Gaoyi English

Connectives that lead to noun clauses can be divided into three categories:

Conjunction: that (without any meaning)

When, if (both mean "whether" means uncertainty of clause content)

Like, like (both meaning "like" and "like")

None of the above is an integral part of this clause.

Connective pronouns: what, what, who, who, who,

whosoever

Connective adverbs: when, where, how and why

An unsolvable conjunction:

The conjunction after 1. preposition

2. The conjunctions leading the subject clause and appositive clause cannot be omitted.

She was chosen to make us very happy.

We heard the news that our team won.

Comparison:

Both "where" and "if" mean "whether". However, when cannot be replaced by if in the following cases:

1. Whether to guide the subject clause and start the sentence.

2. Guide predicative clauses

3.Where clause as prepositional object

There is "or not" after the clause.

It is not clear whether he will come.

Most subject clauses guided by conjunctions can be placed at the end of the sentence, with it as the formal subject.

It doesn't matter who goes.

It is not known which team will win the game.

[Edit this paragraph] 2. subject clause

A clause that is the subject of a sentence is called a subject clause. Subject clauses are usually guided by subordinate conjunctions that, where, if, connecting pronouns what, who, which, what, who and connecting adverbs how, when, where and why. It has no meaning in the sentence, but only plays a connecting role; Connective pronouns and adverbs not only retain their interrogative meanings in sentences, but also play a connecting role and act as components of clauses. For example:

What he wants to tell us is not clear. What he wants to tell us is not clear.

Who will win the game is still unknown. Who can win the game is still unknown.

We all know how he became a writer. We all know how he became a writer.

Where the English evening will be held has not been announced. Where the English evening will be held has not been announced.

Sometimes in order to avoid top-heavy sentences, the formal subject it is often used instead of the subject clause as the formal subject at the beginning of the sentence and the subject clause at the end of the sentence. The predicate verb after the subject clause is generally singular. Common sentence patterns are as follows:

It+be+ noun +that clause

It+be+ adjective +that clause

Past participle of It+be+ verb +that clause

(4)It+ intransitive verb +that clause

Also note that the subjunctive mood "(should) +do" is used in the subject clause to express surprise, disbelief, regret and so on. Commonly used sentence patterns are:

This is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.). ) That ...

What a pity (pity, no surprise, etc.) ) That ...

Someone suggested (request, proposal, expectation, etc.). ) That ...

[Edit this paragraph] Third, the object clause

A clause with a noun phrase as the object is called an object clause. The related words of leading object clauses are almost the same as those of leading subject clauses and predicative clauses, and can be used as the objects of predicate verbs or prepositions and non-predicate verbs in sentences.

1. Object clauses guided by conjunctions

When the object clause is guided by the conjunction that, that plays no role in the sentence and is often omitted in spoken or informal style. However, if the clause is a compound sentence, the second clause in front of it can't be saved. For example:

He told me that he would go to Shanghai tomorrow. He told me that he would go to Shanghai tomorrow.

We must never think that we are all good and others are all bad. Never think that you are all good and everyone else is bad.

Note: After verbs such as demand, command, suggestion, decision, persistence, desire, demand, command, etc., object clauses often use "(should)+ verb prototype". For example:

I insist that she work alone.

The commander ordered everyone to start at once. The commander ordered the troops to start at once.

2. Object clauses guided by who, who, which, who, what, when, where, why, how, who, what, which and other related words are equivalent to special interrogative sentences, and it should be noted that the sentence order should be declarative. For example:

I wonder what he told you. I want to know what he told you.

She is always thinking about how to do a good job. She is always thinking about how to do the work well.

She will give enthusiastic support to anyone who needs help. She will enthusiastically support anyone who needs help.

3. The order of the subject and predicate of the object clause guided by whether it is if cannot be reversed, and the word order of the declarative sentence remains. In addition, when you say "no", you can only use "where" instead of "if" in the following situations:

A. guide the subject clause and the beginning of the sentence; B. when guiding predicative clauses; C. when the leading sentence is used as the preposition object; D. when there is "or not" after the clause; E. when the infinitive is followed. For example:

Where there is life on the moon is an interesting question. Is there life on the moon? Is this an interesting question?

