Disaster prevention and reduction, you and I are walking together. The composition should be no less than 800 words.

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Disaster prevention and reduction, you and I go together

Basic knowledge:

The inner and outer forces of the earth's crust Under the action, the accumulated tectonic stress is suddenly released, generating vibration elastic waves, which propagate from the source to the surroundings, causing ground tremors. Earthquake, also known as ground motion and ground vibration, is a natural phenomenon in which the earth's crust vibrates during the rapid release of energy, during which seismic waves are generated.

The earth can be divided into three layers. The central layer is the core, which is mainly composed of iron elements; the middle is the mantle; and the outer layer is the crust. Earthquakes generally occur in the earth's crust. The interior of the earth's crust is constantly changing, which produces forces (i.e. internal forces), which deform, fracture and dislocate the crustal rock layers, causing earthquakes. A super earthquake refers to a large earthquake with extremely strong shock waves. However, its occurrence accounts for 7% to 21% of the total earthquakes, and the degree of damage is several times that of an atomic bomb. Therefore, the impact of super earthquakes is very widespread and very destructive.

An earthquake is a phenomenon in which a sudden rupture within the earth produces shock waves, causing ground vibration within a certain range. An earthquake (earthquake) is a rapid vibration of the earth's surface. In ancient times, it was also called an earthquake. It is a natural disaster that often occurs on the earth, just like tsunamis, tornadoes, and freezing disasters. Earth vibration is the most intuitive and common manifestation of earthquakes. Strong earthquakes that occur under the sea or in coastal areas can cause huge waves, called tsunamis. Earthquakes are extremely frequent, with approximately 5.5 million earthquakes occurring worldwide every year.

Earthquakes often cause serious casualties, can cause fires, floods, toxic gas leaks, spread of bacteria and radioactive materials, and can also cause secondary disasters such as tsunamis, landslides, collapses, and ground fissures.

The place where seismic waves originate is called the focus. The vertical projection of the earthquake source on the ground. The point on the ground closest to the earthquake source is called the epicenter. It is the earliest part to receive vibration. The depth from the epicenter to the source is called the focal depth. Usually, earthquakes with a focal depth less than 60 kilometers are called shallow earthquakes, earthquakes with a depth between 60 and 300 kilometers are called intermediate earthquakes, and earthquakes with a depth greater than 300 kilometers are called deep earthquakes. For earthquakes of the same size, due to different focal depths, the degree of damage to the ground is also different. The shallower the earthquake source, the greater the damage, but the smaller the spread, and vice versa.

Destructive earthquakes are generally shallow earthquakes. For example, the focal depth of the 1976 Tangshan earthquake was 12 kilometers.

The place where the ground vibrates most intensely during a destructive earthquake is called the epicenter, and the epicenter is often the area where the epicenter is located.

The distance between the observation point and the epicenter is called the epicentral distance. Earthquakes with an epicenter distance less than 100 kilometers are called local earthquakes, earthquakes between 100 and 1,000 kilometers are called near earthquakes, and earthquakes with an epicenter distance greater than 1,000 kilometers are called telequakes. The longer the epicenter distance, the greater the impact and damage. Small.

The ground vibration caused by earthquakes is a complex movement, which is the result of the simultaneous action of longitudinal waves and transverse waves. In the epicenter, longitudinal waves cause the ground to move up and down. Transverse waves cause the ground to shake horizontally. Since longitudinal waves propagate faster and attenuate faster, transverse waves propagate slower and attenuate slower, so in places far away from the epicenter, you often cannot feel up and down beating, but you can feel horizontal shaking.

When a large earthquake occurs somewhere, a series of earthquakes often occur within a period of time. The largest earthquake is called a mainshock. The earthquake that occurs before the mainshock is called a foreshock. Earthquakes that occur after an earthquake are called aftershocks.

Earthquakes have certain spatiotemporal distribution patterns.

