What is the historical significance of the 129 movement?

Historical significance:

The December 9th Movement publicly exposed the Japanese imperialist conspiracy to invade China and annex North China, attacked the Kuomintang government’s policy of compromise and surrender, and greatly promoted the development of China’s The awakening of the people. It cooperated with the Red Army's march north to resist Japan and promoted domestic peace and the war of resistance against Japan. It marked the arrival of a new upsurge in the Chinese people's anti-Japanese democratic movement.

The patriotic actions of the students in Peiping received responses from students across the country and support from the people across the country, forming a new upsurge in the national anti-Japanese democratic movement and promoting the establishment of the anti-Japanese national united front.

As Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out, the December 9th Movement "was a mobilization movement for the Anti-Japanese War, a movement to prepare ideas and cadres, and a movement to mobilize the entire nation" and "has great historical significance."

Extended information:

The process of the incident

1. Taking to the streets

In the early morning of December 9, 1935, the majority of patriotic students Anti-Japanese anger erupted like a volcano. Students from Northeastern University, China University, and Peking Normal University held banners and slogans and marched toward Xinhua Gate.

Nearly a thousand patriotic students from Tsinghua University and Yenching University were far away from the city. When they arrived at Xizhimen, the city gate had been closed by military police and the petition team was unable to enter the city. Students from the two schools held a mass meeting in the Xizhimen area to conduct anti-Japanese propaganda to nearby residents and the soldiers and policemen guarding the city.

At 10:30 in the morning, a petition team of more than 1,000 people from more than ten schools including China University, Peking Normal University, and Northeastern University gathered in front of Xinhua Gate. Xinhua Gate was closed tightly, and police cars and motorcycles with machine guns were lined up in front of the gate. Military police and military policemen were holding knives and guns.

The petitioning students held flags high, held slogans, and chanted slogans of resisting Japan and saving the country. Twelve people including Dong Yuhua, Song Li and Yu Gang were elected as representatives, requested to meet with He Yingqin, and put forward 6 demands including opposing the establishment of an autonomous anti-Japanese committee in North China, stopping the civil war, and the immediate release of arrested students.

At 11 o'clock in the morning, He Yingqin's secretary Hou Cheng came out to meet with the students. He was perfunctory and prevaricated in response to the students' requests, and made every possible excuse for the Kuomintang's compromise with Japan and its internal anti-Japanese policy. The students were extremely indignant at his reply, raising their arms and shouting "Down with the traitors" and "If the petition fails, we will go on a demonstration." Song Li was elected as the commander-in-chief of the parade.

When the parade arrived near the Pingjin Garrison Headquarters at Xidan Archway, it was blocked and attacked by military police. The students were not afraid of the violence, chanted slogans of resisting Japan and saving the country, and continued to move forward, and the team grew stronger.

Professors such as Xu Deheng from Peking University, Wu Chengshi from China University, and Mr. and Mrs. Snow, who were teaching at Yenching University at the time, also participated in the demonstrations. Reporters from many domestic and foreign newspapers accompanied the interview. When the team arrived at Wangfujing Street via Xisi, Huguo Temple, Di'anmen and Beach, it had expanded to four to five thousand people.

The south entrance of Wangfujing Street was full of military police, wielding whips and wooden sticks to beat unarmed patriotic students. The students fought with the military and police, and dozens of people were arrested on the spot. Under the suppression of the Kuomintang authorities, the demonstrations were dispersed.

2. Rage for national salvation

The anti-Japanese roar of "December 9th" shocked the ancient capital of Peking and soon spread throughout the country and abroad. The Beiping Provisional Working Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Beiping Federation of Students made a timely summary and deployed the next steps.

On December 11, students from major middle schools across the city united to go on strike. The Kuomintang authorities were extremely panicked by the patriotic actions of the students in Peiping. They ordered a strict ban on students' patriotic actions and sent military police to blockade some key schools.

The Beijing Provisional Working Committee of the Communist Party of China learned that the Kuomintang authorities had decided to establish the "Hebei-Cha Government Affairs Committee" on December 16, regardless of the strong opposition of the broad masses of the people, and decided to hold a larger-scale demonstration on this day procession.

In the early morning of December 16, more than 10,000 patriotic students in Peiping took to the streets one after another, and a massive anti-Japanese and national salvation demonstration broke out. The demonstration team was divided into four groups, led by Northeastern University, China University, Peking University, and Tsinghua University respectively. They advanced from different directions, breaking through the blockade of the military and police along the way, and finally met at the overpass.

