Occupational health and safety dust prevention slogans

Article 1: Propaganda of knowledge on protection against occupational disease hazards

Knowledge on the prevention and control of several common occupational diseases

1. Knowledge on pneumoconiosis

1. What Is it pneumoconiosis?

Pneumoconiosis is a systemic disease mainly caused by diffuse fibrosis of lung tissue caused by long-term inhalation of production dust during production activities. Pulmonary fibrosis is the excessive growth of fibrous tissue in the lung interstitium, which in turn destroys normal lung tissue, reduces the elasticity of the lungs, and affects the normal respiratory function of the lungs.

2. What are the legal pneumoconiosis diseases in my country?

Pneumoconiosis is a general term for pulmonary fibrosis diseases caused by industrial dust. The list of statutory occupational diseases in my country includes silicosis, coal workers' pneumoconiosis, electric ink pneumoconiosis, carbon ink pneumoconiosis, asbestosis, talc pneumoconiosis, cement pneumoconiosis Thirteen types of pneumoconiosis, mica pneumoconiosis, potter's pneumoconiosis, aluminum pneumoconiosis, welder's pneumoconiosis, caster's pneumoconiosis and other pneumoconiosis that can be diagnosed according to the "Diagnostic Criteria for Pneumoconiosis" and "Diagnostic Criteria for Pathological Pneumoconiosis".

3. What are the clinical manifestations of pneumoconiosis?

Pneumoconiosis has no specific clinical manifestations, and its clinical manifestations are mostly related to comorbidities. In the early stage of pneumoconiosis, silicosis has no obvious subjective symptoms, or only very mild symptoms, which are often discovered through occupational health examinations.

However, as the disease progresses, especially in late-stage silicosis patients, subjective symptoms that may be mild or severe, mainly in the respiratory system, may appear. A common first symptom in patients is shortness of breath. People with mild illness often feel short of breath when engaging in heavy physical labor or climbing mountains. They can get better after taking a short rest. More serious cases include obvious shortness of breath when doing some light physical labor, walking uphill or going up stairs.

When the condition is severe or there are complications, due to obvious damage to the respiratory and circulatory functions, chest tightness, shortness of breath, cough, sputum production, chest pain, dyspnea, hemoptysis, weakness, weight loss, and insomnia may occur. , loss of appetite, etc. If there is fever, hepatomegaly and edema, other diseases may be complicated.

4. How to prevent pneumoconiosis?

The key to preventing pneumoconiosis is to prevent the inhalation of harmful dust to the greatest extent. As long as proper measures are taken, pneumoconiosis is completely preventable. So, what are the precautions? Our country has formulated an eight-character policy of "leather, water, density, wind, protection, management, education, and inspection" for dust prevention and reduction. The general content can be divided into two aspects: technical measures. The use of engineering and technical measures to eliminate or reduce dust hazards is the key to prevention. The most fundamental measure against pneumoconiosis.

Health care measures ① Health monitoring of dust-exposed workers: including pre-job physical examination, regular on-the-job physical examination and physical examination when leaving the job. For workers who have been exposed to dust for a long time, they must also undergo post-job examination as required. follow-up examination. ②Personal protection and personal hygiene: Wear dust-proof protective gear, such as dust-proof helmets, dust-proof masks, air-supply helmets, air-supply masks, etc. Pay attention to personal hygiene, change work clothes frequently, and bathe frequently.

5. Which industries and types of work are susceptible to pneumoconiosis?

Mining: The mining of various metal mines, the excavation and mining of coal mines, and the mining of other metal mines are the main operating environments that cause pneumoconiosis. The main types of operations are rock drilling, blasting, pillars, and transportation. ;

Metal smelting: crushing, screening and transportation of metal-containing ores;

Machinery manufacturing industry: casting sand preparation, molding, sand cleaning, sand blasting and electric welding operations of castings; Building materials industry: such as mining, crushing, grinding, screening, mixing, etc. in the production of refractory materials, glass, cement, and stone; mining, transportation, and textiles of asbestos;

Highway, railway, and water conservancy construction tunneling, blasting, etc.

