Arbor Day is coming. What is the proportion of land used in China?

Present situation of land use in China

China is located in the east of the Asian continent, bordering the Pacific Ocean in the southeast, and is a country with both land and sea. China has a vast territory, complex natural conditions and great regional differences. Large population, poor economic foundation and backward technology have a profound impact on the development and utilization of land resources.

First of all, the landform types are complex, including mountains, plateaus, hills, basins and plains, in which mountains account for about 33% of the national territory, plateaus for 26%, hills for 10%, basins for 19% and plains for 12%.

Second, the climate types are diverse. From north to south, it spans the temperate zone, subtropical zone and tropical zone. Due to the difference of heat conditions, dryland agriculture is dominant in the north, with one crop a year and three crops every two years. Paddy field agriculture is dominant in the south, with two crops and three crops a year; From east to west, it spans four climatic zones: humid, semi-humid, semi-arid and arid. Due to the difference of water conditions, two regions are formed, which are mainly agriculture and forestry in the east and animal husbandry and oasis agriculture in the west.

Third, the types of soil and vegetation are diverse. The soils in the south are mainly red soil, yellow soil and paddy soil, and the natural vegetation is subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest and tropical monsoon forest. The soil in the north is mainly cotton field soil, fluvo-aquic soil, cinnamon soil, brown soil and black soil, and the natural vegetation is temperate coniferous forest and deciduous broad-leaved forest. The soil in northwest China is mainly chestnut soil, brown calcium soil and desert soil, and the natural vegetation is grassland, meadow and desert. The soil in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is mainly alpine meadow soil, grassland soil and desert soil, and the natural vegetation includes alpine grassland, alpine meadow and alpine desert. The difference between soil and vegetation affects the nature, fertility and development direction of land.

Fourth, China has a large population and a high density, but its regional distribution is uneven. The southeast coast and Sichuan basin are densely populated, with a long history of agricultural development, relatively developed transportation, culture and economy, high degree of water conservancy and mechanization and high land utilization rate. Northwest China and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are sparsely populated, with a relatively late history of agricultural development, backward transportation, culture, economy and technology conditions, and a low level of land use, which has great potential for further development and utilization.

Affected by natural conditions, social history, economic and technical conditions and other factors, land use in China has the following characteristics:

① Land development has a long history and a high degree of development, but its utilization is low and its development potential is great. The land development in China has a history of thousands of years. Up to now, the developed and utilized area accounts for 73.95% of the total land area in China, and most of the remaining undeveloped parts are difficult to use. In the developed land, low-yield fields account for about 2/3 of cultivated land, with low forest coverage and low grass production. It can be seen that the land of China.

(3) The land resources are abundant, and the land use types are complex and diverse. China's land resources are large in area and diverse in types, which provides conditions for various development and utilization. The main land use types are cultivated land, garden land, woodland, grassland, residential land, industrial and mining land, traffic land, water area and so on. Among them, cultivated land is divided into paddy field and dry land according to irrigation conditions.

③ The proportion of cultivated land and forest land is small, while the proportion of grassland is large. Cultivated land accounts for about 14.2% of the total land area in China, and the per capita cultivated land is 1.6 mu; Forest land accounts for about 16.8%, and the per capita forest land is only 1.89 mu; Grassland area accounts for about 28%, and grassland per capita is 3. 1 mu.

④ The regional differences of land use are significant. Structurally, cultivated land, forest land, water area and non-agricultural construction land are the main areas in the east and south; Farming-pastoral ecotone in central China is dominated by cultivated land and grassland; The northwest is dominated by grasslands and hard-to-use land; From the perspective of utilization degree, agriculture in the east and south has a long history, with high land utilization rate, low land utilization rate in the middle and low land utilization rate in the northwest; Topographically, plains and basins are mainly cultivated land, water areas and non-agricultural construction land, hills and hills are mainly cultivated land and woodland, and mountains are mainly woodland and grassland. Meng Xin Plateau and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are mainly grassland and hard-to-use land.

