Olympic Charter formulated by Coubertin emphasized the amateurism of the Olympic movement, stipulating that only the winners were awarded honorary awards at the Olympic Games, and no money or other material rewards were provided to athletes in any form. On April 6th, the first Olympic Games was held in Athens.

The ancient Olympic Games were basically held every four years, and this cycle was called "Olympiad". According to this cycle, from 776 BC to 394 AD, * * * should have held 293 sessions; But in fact, the number of meetings is much less. However, the ancient Olympic Games stipulated that no matter whether it was held or not, one Olympic Games was held.

In the early days of the ancient Olympic Games, there were not many events, so the first 22 games only lasted one day. Later, with the increase of incidents, it was extended to two days. From the 37th session, the juvenile competition was added, and the time was extended to 5 days. The first day is the opening ceremony, with sacrificial ceremonies and swearing-in ceremonies, the second, third and fourth days are the specific contents of the competition, and the fifth day is the closing ceremony, with prizes awarded and worship activities held.

The origin of the ancient Olympic Games

Ancient Greece was a mythical kingdom. Beautiful and moving fairy tales and bizarre folk stories cast a mysterious color on the origin of the ancient Olympic Games. Legend: The ancient Olympic Games was a regular sports activity to worship Zeus. Another legend is related to Hercules, the son of Zeus. Hercules is known as "Hercules" because of his infinite strength. He finished the task that ordinary people couldn't finish in Elis city-state, and cleaned up the king's cowshed full of cow dung in less than half a day, but the king didn't want to fulfill his promise of giving away 300 cows, so Herakler drove the king away in a fit of pique. To celebrate his victory, he held a sports meeting at the Olympic Games.

The most popular story about the origin of the ancient Olympic Games is Pelops's marriage. Elis, the king of ancient Greece, proposed that the candidate must compete with himself in the chariot in order to choose a husband who is both civil and military for his daughter. In the competition, 13 youths were killed by the king's spear, and this 14 youth was Pelops, the grandson of Zeus and the sweetheart of the princess. Encouraged by love, he bravely accepted the king's challenge and finally won with wisdom. To celebrate this victory, Pelops and the princess held a grand wedding in front of the temple of Zeus in Olympia. At the meeting, chariots, gladiators and other competitions were arranged. This was the original ancient Olympic Games, and Pelops became the legendary founder of the ancient Olympic Games.

The origin of the Olympic Games is actually closely related to the social situation in ancient Greece. In the 9th-8th century BC, the Greek clan society gradually disintegrated, the slave society of city-state system gradually formed, and more than 200 city-states were established. City-states are fragmented, there is no unified monarch, and wars between city-states continue. In order to cope with the war, every city-state actively trains soldiers. Children in the Spartan city-state were raised by the state from the age of seven, engaged in sports and military training, and lived a military life. War needs soldiers, soldiers need strong physique, and sports is a powerful means to train soldiers who can fight. The war promoted the development of Greek sports, and the events of the ancient Olympic Games also had obvious military brand. The people are disgusted with the continuous war, and they generally long for a peaceful environment to recuperate. Later, the King of Sparta and the King of Elis signed the "Holy Truce Month" treaty. Therefore, military training and sports competitions to prepare for the source of troops have gradually become games of peace and friendship.

Notes on ancient Olympic Games

From 776 BC to 394 AD, the ancient Olympic Games experienced 1 168, and * * * was held for 293 times. According to its origin and rise and fall, it can be roughly divided into three periods:

(1) From 776 BC to 388 BC, although there were disputes among the city-states, Greece was an independent country with developed politics, economy and culture, which was the golden age of the Games. Especially in 490 BC, after Athens, Greece defeated the Persian army in the Marathon Valley, people's feelings were full of vigor and national prestige was greatly enhanced. Many sports facilities and temples have been built, and participants are all over the Greek city-States. The Olympic Games is in its heyday and has become the biggest festival in Greece.