From a time perspective, earthquakes have a periodic phenomenon of alternating active periods and quiet periods.

From a spatial perspective, earthquakes are distributed in a certain belt shape, called seismic zones. As far as continental earthquakes are concerned, they are mainly concentrated in the two major seismic belts: the Pacific Rim seismic zone and the Mediterranean-Himalayan seismic zone.

The Pacific seismic zone contains almost 80% of the world's shallow source earthquakes (0 km to 60 km), all intermediate source earthquakes (60 km to 300 km) and deep source earthquakes (>300 km). The seismic energy released accounts for about 80% of the total energy.

China’s earthquakes are mainly distributed in five regions: Taiwan, Southwest, Northwest, North China, southeastern coastal areas and 23 large and small earthquake zones.

Our country is one of the major "climate vulnerable areas" in the world. Natural disasters occur frequently, are widely distributed, and cause huge losses. China is one of the countries with the most severe natural disasters in the world. Observational facts in the 20th century have shown that the frequency and intensity of extreme weather and climate events (El Ni?o, drought, floods, thunderstorms, hail, storms, high temperature weather and sandstorms, etc.) caused by climate change have increased significantly, directly endangering the development of our national economy. Therefore, I believe that we should now attach great importance to disaster prevention and reduction. In disaster prevention and reduction, we should adhere to the basic principle of "prevention first", put disaster monitoring, forecasting and early warning in a very prominent position, and attach great importance to and do a good job in releasing early warning information to the whole society, including vulnerable groups in society. Meteorological disasters are a type of public emergency event that can have long warning time and high prediction accuracy. Strengthen short-term and nowcasting of disastrous weather, strengthen the production of early warning signals for sudden meteorological disasters, and strengthen meteorological The release of early warning information is an important scientific and technological guarantee for improving the level of disaster prevention and reduction. We must rely on science and technology to improve the comprehensive quality of disaster prevention and reduction. By strengthening scientific research and technology development in the field of disaster prevention and reduction, adopting and promoting advanced monitoring, prediction, early warning, prevention and emergency response technologies and facilities, and giving full play to the role of expert teams and professionals, we will improve the scientific and technological level of natural disasters. .

Governments and social groups should organize and publicize disaster knowledge and train disaster professionals or volunteers. Relevant departments have widely publicized knowledge on prevention, avoidance, self-rescue, mutual rescue, and disaster reduction through books, newspapers, audio-visual products, electronic publications, radio, television, and the Internet to enhance the public's awareness of danger, social responsibility, self-rescue, and mutual assistance. Rescue ability. By carrying out the "disaster prevention and reduction into communities, campuses, enterprises, and villages" action, the most basic community residents, primary and secondary school students, corporate employees, rural areas, especially farmers in remote areas, and socially vulnerable groups can strengthen disaster prevention and reduction. Awareness, mastering basic disaster avoidance, self-rescue and mutual rescue skills to achieve the purpose of disaster reduction. Disaster prevention and reduction need to start from childhood, and disaster and disaster emergency response knowledge should be included in the teaching content of primary and secondary schools. Relevant departments should prepare publicity manuals and materials for natural disaster prevention, widely publicize and popularize disaster knowledge, emergency management knowledge, disaster prevention and reduction knowledge, and improve grassroots people's ability to participate in emergency management and self-rescue.

Earthquake disasters are one of the natural disasters that cause the most serious economic losses and the most casualties in the world. In the current situation where earthquake prediction is still a worldwide problem, we must strengthen the study of earthquake science knowledge in order to master the correct methods of earthquake avoidance, self-rescue and mutual rescue.

When an earthquake occurs, the indoor triangular space formed after the house collapses is often a relatively safe place for people to survive. Especially for people in buildings, they should choose kitchens, bathrooms and other spaces with small openings that are not easy to collapse, and places where strong furniture such as corners or tables can easily form triangular spaces to absorb shocks. In situations where there is no place to hide, such as a table, you should protect your head with a cushion or other objects. Never jump off a building or use an elevator blindly.