6. How to choose a dust mask (face mask) and how long does it take to replace it?

There are three points to note when choosing a dust mask: First, the mask must be able to effectively prevent dust from entering the respiratory tract.

An effective dust mask must be able to prevent fine dust, especially respiratory dust below 5 microns, from entering the respiratory tract. That is, it must be a nationally recognized "dust mask". It must be pointed out that ordinary gauze masks have no dust-proof effect. The second is suitability, which means that the mask should fit the shape of the face to the greatest extent possible to ensure that air does not enter the respiratory tract from the gap between the mask and the face without being filtered by the mask. It must be worn correctly according to the instructions for use. The third is to be comfortable to wear, which mainly needs to be able to effectively prevent dust and make breathing effortless after wearing the mask. It should be light in weight, hygienic to wear, and easy to maintain.

Dust-proof masks will reduce or lose their dust-proof effect if worn for a long time, so they must be replaced regularly according to the mask instructions. During use, prevent extrusion, deformation, and water contamination, and maintain it carefully.

7. If you suspect that you may have pneumoconiosis, where should you go for diagnosis and medical treatment?

If you suspect that you have pneumoconiosis, you should first go to your original work unit to obtain relevant certification materials on your occupational history, and then go to the medical and health institution where the unit is located or where you live to conduct occupational disease diagnosis according to law. The medical and health institution It should be approved by the health administrative department of the people's government at or above the provincial level. Please consult your local health department for details.

8. What should I do if I get pneumoconiosis?

Fibrosis in pneumoconiosis is an irreversible disease, and there is currently no cure. Therefore, those who have been diagnosed with pneumoconiosis should first of all immediately leave the dust industry and make appropriate arrangements for work or recuperation; secondly, carry out fitness therapy, insist on physical exercise and strengthen nutrition to improve the body's resistance; thirdly, pay attention to psychological treatment , to help patients eliminate fear and paralyzing careless thoughts; fourth, actively treat comorbidities and complications.

2. Occupational hazards and protection of welders

Today, with the rapid development of social economy, welding operations involve almost all industrial fields. The number of welders has increased sharply. Occupational hazards are also becoming increasingly prominent. The main occupational hazards of electric welding in special operations are dust, toxic gases, high temperatures, arc light, high-frequency electromagnetic fields, etc.

1. The main hazards in welding operations:

The hazards of metal fume. The composition of welding fume varies depending on the type of welding rod used. The welding rod consists of a welding core and a coating. In addition to containing a large amount of iron, the welding core also contains carbon, manganese, silicon, chromium, nickel, sulfur and phosphorus; the materials in the coating are mainly composed of marble, fluorite, rutile, pure salt, water glass, ferromanganese, etc. During welding, the arc discharge generates a high temperature of 4000°C to 6000°C. While melting the welding rod and the weldment, a large amount of smoke is produced. The main components are iron oxide, manganese oxide, silica, silicate, etc. The smoke particles are very small.

If diffused in the working environment, it can easily be inhaled into the lungs. Long-term inhalation can cause fibrous lesions in the lung tissue, which is called welder's pneumoconiosis, and is often accompanied by complications such as manganese poisoning, fluorosis and metal fume fever.

The hazards of toxic gases. Under the action of high temperature and strong ultraviolet rays generated by the welding arc, a large amount of toxic gases, such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, etc., will be produced around the arc area. The hazards of arc light radiation. The arc light generated by welding mainly includes infrared rays, visible light and ultraviolet rays. Among them, ultraviolet rays harm the human body mainly through photochemical effects. It damages the eyes and exposed skin, causing keratoconjunctivitis (photoophthalmia) and skin biliary erythema.

2. Protection against occupational hazards in electric welding operations

Improve welding technology and improve welding processes and materials. By improving welding technology, welding operations can be mechanized, automated, and people can be isolated from the welding environment, thereby fundamentally eliminating the harm to the human body caused by welding operations. Since most of the hazards caused by electric welding are related to the composition of the electrode coating, improving the electrode material and selecting non-toxic or low-toxic electrodes are also one of the effective measures to reduce welding hazards.

Improve the ventilation conditions in the workplace. Ventilation methods can be divided into natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation. Mechanical ventilation relies on the pressure generated by the fan to exchange air. It has better dust removal and detoxification effects, so it is better than natural ventilation. When welding is performed indoors or in a closed container, mechanical ventilation measures must be taken.