(2) It began to decline from 388 BC to 146 BC. Due to the long Peloponnesian War between Sparta and Athens (43 BC1year to 404 BC), the national strength of Greece was greatly reduced, and Macedonia gradually annexed Greece. King Philip of Macedonia also took part in the horse race himself. Later, Alexander the Great actively supported the Olympic Games, although he did not like sports activities, and regarded it as the highest opening ceremony of sports activities in ancient Greece, adding facilities for it. However, during this period, the spirit of the ancient Olympic Games has greatly faded, and professional athletes began to appear.

(3) From 65438 BC+046 AD to 394 AD, the ancient Olympic Games went from decline to destruction. After the Roman Empire ruled Greece, the Olympic Games were still held at first, but Olympia was not the only venue. For example, at the175th Olympic Games in 80 BC, Rome's economic laws required excellent athletes to compete in Rome, while Olympia only held youth competitions. At this time, professional athletes began to appear in large numbers, and the Olympic Games became a competition for professional athletes, and the Greeks lost interest in it. After the 2nd century AD, Christianity ruled the whole of Europe, including Greece, advocated asceticism, advocated the separation of soul and body, and opposed sports, which made Europe in a dark age, and the Olympic Games even declined until it existed in name only. In 393 AD, the Roman emperor Theodosius I declared Christianity as the state religion, and thought that the ancient Olympic Games violated the purpose of Christianity and were pagan activities. The following year, he announced the cancellation of the ancient Olympic Games. In 895 AD, the Byzantines fought fiercely with the Alphonse River in Goethe, which destroyed all the facilities in Olympia. In 426 AD, Theodosius II burned the remains of Olympia architecture. Two strong earthquakes occurred in 522 and 5 1 1 year, which completely destroyed Olympia. In this way, the ancient Olympic Games, which was postponed for more than 1000 years, ceased to exist, and the prosperous Olympia was in ruins.

Ancient Olympic heritage

Although the ancient Olympic Games disappeared, it left precious cultural wealth to human society. The organizational model of competitive sports and the Olympic ideal and spirit created by the ancient Olympic Games have had a far-reaching impact on modern sports. The ancient Olympic spirit was admired and used for reference by later generations. The main contents of the ancient "Olympic spirit" are:

(1) Peaceful and friendly spirit. The ancient Olympic Games reflected people's desire for peace. During the "Holy Truce", the people of the polis were free to communicate, do business and travel, which reflected the people's respect for friendship.

(2) Respect the spirit of justice, equality and competition. Athletes swore before the game: "Don't win by unfair means!" It is not only an idealized norm of society to people, but also reflects people's desire and reverence for justice, equality and competition.

③ Pursuing bodybuilding spirit. The ancient Olympic Games was not only a physical competition, but also a bodybuilding competition, which reflected the ancient Greeks' pursuit of bodybuilding.

(4) The spirit of pursuing success is manifested as "the desire to conquer". The ancient Olympic Games was a form for the ancient Greeks to show themselves and their values. When athletes come to the stadium, they want to surpass others and become champions. This is a valuable driving force to encourage people to keep forging ahead, explore and promote social progress.

Modern Olympic Games:

Bidding and preparation:

From June 65438 to June 0894, the historic city of Athens won the right to host the first modern Olympic Games through the negotiation of the Paris International Sports Conference.

Athens, the capital of Greece, is located on the west side of the Arctic Peninsula in southeastern Greece. It is surrounded by the sea on three sides and has a pleasant climate. The political, cultural and economic center of Greece today is one of the important arenas in ancient Greece. It pays special attention to culture and education, emphasizes the combination of intellectual education, moral education, physical education and aesthetic education to cultivate talents, and creates brilliant Athenian culture. If Greece is the cradle of ancient European civilization, then Athens is the center of this cradle, and Olympia, the birthplace of the ancient Olympic Games, which is famous in the world sports, is also about 300 kilometers away. Therefore, it is of great historical significance to hold the first Olympic Games in this ancient city.