At around 11 a.m., more than 30,000 people including patriotic students, workers, farmers and citizens in Peiping held a citizen meeting on the overpass. Flags were flying at the venue, and slogans of "Down with Japanese imperialism!" "Down with the traitors and traitors!" and "Oppose the establishment of the Hebei-Cha Government Affairs Committee!" resounded throughout the sky.

After the town hall meeting, more than 10,000 patriotic students marched in formation toward the front door. The students held hands, kept chanting slogans to resist Japan and save the country, and distributed leaflets to citizens and pedestrians on both sides of the street. Citizens enthusiastically supported the students' patriotic actions. Some brought boiled water and food, and some voluntarily joined the parade.

When the parade arrived at Qianmen, it was intercepted by a large number of military police and security teams. The patriotic students held the second citizen meeting in the Qianmen Railway Station Square. The conference decided to continue the demonstration in the inner city and sent representatives to negotiate with the military and police, demanding that the city gates be opened.

In order to divide the demonstration groups, the authorities allowed some students to enter the city through the front gate, but most students had to enter the city through Heping Arch and Xuanwu Gate. At 4 p.m., Huang Jing led some students from Peking University, China University and other schools into the city through the front gate, and the city gate was immediately closed. Students from Tsinghua University, Yenching University, Northeastern University, Peking University and other schools walked along the Xihe River to Hepingmen and Xuanwumen.

But the city gates were closed tightly. The students tried to open the city gates many times but failed. After several negotiations, the military and police agreed to open the city gates to allow students from other schools to enter the city on the condition that the teams from Tsinghua University and Yanjing University evacuated first.

It was already past 9 o'clock in the evening. After the teams from the two schools left, all the street lights outside the city were extinguished. A large number of military police rushed towards the students from all directions with swords and sticks. Many people were beaten Beaten.

Students who entered the city through the Qianmen wanted to go to Xuanwumen to meet them. When they reached the west entrance of Xidanrongxian Hutong, they were beaten by a large number of military police. Dozens of students were slashed and the streets were stained with blood. During the "December 16th" demonstration, 22 student protesters in the city were arrested and more than 300 people were injured.

3. Support Peiping

The patriotic struggle of Peiping students attacked the arrogance of Japanese imperialism, exposed the traitorous behavior of the Kuomintang authorities, and received support and response from patriots from all walks of life. Promoted the development of the anti-Japanese and national salvation movement.

Throughout the day on December 18, the presidents of six universities including Peking University and Tsinghua University jointly called for the release of the arrested students. On the same day, the All-China Federation of Trade Unions made an urgent appeal to workers across the country to assist the students in the national salvation movement. Workers across the country went on strike to support the student struggle.

On the 20th, the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League issued a declaration calling on young students to go deep into the masses of workers and peasants to expand the anti-Japanese and national salvation movement. Community organizations from all over the country issued messages and declarations in support of the Peiping student patriotic movement. Well-known patriotic figures such as Song Qingling, Lu Xun, Ma Xiangbo, Shen Junru, Wang Zaoshi, Zou Taofen, Tao Xingzhi, Zhang Naiqi, Li Gongpu, Shi Liang, etc. have expressed their support.

Song Qingling sent more than 100 yuan from Shanghai to the Peking Federation of Students as expenses for carrying out anti-Japanese and national salvation work. On the night of December 18th to 19th, Lu Xun wrote an article to warmly praise the heroic fighting spirit of the patriotic students and express his ardent hope that "where the stone is, the fire will never be extinguished."

On December 26, people from all walks of life in the Shaanxi-Gansu and Soviet areas held a rally to support the anti-Japanese and national salvation movement of students in Peiping and other places. Under the influence of the Peking student patriotic movement, students from all over the country responded. For a time, the clarion call to resist Japan and save the nation was heard everywhere on both sides of the Yellow River and in the north and south of the river.

After the two demonstrations, under the leadership of the party, the Peking Student Federation established a southward expansion propaganda group, which went deep into factories and rural areas, mobilizing workers, peasants and soldiers from all over the country to carry out anti-Japanese and anti-Chiang struggles, and also enabled patriotic students to gain exercise and education.

In 1936, the Southern Expansion Propaganda Group held a member congress in Peiping and formally established the National Liberation Vanguard (later renamed the Chinese National Liberation Vanguard), an advanced youth organization established under the leadership of the party. Its birth and development greatly promoted the in-depth development of the "December 9th" movement.

Under the leadership and call of the Communist Party of China, the "December 9th" movement, initiated by patriotic students in Peking and quickly sweeping the country, greatly promoted the awakening of the Chinese people and marked the The arrival of a new upsurge in the people's anti-Japanese democratic movement.

Reference: Baidu Encyclopedia-129 Movement