Strengthen personal protection measures. Strengthening personal protection can prevent the harm of toxic gases and dust generated during welding. Operators must use corresponding protective glasses, face shields, masks, gloves, white protective clothing, and insulated shoes. They must not wear short-sleeved clothes or roll up their sleeves. Part 2: Occupational Health Promotion Knowledge

Dust Prevention Three measures for hazards

Dust prevention countermeasures require an optimized combination of technical measures such as processes, process equipment, materials, operating conditions, labor health protection facilities, and personal protective equipment to adopt comprehensive countermeasures. Comprehensive measures include technical measures, organizational management measures and health care measures. Technical measures are the key and fundamental measures to control and eliminate dust pollution sources. Organizational and management measures are the guarantee of technical measures, and health care measures are auxiliary measures. Comprehensive dust prevention measures mainly include: publicity and education, technological innovation, wet protection, airtight dust sources, ventilation and dust removal, personal protection, maintenance management, supervision and inspection.

1. Technical measures

Technical measures are the central measures to prevent dust hazards. They mainly focus on controlling dust-generating operations and operations that do not meet dust prevention requirements, with the purpose of eliminating or reducing productivity. The generation and escape of dust, and reducing the dust concentration in the working environment as much as possible.

l) Reforming the process and innovating production equipment is the fundamental way to eliminate dust hazards. It should start from all aspects such as production process design, equipment selection, and dust-generating machinery should have equipment that meets dust-proof requirements before leaving the factory.

2) Wet operation is an economical, easy and effective measure to prevent dust from flying. It can be used for any operation that can be wet-produced. For example, wet rock drilling, tunnel washing, air inlet purification, etc. in mines, wet crushing or spraying of quartz, ore, etc., wet mixing in the glass and ceramics industry, wet sand modeling, wet unpacking sand cleaning, and chemical cleaning in the foundry industry. Sand etc.

3) Sealing, suction and dust removal. For dust-producing positions where wet operations cannot be performed, closed air suction and dust removal methods should be used. All equipment that can generate dust should be sealed as much as possible, and local mechanical suction should be used to maintain a certain negative pressure in the sealed equipment to prevent dust from escaping. The extracted dusty air must undergo dust removal and purification before it can be discharged to avoid polluting the atmosphere.

2. Health care measures

To prevent the harm of dust to human health, the first step is to eliminate or reduce the source of occurrence, which is the most fundamental measure. The second is to reduce the concentration of dust in the air. The last step is to reduce the chance of dust entering the human body and reduce the hazards of dust. Health care measures are the last link in prevention. Although they are auxiliary measures, they still occupy an important position.

1) Personal protection and personal hygiene. For operations where the dust concentration does not meet the allowable concentration standards due to limited conditions, wearing a suitable dust mask becomes an important measure. Dust masks must have high dust filtration rate, high air permeability, light weight, and not affect workers' vision and operation. Carry out physical exercise and pay attention to nutrition. It is of certain significance to increase physical fitness and improve resistance. In addition, you should pay attention to personal hygiene habits, do not smoke, abide by dust-proof operating procedures, and strictly implement the system of not working without wearing a dust-proof mask.

2) Pre-employment and regular physical examinations. New workers engaged in dust operations must undergo health examinations. The main purpose is to discover contraindications to employment in dust operations and as health information. The purpose of regular physical examinations is to detect the damage to health caused by dust at an early stage, and to promptly remove workers from dust-related operations if they are found to have diseases that make it inappropriate to engage in dust operations.

3) Protect patients with pneumoconiosis to receive appropriate arrangements and enjoy due treatment permitted by national policies. They should be assessed for their labor ability and properly placed.

3. Organizational measures

Strengthen supervision and inspection, and do a good job in occupational health publicity.

Measures to prevent heat stroke and cool down

1. Technical measures

1) Reasonable design of process flow: Reasonable design of process flow, improvement of production equipment and operating methods are fundamental measures to improve working conditions in high-temperature operations.