After the Paris International Sports Conference, Demetriou ViKailas, the first president of the International Olympic Committee, brought back the good news of hosting the Olympic Games to Athens. As Kailas later wrote to Coubertin, "At that time, from Brindisi to Athens, my compatriots were talking happily about the Olympic Games". However, D Kailas is too optimistic. Soon after, when he met with Greek Prime Minister Trikoupis, the Prime Minister suggested that the Olympic Games should be postponed due to financial problems. This is a blow to D Kailas.

Coubertin was very anxious when he learned the news. At the end of 10, he took a train from Paris to Marseille and then took a boat to Athens. After arriving in Athens, he exchanged pleasantries with D Kailas, and then went to the ruins of the ancient sports ground in Athens.

When he saw the ruins and desolate scenes everywhere, his heart cooled by half. It takes a lot of money to rebuild a sports ground on such ruins. Before leaving Paris, Coubertin received a letter from the Hungarian Kemini, a member of the International Olympic Committee. Kemini also knows what happened in Greece. In his letter, he suggested to Coubertin that Hungary would like to take over the competition to commemorate the1000th anniversary of the founding of Hungary. The Olympic Games will be held in Greece, which is Coubertin's goal of reviving the Olympic Movement and internationalizing the Olympic Games. However, moving to Hungary runs counter to his ideal. Camini's suggestion was hard for Coubertin to accept. However, if the original proposal is held in Greece, how to raise funds?

The attitude of Prime Minister Trikoupis was not only criticized by the opposition, but also aroused the dissatisfaction of Athenian citizens. When he learned that Coubertin had arrived in Athens, he immediately went to the hotel where Coubertin stayed, but the conversation between them ended in discord. Trikoupis said that it is impossible for a country to hold a sports meeting at a high price when it is heavily in debt. The charge d 'affaires of the French Embassy in Athens also exerted invisible pressure on Coubertin. The agent said that his arrival caused a political crisis in Athens and provided an excuse for the opposition party to oppose Trikoupis, because the opposition party was in favor of holding the sports meeting as scheduled.

Coubertin was almost at a loss. However, he is a strong-willed man, not discouraged and pessimistic. In a letter to a newspaper, he said that the word "can't" didn't exist in the French dictionary. At that time, King George I of Greece did not return from his visit to Petersburg, Russia, so he turned to the Crown Prince of Greece with a glimmer of hope.

Prince Constantine of Greece is a handsome young man of 26 years old. He is full of energy and loves sports. When he didn't express his position immediately after listening to Coubertin's story, the knowledgeable Coubertin then talked with the Crown Prince about the Greek uprising against Turkish rule in 182 1 year; It is said that Byron, an English poet, crossed the ocean with his sick body for the freedom of the Greek people, went to Greece, participated in a just war, and finally gave his young life. I talked about how 300,000 Greeks shed their last drop of blood in that cruel war so that the surviving 600,000 compatriots could control their own destiny ... Finally, Coubertin said with passion: "Therefore, I am full of confidence in such Greece."

The Crown Prince was obviously defeated by emotional contagion of Coubertin. He said excitedly, "On the other hand, I am full of confidence in the Olympic Games." .

The crown prince believed that Coubertin was worthy of his trip to Athens.

The crown prince took over all the preparations for the Olympic Games, which caused strong dissatisfaction from the Prime Minister. King George I publicly supported the Crown Prince after returning home, forcing Trikoupis to resign as prime minister. This is the only time in the history of the Olympic Games that a senior official of a country resigned for hosting the Olympic Games.

Obstacles in the preparatory work have been removed. In order to raise funds, fundraising activities were launched all over Greece, raising 332,756 drachmas, but this was only a drop in the bucket. In order to make up for the shortage of funds, the Greek government allocated 400,000 drachmas, and the postal department used the money to issue a set of stamps with the theme of the history of the ancient Olympic Games and sold them at a price higher than the face value. This is the first batch of Olympic stamps in the world. When 1906 held the Olympic Games in Athens to commemorate the anniversary of the founding of the modern Olympic Games 10, Greece once again adopted the above fundraising method. Greece originally issued Olympic stamps only for economic benefits, but it made such stamps popular in the world and had a positive impact. At the 1920 Antwerp Olympic Games, Belgium imitated Greece for the first time. Since then, not only the host country of the Olympic Games, but also other countries have issued such commemorative stamps. Winter Olympics stamps are issued from 1932. During the period of 1982, the stamp collectors of the World Olympic Games also established a stamp collecting association and elected Samaranch as its chairman.