The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the exam.

Everything depends on whether we have enough money.

I don't know whether he will come. I don't know whether he will come.

Can you tell me whether to go or stay? Can you tell me whether to go or stay?

4. Pay attention to the tense echo in the object clause. When active words exist, use clauses according to your own sentence situation.

Different tenses. For example:

He studies English every day.

He learned English last term.

I know that he will learn English next year.

He began to learn English from 1998.

When the main verb is past tense (except could and would), the clauses should use the corresponding past tense, such as general past tense, past continuous tense, past future tense, etc. When clauses express objective truth, scientific principles and natural phenomena, clauses still use the present tense. For example:

The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America.

5. In the negative object clauses caused by verbs such as think, believe, imagine and support. The verb in the above main sentence should be changed into a negative sentence. That is, the negative form in the clause is moved to the main clause. For example:

T think you are here. We don't think you are here.

I don't think he will do that. I don't believe he would do that.

[Edit this paragraph] 4. Predicative clause

A clause used as a predicative in a sentence is called a predicative clause. The related words that lead to predicative clauses are almost the same as those that lead to subject clauses. Predicative clauses are located after connecting verbs and sometimes guided by if. Its basic structure is: subject+copulative verb +that clause. For example:

The fact is that we lost the game. The fact is that we lost the game.

That's just what I want. This is exactly what I want.

This is our problem. This is our problem.

That's why he didn't come to the meeting. That's why he didn't attend the meeting.

It looks as if it will rain. It looks like rain.

It should be noted that when the subject is reason, the predicative clause should be guided by that, not by cause. For example:

The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning.

Note that when can guide predicative clauses, but if synonymous with it is usually not used to guide predicative clauses.

[Edit this paragraph] 4. Appositive clause

The appositive clause explains the specific content of the noun before it. The appositive clause is usually guided by that, and the nouns that can be used in the appositive clause include suggestions, needs, questions, facts, hopes, ideas, information, news, orders, questions, promises, questions, requests, suggestions, truth, wishes, words and so on. For example:

Let's go

It occurred to him that Mary might be ill. He thinks that Mary may be ill.

The difference between appositive clauses and attributive clauses;

As a relative pronoun, that can guide the attributive clause, act as a sentence component, and can be omitted as an object in the clause; When that leads appositive clauses, it acts as a conjunction, has no practical meaning, does not act as a sentence component, and generally cannot be omitted.

Try to compare the following two examples:

I didn't know you were here.

Do you think this book has taught you something about life in ancient Greece? This leads to the attributive clause, which can be omitted as the object.

Nominal that- clause

1) Clauses guided by subordinate conjunctions are called nominal that- clauses. It only serves as a link between the main clause and the clause, not as any component of the clause, and it has no meaning in itself. Nominal that- clause can act as subject, object, predicative, appositive and adjective object in a sentence, for example:

Subject: It is pure luck that he is still alive. He's alive.

John said that he would go to London on Wednesday. John said that he would go to London on Wednesday.

Predicate: The fact is that I haven't seen him recently. The fact is that no one has seen him recently.

Apposition: No one has seen him recently, which makes everyone in the office very uneasy.

No one has seen him recently, which makes everyone in the office very uneasy.

Adjective object: I am glad that you are satisfied with your work.

I am glad that you are satisfied with your work.

2)That- clause as the subject usually uses it as the antecedent and puts That- clause at the end of the sentence, for example:

Obviously, the whole project is about to fail. Obviously, the whole plan is doomed to failure.

It's a pity that you have to leave.

There are four different collocations of that- clause as a formal subject:

A.it+be+ adjective +that- clause

It is necessary to ... ...

The important thing is ... the important thing is. ...

Obviously ... obviously. ...

B.It+be+-ed participle +that- clause

People believe ... people believe ...

As we all know ... as we all know. ...

It has been decided ... ...

C.it+be+ noun +that- clause

As we all know ... is common sense.

Surprisingly ... amazingly. ...