The present situation and characteristics of the main land use in China are as follows:

1. Paddy fields account for about 1/4 of the total cultivated land area, and are widely distributed, reaching Hainan Island in the south, northern Heilongjiang Province in the north, Taiwan Province Province in the east, and Yili Valley and Kashgar in Xinjiang in the west. Paddy fields are distributed from low-lying marshes to Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau at an altitude of more than 2,700 meters. Among them, Qinling and Huaihe rivers are the most concentrated in the south, accounting for about the total water production area of the country. Paddy fields in other areas are small and scattered. The paddy fields in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the south, Sichuan Basin, Dongting Lake Plain, Poyang Lake Plain and Pearl River Delta Plain are concentrated and contiguous, with dense water networks, abundant water sources and convenient irrigation. In addition, it is an important grain, cotton and oil production base in China with dense population, abundant labor force, high intensive farmland management, developed agricultural production and high land utilization rate. Paddy fields in South China and Taiwan Province Province are mainly distributed in hills, mountain basins and coastal plains, with good irrigation conditions, intensive farmland management, high land use level and high grain yield, and agricultural production occupies a certain position in the country. Paddy fields in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in Southwest China are mainly distributed in valleys, basins and hilly areas, with poor quality. A considerable proportion of paddy fields are "thunder fields", lacking water supply guarantee, less labor force, extensive farmland management and less land.

2. The area of dry land accounts for about 3/4 of the total cultivated land, which is distributed all over the country. Contrary to paddy fields, dry land is mainly distributed in the north of Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River, accounting for about 85% of the total dry land area in China. Among them, Northeast Plain and Huanghuaihai Plain are the most concentrated, accounting for about 60% of the total dry land area in China, followed by piedmont alluvial plain, Hetao Plain and oases in Loess Plateau, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia and Northwest China.

3. Forests The forest area in China is about 2.4 billion mu, and the forest coverage rate is only 16.8%. The forest area is small and unevenly distributed, including large and small Xing 'an Mountains in the northeast, Changbai Mountain and southeastern Tibet. In addition, there are relatively concentrated forests in Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang, Bailong River Basin in Gansu, Daba Mountain in Qinling, Shennongjia in Hubei, Southeast Hilly Area, South Hainan and Central Taiwan Province Province, and the forests in other areas are small and scattered. Judging from the composition of forest tree species, the forest areas in Northeast China and Southeast Tibet are basically timber forests, which are the two major natural timber forest bases in China. The mountainous and hilly areas of North China, Jiaodong and Liaodong Peninsula are mainly economic forests, which are rich in temperate fruits. The southwest mountainous areas and Qinba mountain areas are dominated by timber forests, and economic forests account for a certain proportion; The southeast hilly region is dominated by economic forests and timber forests, and economic forests occupy an important position, which is the production base of subtropical economic forest products and fruits in China. The hilly areas of South China and South Yunnan are rich in economic forests, which are the main producing areas of rubber, pepper and tropical fruits in China.

4. Shelterbelt is mainly distributed in Northeast China, North China, Loess Plateau, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and other regions. Farmland shelterbelts are dominant in Northeast Plain and North China Plain, and there are large areas of artificial windbreak and sand fixation forests in the west of Northeast Plain, along the Great Wall, Hexi Corridor and parts of Xinjiang, which are called "Three North" shelterbelts.

Grassland and grassland include natural grassland and artificial grassland, with a total area of about 4 billion mu, accounting for 28% of the total land area of the country. Natural grassland includes grassland and grass slope. Grassland grasslands are mainly distributed in the northwest and west of China, with Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Tibet and other provinces (regions) with the largest area, the widest distribution and contiguous concentration. Meadow grassland is in the east of Inner Mongolia, and the grass is very lush. It is the best grassland pastoral area in China. Central Inner Mongolia is a grassland with excellent grass quality, which is one of the important pastoral areas in China. Gansu, Xinjiang and northwest Qinghai are desert grasslands with poor grass quality and low livestock carrying capacity. Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is an alpine grassland and desert, with poor grass quality, unbalanced seasons and low utilization rate. Along the Great Wall, the Loess Plateau and the southwest mountainous areas are the ecotones between agriculture and animal husbandry, and the grassland quality is still good. Animal husbandry plays an important role in agriculture. However, the contradiction between agriculture and animal husbandry is sharp and the grassland is seriously degraded. Grass hill and grass slope are mainly distributed in the southern mountainous area, with a large area and staggered distribution with woodland. Pasture is lush and of good quality, but it has not been fully utilized at present. The proportion of grassland in agricultural areas such as Northeast Plain, North China Plain, Middle and Lower Yangtze River Plain and Sichuan Basin is small and scattered, but the utilization rate is high. Artificial improvement of grassland is mainly distributed in soil and water conditions.