Although the Greeks raised a lot of money by collecting donations and issuing stamps, the Olympic Games can be held smoothly, and finally they have to thank George Avirov, a wealthy Greek businessman (18 14- 1899). He donated/kloc-0 million drachmas to rebuild the marble stadium on the ruins of the ancient stadium. To commemorate Avirov's contribution to the Games, Greece built a statue for him in Athens Square, and held an unveiling ceremony the day before the opening of the Games.

Basic information:

There are 365,438+065,438+0 athletes from Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Britain, Hungary, Germany, Denmark, the United States, France, Chile, Switzerland, Sweden and the host country Greece invited to participate in the first modern Olympic Games, among which ***230 athletes are the largest team, accounting for two-thirds of the total number; Germany and France each have 19 people; The United States has 14 people, ranking fourth. Most American players come from Harvard University and Princeton University. They organized themselves and traveled to Europe with their own funds. They thought that the conference would open on April 6, but when they arrived in Italy on April 6, they learned that the opening date was April 6, so they had to give up all their sightseeing plans and arrive in Athens before the conference opened. The host of the first Olympic Games followed the old system of the ancient Olympic Games, and female athletes were not allowed to participate. As for the qualifications of participating countries, unlike today, there are regulations that non-IOC members are not allowed to participate. Greece has sent invitations to countries all over the world, including China, but most countries didn't send teams to participate because they didn't know much about the Olympic Games or other reasons, and China was one of them. Italy, a neighboring country of Greece, once went to Milan for a player, which was the only player sent by Italy. However, the organizing Committee of the conference considered him a professional athlete, so he was not allowed to participate.

Opening ceremony:

The first Olympic Games overcame many difficulties and finally opened on April 6th. 1896. This is the earliest month of the last Olympic Games. The host chose to hold the opening ceremony on this day to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the Greek uprising against Turkish rule.

At 3 pm on April 6, King George I of Greece announced the opening of the conference. IOC officials, such as Wei kailash and Coubertin, attended the opening ceremony. The opening ceremony played solemn classical strings, which were designated as the Olympic anthem by the International Olympic Committee in 1958. The composer of the national anthem is Greek samaras, and the lyricist is palamas. The Greeks showed great enthusiasm for the meeting, and the audience attending the opening ceremony reached 80 thousand, which was not broken until 1932 Los Angeles Olympic Games.

Competitive situation:

There are 9 events in this competition: track and field, swimming, weightlifting, shooting, cycling, greco-Roman wrestling, gymnastics, fencing and tennis. There was a rowing event in the original plan, but it was not held later. There are two different reasons for cancellation. First, the weather is bad and the wind at sea is strong, so it is impossible to carry out. Another way of saying it is that no one signed up and had to change the plan.

The curtain was opened on the opening day of April 6. James connolly of the United States won the triple jump championship with a score of 13.438+0 m, becoming the first champion of the modern Olympic Games. After his victory, the stars and stripes were played in the stadium and the American flag was raised. This has become a traditional award ceremony for future Olympic Games. Connolly is a freshman at Harvard University in the United States. When he came to Athens, he failed to get permission from the school, but this young man who loves classical literature and sports was attracted by Greece, a mythical country and its sports clubs, and made up his mind to drop out of school. When he returned to his alma mater with his first Olympic medal, he was warmly welcomed. The school thinks this is not only the glory of Connolly, but also the glory of Harvard University. Connolly later became a famous journalist and writer.

America is the darling of this track and field competition. Two hours after Connolly won the championship, another player won the discus event that the Greeks thought was a shoo-in. He is robert garrett, a student from Princeton University in the United States. 1897 There was only one national discus competition in the United States, which was rarely known before. Before the Olympic Games, when Garrett learned about the competition, he tried his best to inquire about the throwing method of discus, and specially made a discus the size of the ancient Olympic Games and practiced it himself.