The fact is ... the fact is. ...

D.it+ intransitive verb +that- clause

seemingly ...

Happened ... happened. ...

It suddenly occurred to me ... it suddenly occurred to me ...

[Edit this paragraph] VI. Nominal special interrogative sentences

1) A noun clause guided by the wh- word is called a noun wh- clause. Interrogative words include connective pronouns, such as Who, Who. Whose, who, What, What, What, which and connecting adverbs such as Where, When, How and Why. Wh- clause has the same grammatical function as that- clause, and can also act as prepositional object, object complement and indirect object, for example:

Subject: How well this book sells depends on its author.

Direct object: In one's own home, one can do what one likes. You can do whatever you want in your own home.

Indirect object: Who will be awarded the prize by the club?

The club will award prizes to the winners.

My question is who will take over as chairman of the foundation. My question is who will take over as chairman of the foundation.

She can name him whatever she wants. She can give him any name she likes.

I don't know when he will come back.

I don't know when he will come back.

Adjective object: I am not sure why she refused their invitation. I'm not sure why she refused their invitation.

Preposition object: It depends on where we are going.

That depends on where we go.

2)Wh- clause as the subject is also commonly used with the antecedent it as the formal subject, and Wh- clause is placed at the end of the sentence, for example:

Who will do the work has not been decided.

Who will do the work has not been decided.

When they will get married is still unknown. When they will get married is still unknown.

[Edit this paragraph] 7. Noun clauses guided by if and where

1) Yes-No question

Nominal clauses guided by subordinate conjunctions if and where are transformed from general questions or choice questions, so they are also called yes-no questions and choice questions respectively, and their functions are the same as wh- clauses, for example:

Subject: Where this plan is feasible remains to be proved. Whether this plan is feasible remains to be confirmed.

Let us know whether you can finish this article before Friday. Please let us know whether you can finish this article before Friday.

The key is when we should lend him money. The question is whether we should lend him money.

Apposition: They are investigating when this man can be trusted. They investigated whether he was trustworthy.

She doubted when we could come. She doubted whether we could come.

I'm worried about what he can do to get through the dangerous period of his illness. I'm worried about whether he can survive the critical period of the disease.

2) Selective interrogative sentences

Selective questions are composed of related words if/what … or what … or not, for example:

Please tell me whether they are Swedish or Danish. Please tell me whether they are Swedish or Danish.

I don't care whether you like the plan or not. I don't care whether you like the plan or not.

1) The negative words of the object clauses after the verbs such as think, believe, support, expect, fantasy and imagine are transferred to the main clause, that is, whether the predicate verb of the main clause is qualitative or not, while the predicate verb of the clause is affirmative.

I don't think I know you. I don't think I know you.

I don't think he will come. I don't believe he will come back.

Note: If the predicate verb is hope, the negative words in the object clause cannot be transferred.

I hope you're not sick. I don't think you are sick.

2) Transfer the negation of clauses after seem, apparent, etc. Go to the front.

They don't seem to know where to go

It seems that they don't know where to go.

It seems that it will not be sunny tomorrow.

It seems that there will be no good weather tomorrow.

3) Sometimes the negation of gerund, prepositional phrase or whole clause becomes the negation of predicate verb.

I don't remember seeing such a person.

I don't remember seeing such a person. (Non-negative gerund phrases include ...)

This is not a place where anyone wants to see strangers in the street.

Here, people don't expect to meet strangers in the street.

Everyone is the subject, and the predicate verb in the clause cannot be used in the negative form. )

4) Sometimes the negation in adverbial or adverbial clause can be transferred to the front of the predicate verb.

Ants don't collect these for themselves. Ants don't just feed for themselves.

He is not prepared to believe anything just because Aristotle said something. He didn't believe it just because Aristotle said how.

She had not been married for a few weeks when the man's younger brother saw her and was shocked by her beauty. She had been married for less than a few months when the man's younger brother saw her and was fascinated by her beauty.