An old man who personally experienced the 8.5-magnitude Haiyuan earthquake in 1920 once introduced to people in detail the specific method of "lying down and waiting": "When you feel an earthquake in the house, you should quickly lie down on the edge of the kang. Face down, head against the gable, arms intersecting in front of the chest, right hand holding the left arm, forehand holding the right arm behind the back, the concave part above the bridge of the nose is pillowed on the arm, close the eyes, mouth, and breathe through the nose."

In outdoor situations, avoid dangerous places such as tall buildings, protect your head, and quickly run to an open space and squat down. When the earth shakes violently and people stand unsteadily, they will have the mentality of leaning on and grabbing something. Most of the doorposts and walls around you will become objects of support. However, these things that look strong and sturdy are actually dangerous. Be sure not to take shelter near cement prefabricated board walls, door pillars, etc. In busy streets and building areas, the most dangerous thing is that glass windows, billboards and other objects fall down and injure people. Therefore, be careful to protect your head with your hands or handbags.

In addition, people outdoors should try to stay away from high-voltage lines and toxic factories or facilities such as petrochemical, chemical, and gas. In the event of gas or poisonous gas leakage or fire, cover your mouth and nose with a wet hand towel, and crawl upwind against the wind.

In department stores, underground passages and other places with a large number of people, the most terrifying thing is chaos. Please follow the instructions of store staff and security personnel. As far as earthquakes are concerned, underground passages are relatively safe. Even if a power outage occurs, emergency lights will come on immediately, so you need to act calmly.

In the event of an earthquake or fire, the elevator cannot be used. If you encounter an earthquake while taking the elevator, press all the buttons for each floor on the operating panel. Once it stops, leave the elevator quickly and evacuate after confirming safety. Elevators in high-rise buildings and nearby buildings are equipped with devices to control their operation. When an earthquake occurs, they will automatically stop at the nearest floor. If you are locked in an elevator, you should contact the management office for help through the dedicated phone in the elevator.

Be sure to be aware of landslides, rockfalls or tsunamis. On mountain sides and steeply sloping areas, there is a risk of landslides and rockfalls, so you should quickly evacuate to a safe place. Along the coast, there is a risk of tsunamis. If an earthquake or tsunami warning is issued, please pay attention to the information broadcast on the radio, television, etc., and quickly evacuate to a safe place.

When evacuating, you should walk and carry the minimum amount of items you need. When a fire caused by an earthquake spreads and burns, and life and personal safety are endangered, take evacuation measures. In principle, the evacuation method is based on citizen disaster prevention organizations, streets, etc., and is led by the person in charge and the police to evacuate on foot, and the items carried should be minimal. Never use cars or bicycles to evacuate. For the evacuation of patients and others, the cooperation and mutual assistance of local residents is indispensable. From usual times, it is necessary for neighbors to agree on evacuation methods in advance.

After an earthquake, people may face various difficulties. They must overcome fear and use correct methods to save themselves and survive. This is very necessary to reduce earthquake disasters and avoid new losses. If you cannot escape on your own, you must stay calm and protect yourself from new injuries. If you cannot escape temporarily, find ways to maintain your life, look for food and water, conserve your energy, wait patiently, and try to contact the outside world. Do not cry loudly. Shout, move reluctantly, and try to rest with your eyes closed. Time is life. After being rescued, we must actively participate in the post-earthquake rescue work, quickly expand the rescue team, and rescue more people. We must save those nearby first, save young and middle-aged people first, save those who are easy to save first, and save "lives" and "lives" first. Save "people" later; we must actively participate in maintaining social security and maintaining social stability.