After coming to Athens, he found that the discus used in the competition was lighter and more convenient to use, so his confidence was greatly increased. Finally, he defeated the Greeks with a score of 29. 15 meters. Later, he also won the first place in the shot put.

100 meter final was held in April 10. The starting posture can be said to be various, including standing upright, bending over and spreading hands. Only Thomas Burke of the United States adopted a running method similar to "squat", and he won the championship with 12 seconds, which was another victory after the 400-meter race. Burke once won the 65,438+000-meter preliminaries.

The Athens Marble Stadium is U-shaped, with a total length of 333.33 meters and a straight line length of 192 meters. Because of the small turning angle and easy accidents, the host did not set up the 200-meter event. This is the only time in the Olympic Games.

The actual distance of this 1 10 meter hurdle race is 100 meter, and there are only 8 hurdles. During the competition, hurdles are also varied. Some people even jump over the hurdles with their feet and then pause before running. Only seven athletes signed up for the competition, so they could not be divided into three groups as planned. They were temporarily changed to two groups, and the top two in each group entered the finals. However, U Huo Yite of the United States and Shao Zoccoli of Hungary, who qualified for the finals, did not attend for some reason. Only two people took part in the final. Thomas Liutis, the American champion hurdler from Boston Sports Association, won the championship.

In this track and field competition, the United States showed great strength and won 9 championships in 12 events. However, the most exciting and sensational scene of the Athens Olympic Games is the marathon.

Before the Olympic Games, the French linguist Michel Brill visited Greece and expressed his admiration for the legendary hero Ferdinand Peters in the marathon. In 490 BC, Greece defeated the invading Persian army in the Marathon Valley. At that time, the messenger Feridipedes was ordered to inform Athens of this victory quickly. Regardless of fatigue, he ran from marathon to Athens. After arriving in Athens, he was exhausted and only said "We won"! Just died in the square. Feeling this heroic deed, Brill wrote to his compatriot, International Olympic Committee Secretary-General Coubertin, suggesting that a marathon should be specially added to the Olympic track and field events, and that he would donate a Brill silver cup as a reward for the champion.

The route of the Athens Olympic Marathon is the route that Fidipides once ran, which is 40 kilometers from the marathon to Athens. Greece is very concerned about this competition, because after the track and field events began, Greece was defeated one after another and has not won the championship, and the marathon is their only hope.

The competition was held on April 10. A total of 17 athletes from four countries participated in the competition, and the atmosphere was very warm. At that time, there were only 65,438+035,000 people in Athens, but the number of people watching the marathon was as high as 654,385+000, which was really "empty". As time goes by, the audience in the stands are anxiously waiting to see who will win the game. When Spiridon Ruiz, a Greek wearing a light blue vest, was the first to rush into the stadium, all the audience cheered and cheered. As the chief referee of the conference, Crown Prince Constantine of Greece could not help but accompany Ruiz to the finish line, and King George I stepped down from the viewing platform to meet the victorious hero. Bundles of flowers and gifts were thrown at Ruiz's side and feet. Thousands of pigeons tied with Greek flags and ribbons flew into the sky. There is a festive atmosphere everywhere. Crowds crowded into the stadium, scrambling to hug him, throwing him around, and some even shouted: pawn him as a minister. After the game, he won the glorious title of Greek national hero, but did not enjoy the honor of being a high official and generous. He returned to his remote hometown and became a rural postman, living a poor life with his wife and children. When he died in 1940, people carved the symbols of the Olympic rings on his tombstone to commemorate him.

The swimming competition was held on the high seas, with Upright pulling the cable as the starting and finishing point. The distance has not been measured carefully, but it is only a rough estimate. As for posture, it's called freestyle, but it's actually whatever you want. During the game, the weather was cold, the sea was cold, the waves were very urgent, and some players even flinched. Alfred Hayes, the only Hungarian athlete, won the 65,438+000m and 65,438+0,200m freestyle championships at the age of 65,438+08, becoming the first Olympic gold medal winner in Hungary and being praised as "Hungarian Dolphin" by Greek newspapers. This Budapest college student was famous before the Olympic Games. He won the European Swimming Championships 1895 in Austria in August. At the 1924 Paris Olympic Games, he won an Olympic silver medal in the art competition.