6. Glaciers and permanent snow cover a total area of about 90 million mu, accounting for 0.63% of the total land area of China. They are mainly distributed in the mountains and plateaus over 3500m above sea level in western China. The national ice and snow storage capacity is about 5 trillion cubic meters, and it can supply about 54 billion cubic meters of water to rivers every year, which is the main water source for agricultural irrigation in arid areas of northwest China.

7. The exposed rock and gravel land area is about 65.438 0.55 million mu, accounting for 654.38 0.9% of the total land area in China, mainly distributed in the northwest and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and also distributed in some mountainous areas in North China, Southwest China and Southeast China.

8. The total area of alpine desert is about 230 million mu, accounting for 1.6% of China's total land area. It is mainly distributed in the areas south of Kunlun Mountain, west of Qinghai-Tibet Highway, east of Xinjiang-Tibet Highway and north of latitude 33. The alpine desert area is characterized by high terrain, low temperature, poor soil, almost no planting activities, sparse vegetation and short coverage.

9. Deserts The national desert area is about 900 million mu, accounting for 6.3% of the total land area. Mainly distributed in the northwest, Inner Mongolia and the northeast and west. Among them, Taklimakan Desert, Badain Jaran Desert, Gurbantunggut Desert, Tengger Desert and Mu Us Desert have large areas.

10. The Gobi covers an area of about 840 million mu, accounting for 5.8% of the total land area of China. Mainly distributed in northwest Inner Mongolia, western Qinghai and Xinjiang, especially in northeast Xinjiang and northwest Inner Mongolia.

1 1. There are many lakes in China. There are more than 2,800 lakes, with an area of over 1 km2, a total area of about10.07 billion mu and a total storage capacity of about 700 billion cubic meters. There are lakes all over the country, and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are relatively concentrated, forming two major lakes in China.

At present, the main problems in China's land use are as follows: ① the land use structure is not reasonable, especially in the semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas in the north, the loess plateau area and the southern mountainous areas, because of improper arrangement of land for agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry, the contradiction of land competition is more prominent; ② The land utilization rate and productivity are low, and the middle and low yield areas of cultivated land are large, including waterlogged depressions, saline-alkali land, aeolian dry land, low red soil producing areas and sloping cultivated land. The proportion of forest land is small, and there are still large areas of barren hills and wasteland suitable for forest and sandy wasteland that are not fully utilized; The grassland quality is poor and the livestock carrying capacity is low; (3) The land is seriously damaged. The area of soil erosion in China is about 6.5438+0.65 million square kilometers, especially on the Loess Plateau, accounting for 28.66% of the total land area in China. Due to excessive reclamation and overgrazing, grassland degradation and desertification in northwest China are serious. Poor land management and blind expansion of non-agricultural construction land have aggravated the contradiction between people and land.

The ways to solve the above problems are: ① adjusting the land use structure, and rationally arranging the land for agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry according to the land suitability on the basis of land evaluation; (2) protect forests, build grasslands, vigorously plant trees and grass, expand the area of forests and grass, improve the ecological environment, and promote the development of forestry and animal husbandry; ③ Strengthen land management, protect cultivated land and strictly control non-agricultural construction land; Vigorously transform low-and medium-yield fields in a planned way and reclaim wasteland suitable for agriculture.

Author: Guo Huancheng Ren Jinhai

Editor: Zhang Zhihua