When a major earthquake occurs, people are easily shaken psychologically. To prevent chaos, it is extremely important for everyone to act calmly and based on correct information. Get accurate information from the radios you carry, etc., and trust the information you get directly from the government, police, firefighting and other disaster prevention agencies. Never believe in irresponsible rumors and do not act rashly.

Protective measures:

Aftershocks are likely to occur after an earthquake, and the location of aftershocks may not be very close to the earthquake source. Therefore, learning to self-rescue is one of the most important measures after an earthquake.

When an earthquake occurs, it is crucial to have a clear mind and a calm attitude. Only by being calm can it be possible to use the earthquake prevention knowledge you have learned in daily life and judge the size and distance of the earthquake. Recent earthquakes often start with an up-and-down bump, followed by a side-to-side sway. Teleshocks have less bumpy feeling, but mainly swing from side to side, and the sound is crisp and the vibration is small. Generally, there is no need to flee for small earthquakes and distant earthquakes. It can be seen that although humans cannot completely avoid and control earthquakes at present, as long as they can master self-rescue and mutual rescue skills, the disaster can be minimized. The summary includes the following points:

1. It is very important to stay calm during an earthquake. Some people have observed that many innocent people were not injured or crushed to death due to the collapse of their houses, but they lost hope of survival due to mental breakdown and shouted and screamed indiscriminately. He "strangled" himself in extreme fear. This is because yelling will accelerate metabolism, increase oxygen consumption, reduce physical strength, and reduce tolerance; at the same time, yelling will definitely inhale a large amount of smoke and dust, which can easily cause suffocation and increase unnecessary casualties. The correct attitude is to always remain calm in any harsh environment, analyze the situation, find a way out, and wait for rescue.

2. Hemostasis, immobilization, crushing injuries, and crushing injuries are common injuries in earthquakes.

For open wounds and external bleeding, you should first stop the bleeding and raise the affected limb while calling for help. For open fractures, on-site reduction should not be performed to prevent further tissue injury. Generally, the wound surface is covered with clean gauze and briefly fixed before operation. Fractures in different parts need to be fixed according to different requirements. They will be classified and graded according to different injuries and conditions, and sent to the hospital for further treatment.

3. When properly handling a wound crush injury, you should try to relieve the pressure as soon as possible. If you encounter a large area of ????trauma, you should keep the wound clean and wrap it with clean gauze. If you suspect tetanus or Aerobacillus infection, you should contact the hospital immediately. Prompt diagnosis and treatment. For those with large-area trauma or severe trauma, sugar and saline can be taken orally to prevent shock.

4. Preventing fires Earthquakes often cause many "secondary disasters", fire is a common one. In a fire, you should leave the fire scene as soon as possible, take off your burning clothes and hats, cover yourself with wet clothes, lie down and roll around, or pour water directly to extinguish the fire. Do not use your hands to fight the flames, otherwise your hands will be burned. Wrap it with sterile gauze or clean cloth and send it to the hospital for further treatment.

5． At the same time, we must prevent tetanus and gas gangrene, bury corpses deeply as soon as possible, and pay attention to food and drinking water hygiene to prevent major epidemics after a major disaster.

School shock absorbers

1. When on the playground or outdoors, you can squat down without moving, protect your head with both hands, and be careful to avoid tall buildings or dangerous objects.

2. Don’t go back to the classroom.

3. There should be an organized evacuation after the earthquake.

4. Never jump off a building! Don't stand in front of the window! Don't go to the balcony!

Home shock absorbing tips

1. Seize the time and take emergency refuge. If you feel the shaking is very light, it means the source of the earthquake is far away. Just hide next to solid furniture. The time from the beginning of a major earthquake to the end of the vibration process is only a dozen to tens of seconds, so it is most important to seize the time to avoid shocks and do not waste time.

2. Choose a suitable shock-absorbing space. Safer indoor shock-absorbing spaces include: load-bearing wall roots and corners; places with water pipes and heating pipes, etc. The most unfavorable places in the house for shock absorption are: unsupported beds; under suspended ceilings and chandeliers; on surrounding unsupported floors; near glass (including mirrors) and large windows.