This year's swimming competition also set up the 100-meter freestyle sailor race for sailors moored on warships in Piraeus port, which was not on the original schedule and was temporarily added. This shows that the establishment of competition events at that time was not very strict. Although 14 people signed up, only three Greek sailors actually took part in the competition.

At that time, weightlifting and wrestling were not graded according to weight. There are only two kinds of weightlifting: one-handed lifting and two-handed lifting. The Englishman Lao Elliot won the one-handed lift with a score of 7 1 kg; In his hands, he also lifted the same weight as Danish VI champion Jonson. But the referee thought his lift posture was not as accurate and graceful as Jonson's, so he only won the second place. It is said that Eliot was triumphant after winning. But when he saw the crown prince Constantine easily lift the heavy things he lifted, the arrogance disappeared. This legend is very romantic, which is hard to see in official history.

At that time, there were no rules and standards for athletes to participate in competitions, so many athletes were cross-sports. This situation is more prominent in wrestling. For example, Eliot, who won the weightlifting competition, was also a wrestler, but he only finished fourth. The winner is carl schumann, a German, who is nimble and lighter than all his opponents. Schumann is also a cross-sports athlete. Besides wrestling, he also participated in track and field and gymnastics competitions. He also achieved excellent results in gymnastics, winning the vault championship and the first place in parallel bars and horizontal bars. Together with wrestling, he won the first place in four events, making him the athlete who won the most gold medals this year.

1894 The Olympic Charter formulated by the Paris Conference clearly stipulates that only amateur athletes can participate in various competitions, but fencing can be an exception. There are only two kinds of fencing, foil and sabre, which are divided into amateur and professional competitions. El Gravelott of France and Jay Giorgiatis of Greece won the amateur foil and sabre competitions respectively. There is only one foil event in the professional competition, and the champion is Leon Pigos, the owner of Athens Fencing School and a famous professional swordsman.

There are six events in the cycling competition, five of which are arranged on the track. The other is the road race, which is regarded as a marathon by the host. The route is from Athens to the marathon and then back to Athens, with a total distance of 87 kilometers. At that time, there were no special racing cars and the roads were rugged, so cars often broke down and could not even ride. The champion Greek Constantines changed cars twice to finish the race. In fact, the 12 hour race on the track is really a "marathon". Only three of the seven players persisted, and Austrian A. Schmahl finally won the gold medal. Before that, he also won bronze medals in two other competitions. 100 km race was even worse, with only two of the nine riders riding the whole course. France's Le Flamond not only won the championship, but also showed good sportsmanship. During the race, he found that the car of Greek Ge Coletis behind him was broken, so he stopped to repair it with the latter and then continued riding. His noble style was appreciated by people. The outstanding cyclist is paul mussen, who won the short distance races of 2000m and10000m by himself.

15 On April 6th, the first Olympic Games, which lasted for 10 days, came to an end. The United States won 1 1 gold, 7 silver and 2 bronze medals; The host country followed closely, winning 10 gold medal, 17 silver medal and 19 bronze medal. Germany ranked third with 6.5 gold medals, 5 silver medals and 2 bronze medals. German tennis player fritz Traun won half a gold medal in the doubles match with British player John Bohlander. Bohlander is not an official member of the British delegation, but a student of Oxford University, who happened to be here for sightseeing. He is a tennis enthusiast, and his skills make people want to stop. He took part in the competition temporarily and won not only the doubles championship, but also the singles championship.

Today's Olympic Games are organized by the National Olympic Committee, and this kind of cooperation between the two countries no longer exists. The cooperation between the two countries has brought some confusion to the medal statistics. For example, in this doubles match, many historical data show that Britain and Germany each won 1 gold medal, but some people only won half the gold medal. According to the actual situation, the latter calculation method is more reasonable.