2) Heat insulation: Heat insulation is an important measure to prevent radiation. Water or materials with low thermal conductivity can be used for heat insulation. Among them, water has the best heat insulation effect. Water has a large specific heat and can absorb radiant heat to the maximum extent.

3) Ventilation and cooling: ① Natural ventilation: Any house can be naturally ventilated through doors, windows and gaps. This method alone is not enough for high-temperature workshops. High-temperature workshops with large amounts of heat and scattered heat sources, It takes more than 30 to 50 air changes per hour to remove the residual heat in time. At this time, the air inlet and exhaust outlet must be reasonably configured to make full use of the combined effects of heat pressure and wind pressure to make natural Ventilation works to its maximum effectiveness. ② Mechanical ventilation: Mechanical ventilation can be used when natural ventilation cannot meet the cooling needs or when production requires a certain temperature and humidity in the workshop.

2． Health measures

1) Provide drinks and nutritional supplements: During high-temperature operations, you should replenish water and salt equivalent to sweating. The best way to replenish water and salt is to provide salty drinks, usually 3 to 5L of water and about 20g of salt per day

2) Personal protection: Work clothes for workers working in high temperatures should be heat-resistant and conductive. Made of small but breathable fabric. To prevent heat radiation, white canvas or aluminum foil work clothes can be used.

3) Strengthen medical prevention work: Workers who work in high temperatures should undergo physical examinations before employment and before entering the heat, and occupational contraindications should be discovered in a timely manner.

3. Organizational measures: Strengthen leadership, improve management, strictly abide by relevant hygiene standards for high-temperature operations, and improve the unit's heatstroke prevention and cooling work.

Measures to prevent noise hazards

1. Controlling noise sources: Taking technical measures to control or eliminate noise sources according to specific circumstances is a method to fundamentally solve noise hazards.

2． Control the propagation of noise: In the propagation of noise, applying sound absorption and silencing technology can achieve better results.

Sound absorption is an important measure to reduce noise intensity. Use sound-absorbing materials to decorate the inner surface of the workshop, such as hanging sound absorbers on walls or roofs or in the workplace, to absorb radiated or reflected sound energy. , which can reduce the intensity of noise.

Silencer is the main measure to reduce dynamic noise. It is used in air ducts and exhaust pipes. Commonly used are resistive mufflers and resistive mufflers. The combination of the two has better silencing effect. In some cases, certain materials and devices can also be used to close the sound source or the place that needs to be quiet in a smaller space to isolate it from the surrounding environment, that is, sound insulation, such as soundproof room, isolation room, etc. Sound mask etc.

In order to prevent the transmission of noise through solid bodies, vibration isolation or vibration reduction devices are installed at the joints between the foundation of the machine or vibrating body and the floor and wall during construction, which can also reduce noise.

3. Personal protection: Wearing personal protective equipment is an effective measure to protect the hearing organs. Such as earplugs, earmuffs, helmets, etc.

4． Health monitoring: In accordance with national requirements, regular health examinations are conducted on workers, especially hearing organ examinations to detect contraindications in a timely manner.

5． Reasonably arrange labor and work and rest: Avoid overtime or long continuous working hours when working with noise, and shorten the exposure time as much as possible.

Eight rights and three obligations of employees

Eight rights:

①Right to know: the right to know the dangers and risks that exist in their workplaces and jobs. Preventive measures and accident emergency measures;

② The right to make suggestions, that is, the right to make suggestions on the unit’s safety production work;

③ The right to criticize, report, and accuse, that is, employees have the right to Criticize, report and accuse existing problems in the unit's production safety work;

④ The right to refuse, that is, the right to refuse illegal instructions and forced risky operations;

⑤ The right to emergency escape , that is, when employees discover an emergency that directly endangers personal safety, they have the right to stop operations or evacuate the workplace after taking possible emergency measures;

⑥Right to claim for compensation, that is, those who are damaged due to production safety accidents Employees, in addition to enjoying social insurance for work-related injuries in accordance with the law, if they still have the right to compensation in accordance with relevant civil laws, have the right to make compensation claims to their unit;

⑦ Obtain labor protection supplies that meet national or industry standards.