Types of adverbial clauses

Types of adverbial clauses in 1

Clauses used to modify predicate verbs, other verbs, attributes, adverbials or the whole sentence are called adverbial clauses. Adverbial clauses can be divided into:

1. adverbial clause of time; (adverbial clause of time)

2. Adverbial clause of place; (adverbial clause of place)

3. Cause adverbial clause; (Cause adverbial clause)

4. Conditional adverbial clauses; (Conditional adverbial clause)

5. Adverbial clause of purpose; (objective adverbial clause)

6. Adverbial clauses; (adverbial clause)

7. Compare adverbial clauses; (comparative adverbial clause)

8. Degree adverbial clause; (Degree adverbial clause)

9. Adverbial clauses of manner; (Mode adverbial clause)

10. Resultant adverbial clause. (Resultant adverbial clause)

2 time characteristics of adverbial clauses

Generally speaking, the predicate verbs of adverbial clauses with time conditions generally use "simple present tense" to mean "simple future tense" and "present perfect tense" to mean "future perfect tense". For example:

I'll call you as soon as I get to Beijing. I'll call you as soon as I get to Beijing. This is an adverbial clause of time guided by as soon as possible. The predicate verb in the clause is the simple present tense, which means the simple future tense and will never be used.

As soon as I finish this work, I will go home. I will go home as soon as I finish this work. The predicate verb in the clause uses the present perfect tense, which means that the future perfect tense can never be used. )

Please let me know if he comes back. Please let me know if he comes back. The predicate verb in the clause will come back, indicating that it will never come back in the general future tense.

Twice adverbial clause

3 adverbial clause of time

1. adverbial clauses of time guided by when, while and as. For example:

When you think you know nothing, you begin to know something. When you think you know nothing, you start to know something.

When truth is buried in the ground, it grows, it suffocates, it gathers so much explosive force that on the day it broke out, it blew everything up with it. When truth is buried underground, it grows, it feels depressed, it has such explosive power, once it comes out, it will blow everything up!

Strike while the iron is hot.

Can you look after my clothes while I go swimming? Please look after my clothes while I swim.

When your hand passes through the air, you can feel the air flowing. When you wave in the air, you can feel the air flowing.

Our headmaster said with a smile. Our headmaster is talking and laughing.

Distinguish when, while and as: the predicate verb of the clause guided by when can be a progressive verb or an instantaneous verb. And when sometimes means "just then". For example:

I stopped eating when she came in. I was eating when she came in. (Instantaneous verb)

When I lived in the country, I often carried water for him. When I lived in the countryside, I often carried water for him. (continuous verb)

We were about to leave when he came in. We were about to leave when he came in.

The predicate action of the While-guided clause must be continuous, emphasizing that the actions of the main clause and the clause occur at the same time (or correspond to each other). Although sometimes contrast can be expressed. For example:

While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. Was reading is a progressive verb, and Was reading and was watching occur at the same time.

I like playing football while you like playing basketball. I like playing football and you like playing basketball. (contrast)

As stands for "one side … one side", and the action guided by As is a continuous action, which is generally used for the simultaneous appearance of the main clause and the subordinate clause. As can also emphasize "one after the other". For example:

We always sing while walking. We always sing while walking. (as stands for "while")

We were about to go out when it began to snow. When we went out, it began to snow. In the as emphatic sentence, two actions take place immediately after each other, and the specific time when it begins to snow is not emphasized.

2. Adverbial clauses of time guided by before and after. Note that the negative predicate is no longer used in the preceding clause, and when the current clause is located after the main clause, it is sometimes translated into "just". Also pay attention to the time relationship between the main clause and the subordinate clause. The main clause uses the future tense, and the clauses always use the present tense; If the predicate of the leading clause is the past tense, the active words are mostly the past perfect tense to reflect the sequence of actions. After means that the main clause action occurs after the clause action. The time relationship between the actions of the main clause and the clause is just the opposite of the clause guided by before. For example:

It will be four days before they come back. It will be four days before they come back.

Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me. Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.

Just before the letter arrived, my father had gone to Canada. Just before the letter arrived, my father went to Canada.

They were not married four months before their divorce.