3. Protect yourself. First, be calm. After choosing a shelter, you should squat or sit down, face down, and rest your forehead on your arms; or grab a table leg or other solid object around you to avoid falling or losing control of your body during the earthquake. Injury; protect your head and neck, lower your head, and cover your head or back of the neck with your hands; protect your eyes, lower your head, and close your eyes to prevent injury from foreign objects; protect your mouth and nose. If possible, cover your mouth and nose with a wet towel. To prevent dust and poisonous gas.

Self-rescue after an earthquake

If you are buried under rubble during an earthquake, and the surroundings are dark and there is only a very small space, you must not panic, stay calm, and establish a plan for survival. Confidence, believe that someone will come to save you, and do everything possible to protect yourself.

After an earthquake, there are often many aftershocks, and the situation may continue to deteriorate. In order to avoid new harm, you must try to improve your environment. At this time, if the emergency kit is by your side, it will play a big role in your escape.

In this extremely unfavorable environment, you must first protect your breathing, move away debris from your head and chest, and cover your mouth and nose with wet clothes when you smell gas or poisonous gas; avoid Move away weak collapsed objects and other objects that may easily cause falling above the body; expand and stabilize the living space, and use bricks, wooden sticks, etc. to support broken walls to prevent further deterioration of the environment after aftershocks.

Try to get out of danger. If you can't find a way out of danger, try to save your energy, use rocks to hit objects that make noise, and send out a call for help. Don't cry, be impatient, or act blindly. This will consume a lot of energy and physical strength. Try your best to Control your emotions or close your eyes to rest and wait for rescuers to arrive. If you are injured, try to bandage it to prevent excessive bleeding.

Sustain life. If you are buried under the rubble for a long time and the rescuers have not arrived, or you have not heard the call for help, you must find a way to maintain your life. You must save water and food in the shock-proof bag, and try to find food and drinking water if necessary. Your own urine can also quench your thirst.

If you are in the tripod area, you can use the things next to you to protect yourself to prevent aftershocks from hurting you again. Then stretch out your hands and chest, clean the gravel in front of your face, and let yourself You can breathe and wait for someone to save you.

Mutual rescue after the earthquake

After the earthquake, it is impossible for external disaster relief teams to rush to the disaster relief scene immediately. In this case, in order to save more people buried under the rubble , lost precious lives, and the people in the disaster area actively participated in mutual rescue, which is the most timely and effective way to reduce casualties, and also embodies the noble virtue of "saving people in danger".

The sooner the rescue time is, the greater the hope of rescue. According to relevant data, the survival rate of those rescued 20 minutes after the earthquake was over 98%, and the survival rate of those rescued one hour after the earthquake dropped to 63%. Among those who could not be rescued 2 hours after the earthquake, the number of people who died from suffocation accounted for 58%. They were not killed by the collapse of the building during the earthquake, but died of suffocation. If they could be rescued in time, they could have survived. In the Tangshan earthquake, hundreds of thousands of people were buried in the rubble. People in the disaster area restored their lives to most of the buried people through self-rescue and mutual rescue. Mutual rescue operations involving people in disaster areas have played an irreplaceable role in the entire earthquake relief effort.