⑧ The right to obtain safety production education and training

Three obligations:

① The obligation of self-discipline and compliance, that is, the obligation of employees to comply with regulations during the operation

② The obligation to consciously learn production safety knowledge, that is, to master the necessary knowledge for the job Safety production knowledge, improve safety production skills, and enhance accident prevention and emergency response capabilities.

③Hazard notification obligation, that is, when employees discover potential accident hazards or other unsafe factors, they should immediately report to the on-site production safety management personnel or the person in charge of the unit

How should workers improve their performance? A sense of self-preservation?

1) Workers should first consciously accept publicity, education and training on occupational disease prevention and control knowledge from the employer, and master the types, consequences, prevention and emergency treatment measures of harmful factors in their workplaces. Strictly implement operating procedures and strictly prohibit illegal operations to prevent accidents.

2) Workers must undergo occupational health examinations before employment to understand whether they have any contraindications for the occupation they are engaged in. Workers with obvious respiratory and cardiovascular system diseases should not be engaged in operations that are exposed to irritating gases and dust; workers with obvious neurological or mental system diseases should not be engaged in operations that are exposed to poisons that mainly damage the nervous system, such as metal, Metalloids, organic solvents, organophosphorus pesticides, etc. Workers must undergo regular occupational health examinations after employment, so that occupational diseases and injuries can be detected early and preventive measures can be taken in a timely manner.

3) Workers must learn to use personal protective equipment. Personal protection measures are an important preventive measure in the prevention of occupational diseases. They can prevent the harmful factors of occupational diseases from harming the human body. Commonly used personal protective equipment include dust (poison) masks, protective masks, protective clothing, etc. Part 3: Occupational health publicity materials

● What occupational health rights do workers enjoy according to law?

(1) Obtain occupational health education and training;

(2) Obtain occupational health examination, occupational disease diagnosis and treatment, rehabilitation and other occupational disease prevention and treatment services;

(3) ) Understand the occupational disease hazard factors and harmful consequences that occur or may occur in the workplace and the occupational disease protection measures that should be taken;

(4) Require employers to provide occupational disease protection facilities that meet the requirements for the prevention and treatment of occupational diseases and occupational disease prevention equipment for personal use Protective equipment and improve working conditions;

(5) Criticize, report and accuse violations of laws and regulations on the prevention and control of occupational diseases and behaviors that endanger life and health;

(6) Reject orders that violate regulations and forcing operations without protective measures against occupational diseases;

(7) Participate in the democratic management of the employer’s occupational health work and provide opinions and suggestions on the prevention and control of occupational diseases.

● What are the responsibilities of the employer?

It is necessary to create a working environment and conditions for workers that comply with national occupational health standards and health requirements, take measures to ensure that workers receive occupational health protection, and assume responsibility for occupational disease hazards generated by the unit. No unit or individual may transfer operations that produce occupational disease hazards to units or individuals that do not have the conditions for occupational disease protection. Employers shall not arrange for minors to engage in work that exposes them to occupational disease hazards; they shall not arrange for female employees during pregnancy or lactation to engage in work that is harmful to themselves, their fetuses, and infants.

● What are occupational disease hazards and what are the factors that cause occupational disease hazards?

Occupational disease hazards refer to various hazards that may cause occupational diseases to workers engaged in occupational activities. Occupational hazard factors include various toxic and harmful chemical, physical, and biological factors that exist in occupational activities as well as other occupational harmful factors produced during the work process. Chemical factors include metals and metalloids such as lead, mercury, manganese, chromium, arsenic, etc.; irritating and asphyxiating gases such as phosgene, chlorine, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, etc.; organic solvents and polymer compounds ; Various pesticides; production dust; physical factors include noise, vibration, high temperature, microwave, high frequency, ionizing radiation, etc.; biological factors include Bacillus anthracis, Brucella, forest encephalitis virus, etc.

● What are occupational diseases and what are occupational frequently-occurring diseases?

Occupational diseases refer to workers in enterprises, institutions and individual economic organizations (employers) who are exposed to dust during occupational activities. , diseases caused by radioactive substances and other toxic and harmful substances.