Please let me know your decision after you think it over. When you have thought it over, tell me what your decision is.

Having finished the work, we went home. Having finished the work, we went home. (The clause is in the past perfect tense, and the main clause is in the general past tense)

3. Time adverbial clauses guided by till or till. Till and till are generally interchangeable, but till is often used to emphasize sentence patterns. Moreover, it should be noted that if the predicate verb in the main sentence is an instantaneous verb, it must be in a negative form; If the predicate verb in the main sentence is a progressive verb, it can be used in positive form or negative form, but the meaning is different. For example:

I didn't go to bed until my father came back. I didn't go to bed until my father came back.

It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English. It was not until after the meeting that he began to teach me English.

I worked until he came back. I worked until he came back.

I didn't start working until he came back.

Please wait until I arrive. Please wait for me before I arrive.

4. Self-guided adverbial clauses of time. The predicate verb of the clause guided by since can be a progressive verb or an instantaneous verb. Generally speaking, the predicate verb of a clause uses the simple past tense, and the predicate verb of the main clause uses the present perfect tense. However, in the sentence pattern of it is+time++since clause, the main clause mostly adopts the simple present tense. For example:

I have been in Beijing since you left.

Where have you been since I last saw you? Where have you been since I last met you?

It has been four years since my sister left Beijing. My sister hasn't lived in Beijing for four years.

It has been five months since our boss left Beijing. It has been five months since our boss left Beijing.

5. adverbial clauses of time are guided by as only, immediately, directly, immediately, the moment, instant, minute, etc. These conjunctions all mean "as soon as ...". For example:

I'll go there as soon as I finish breakfast. I will go there immediately after breakfast.

I rushed to the scene as soon as I heard the news. I rushed to the scene of the accident as soon as I heard the news.

I'll call you as soon as I arrive in Canada. I'll call you as soon as I arrive in Canada, for example:

Hardly had he got home when he was asked to start another trip. As soon as he got home, he was invited to start another journey.

Hardly had the sun emerged from the horizon when he got up to comment on his work. As soon as the sun rose on the horizon, he got up and went to work.

Hardly had I sat down when he came in. Hardly had I sat down when he came in.

Hardly had he fallen asleep when he felt a light touch on his shoulder. The Arab was about to fall asleep when he felt a tap on his shoulder.

6. Time-guided adverbial clauses of time. Pay attention to the change of tense: generally speaking, if the predicate verb of a clause uses the simple past tense, the predicate verb of the main clause uses the past perfect tense; If the predicate verb of the main sentence uses the simple present tense, the predicate verb of the main sentence uses the future perfect tense. For example:

By the time you came back, I had finished reading the book. By the time you came back, I had finished writing this book.

By the time you come tomorrow, I will have finished the work. When you come tomorrow, I will have finished the work.

7. Adverbial clauses of time guided by every time, every time and every time. For example:

Every time he comes to Harbin, he will come to see me. Whenever he comes to Harbin, he always comes to see me.

Whenever that man says "tell the truth", I suspect that he is going to tell a lie. Whenever that man says "tell the truth", I guess he will lie.

Every time I see you, you get younger. Every time I see you, I think you are younger.

8. Adverbial clauses of time guided by as long as and as long as. These two conjunctions mean "as long as ...". For example:

As long as you come back before dark, you can go where you want. As long as you come back before dark, you can go anywhere.

As long as there is breath in my body, I will struggle with these conditions! As long as I live, I am against this situation.

Three adverbial clauses

4 adverbial clause of place

Location adverbial clauses are generally guided by adverbs where and where, and have formed fixed sentence patterns, such as:

Sentence pattern 1: where+place clause, (there)+main clause.

Agriculture is different or impossible where there is no rain. Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.

They are good people. Wherever they go, they are warmly welcomed. They are all good people. Therefore, they are warmly welcomed wherever they go.

You should put the book where you found it. You should put the book back.

Wherever the Communist Party of China (CPC) goes, the people will be liberated. Where there is a * * * production party in China, the people will be liberated.

Sentence pattern 2: anywhere/where+ positional clause,+main clause.