Methods to rescue people

Effective rescue methods should be adopted based on the actual post-earthquake environment and conditions. The purpose is to safely remove the buried people from the rubble. rescued. After understanding and searching, it is determined that there are people buried in the ruins, and the location of the buried pressure is determined, and the rescue signal is transmitted to the ruins by shouting or tapping. During the rescue process, special attention should be paid to the safety of the buried personnel. First, the tools used (such as iron bars, hoes, sticks, etc.) should not injure the people buried in the pressure; second, they should not destroy the support conditions around the space where the people buried in the pressure are, causing new collapses and putting the people buried in the pressure in danger again; The third is to communicate with the enclosed space of the buried people as soon as possible to allow fresh air to flow into the people. If there is too much dust during excavation, water should be sprayed to reduce the dust to prevent the buried people from suffocating; fourthly, the buried people will be buried for a long time and it will be difficult to rescue them for a while. Try to deliver drinking water, food and medicine to those buried under pressure to maintain their lives. Before carrying out a rescue operation, there must be a plan and steps, and consideration must be given to where to dig and where not to dig, where to use a hoe and where to use a stick. In the past, rescuers acted blindly and trampled down the roof of the house above the buried people, killing the buried people. Therefore, scientific analysis and actions are required during the rescue process to achieve good rescue results. Acting blindly , often causing new harm to the rescue objects.

Rescue and care

First, expose the head of the buried person from the rubble, and remove the dust from the mouth and nose to ensure smooth breathing. For those with serious injuries, , those who cannot leave the pressure-burdened place on their own should try to carefully remove the buried pressure objects on and around them, and then lift the buried people out of the void. Do not forcefully drag them.

For those who are hungry, thirsty, injured, suffocated, and have been buried for a long time, they should cover their eyes with dark cloth after being rescued to avoid strong light stimulation. , bandage or send to a medical center for rescue treatment.

Essential points for earthquake avoidance

Whether to run or hide during an earthquake, most experts in my country believe that the best way to avoid earthquakes is to avoid the nearest place during the earthquake and quickly evacuate to a safe place after the earthquake. . Shock absorbers should be placed indoors under strong objects that can protect the body, in a small and supported place, and in an open and safe place. The posture that the body should adopt: lie down and wait, squat or sit down, curl up the body as much as possible, and lower the body's center of gravity. Hold on to a sturdy object such as a table leg. Protect your head, neck, eyes, and cover your mouth and nose. Avoid crowds of people, don’t crowd around, and don’t light open fires because there may be flammable and explosive gases in the air.

How to save yourself after a strong earthquake

1. After an earthquake occurs, you should actively participate in rescue work. You can put your ear against the wall to listen for any survivors.

2. Expose the head of the injured person first and keep breathing smoothly. If there is suffocation, perform artificial respiration immediately.

3. Once buried, try to avoid weak collapsed objects above the body, and try to use masonry, wooden sticks, etc. to support the broken walls and reinforce the environment.

4. An earthquake occurs in an instant. Everyone should save themselves first and then start rescue. Rescue the easy first, then the difficult; rescue the near first, then the far.

Relevant knowledge:

Since late May 2007, heavy rains have raged in Yunnan, killing 163 people; in July, due to abnormally changeable weather, heavy rains caused disasters in Xinjiang, and the direct economic impact of the Ili region The loss reached 160 million yuan; on July 17, Chongqing was hit by the strongest thunderstorm in 115 years, turning the mountain city into a water city, traffic in the main city was almost paralyzed, and 55 people died; the next day, a heavy rainstorm occurred in Jinan, and 34 people died; affected by the cold and warm air* ** With the same impact, heavy to heavy rains began to fall in Liaoning in the early morning of August 7. As of August 8, the meteorological department issued 18 rainstorm warning signals in a row; and the Hubei Provincial Department of Civil Affairs released news on August 9 that, Since the start of the flood season this year, 14.95 million people have been affected by floods in the province, including 79 deaths and 21 missing... In sharp contrast, Jiangnan and South China have experienced more than 10 consecutive high temperature days. Changsha City, Hunan Province has even experienced a severe drought once in 50 years. Data from relevant departments show that so far, 245 small reservoirs, 64,000 mountain ponds and 748 streams and rivers have dried up within the jurisdiction of Changsha City.

Since January 2008, most areas in southern my country have encountered rare ice and snow disasters. Transportation, electricity, communications, etc. have suffered severe challenges, and people's lives have been seriously affected.