Occupational frequently-occurring diseases refer to the occurrence of the disease being related to occupation, but the occupational hazard factors are not the direct cause of the disease, but are just one of the many factors leading to the occurrence of the disease, or they only cause the existing disease. Aggravated, for example, miners are prone to peptic ulcer.

● What are the statutory occupational diseases and their scope?

Legal occupational diseases refer to occupational diseases expressly stipulated by the competent departments of the national government. Due to differences in social systems, economic conditions, and the popularity of diagnostic technology, the scope and types of occupational diseases stipulated by each country are also different. Based on my country's current economic conditions and diagnostic technology level, the Ministry of Health announced a new catalog of statutory occupational diseases in 2002, totaling 115 categories in ten categories. Including 13 types of pneumoconiosis, 11 types of occupational radiation diseases, 56 types of occupational poisoning, 5 types of occupational diseases caused by physical factors, 3 types of occupational diseases caused by biological factors, 8 types of occupational skin diseases, 3 types of occupational eye diseases, and occupational ear, nose and throat diseases There are 3 types of oral diseases, 8 types of occupational tumors, and 5 types of other occupational diseases.

● What are the main characteristics of occupational diseases?

The main characteristics of occupational diseases are (1) clear causes: the causes are occupational hazards; (2) most of the causes of exposure are chemical factors or physical factors, and usually the amount of exposure can be detected, and Only when the amount of exposure exceeds a certain limit can people become sick; (3) Among people exposed to the same occupational hazards, a certain number of people often get sick, and individual patients rarely appear; (4) Early detection and reasonable treatment make recovery easier, and discovery The later the treatment is delayed, the worse the curative effect will be, and there are currently no specific treatments for many occupational diseases.

● How to deal with suspected occupational disease patients?

When medical institutions discover suspected occupational disease patients, they should inform the workers themselves and the employer; the employer should promptly arrange for the diagnosis of suspected occupational disease patients. ; During the period of diagnosis or medical observation of patients with suspected occupational diseases, the employer shall not terminate or terminate the labor contract signed with the patient; the expenses incurred during the diagnosis or medical observation of patients with suspected occupational diseases shall be borne by the employer.

● What treatment do patients with occupational diseases enjoy according to law?

Employers shall arrange for patients with occupational diseases to undergo treatment, rehabilitation and regular examinations in accordance with relevant national regulations; Patients should be transferred from their original positions and properly resettled; the treatment, rehabilitation expenses, social security for disability and loss of working ability of patients with occupational diseases shall be implemented in accordance with the national regulations on social insurance for work-related injuries; the employer has not participated in social insurance for work-related injuries. The medical treatment and life of patients with occupational diseases The protection is borne by the last employer. If the last employer has evidence to prove that the occupational disease is caused by the occupational hazards of the previous employer, the previous employer shall bear the responsibility.

● The hazards and prevention of production dust

Production dust refers to solid particles that are generated during people’s production activities and can float in the air for a long time. Long-term inhalation of dust can cause diffuse and progressive fibrous tissue hyperplasia in the lung tissue, eventually leading to pneumoconiosis. Asbestos dust can cause bronchial lung cancer and mesothelioma, radioactive mineral dust can cause lung cancer, and silica dust and nickel dust are also related to the high incidence of lung cancer. Many organic dusts can cause bronchial asthma.

The clinical manifestations of pneumoconiosis patients are mainly respiratory symptoms such as cough, sputum, chest pain, dyspnea, etc. In addition, there are wheezing, hemoptysis and some systemic symptoms. Once a patient is diagnosed with pneumoconiosis, he should be removed from dust work in a timely manner, and comprehensive treatment should be carried out according to the needs of the condition to actively prevent and treat tuberculosis and other complications, in order to reduce symptoms, delay the progression of the disease, prolong the patient's life and improve the patient's quality of life.

Comprehensive prevention and control measures must be taken to prevent and control pneumoconiosis. The eight-character policy of "breakthrough, water, density, wind, protection, management, education, and investigation" summarized from decades of dust control work in our country is valuable experience in effective and comprehensive management. The specific meaning of the eight-character policy is - revolution: technological innovation; water: wet operation; density: closed dust source; wind: ventilation and dust removal; protection: personal protection; management: strengthening management; teach: publicity and education; check: regular inspection.