Information about serious desertification in China and its control.

1 Rational utilization of water resources

2. Using biological and engineering measures to build shelter forest system.

3. Adjust the relationship between agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery.

4. Take comprehensive measures to solve local energy problems in many ways.

5 control population growth

6. Promote crop rotation system.

7. Promote the soil protection system.

8. Plant more trees

9. Strengthen education. (desertification)

Since the reform and opening up, China's legal system construction has entered a new stage, and a large number of laws and regulations have been formulated. Related to the prevention and control of desertification are Environmental Protection Law, Forest Law, Grassland Law and Soil and Water Conservation Law. At present, the prevention and control of desertification is being formulated, and a series of supporting laws and regulations are also being formulated. These laws and regulations are called laws and regulations because they are authoritative, serious and mandatory. A society ruled by law has no power over the law. It is illegal to substitute words for law and power for law, which is not allowed by law. Therefore, any infringement of desertification

Acts of laws and regulations (including government actions) should be punished and corrected according to law. Otherwise, the invalidation of the law will only encourage administrative corruption and disrupt social order. However, in our government departments at all levels, there are always people who regard the power given by the people as a personal privilege. It seems that laws and regulations are made for the people and are specially used to restrain them, but they cannot restrain themselves. In line with their own interests and departmental interests, administration according to law; On the other hand, they do everything possible to bypass "policy obstacles" and even find various excuses to ignore laws and regulations. It should be said that it is this kind of administrative corruption in law enforcement departments that has aggravated the destruction of natural resources and ecological environment in China. It is suggested that the National People's Congress, with the theme of "western development, giving priority to ecology", carry out targeted law enforcement inspections on laws and regulations related to environmental protection, promptly correct the problems existing in law enforcement by governments at all levels, and avoid the recurrence of the tragedy of ecological damage caused by large-scale development in history. Land desertification is not only the most serious ecological environment problem in western China, but also one of the main bottlenecks restricting the smooth development of western China. Facing the present situation of land desertification in western China, and drawing lessons from the relevant foreign legal measures, this paper puts forward some legal suggestions to improve China's desertification prevention and control law, land management law, grassland law and soil and water conservation law, such as establishing a coordination mechanism for cross-departmental cooperation in resource management decision-making and establishing a list of sand-fixing plants in the west, with a view to providing some reference and enlightenment for improving the legal system of land desertification prevention and control in western China.

Decision-making on environmental issues should be forward-looking and forward-looking.

China's decision to protect natural forests and ban natural forests in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River and Yellow River was made after the flood of 1996. The decision to prohibit digging and selling Nostoc flagelliforme and stop picking licorice and ephedra indiscriminately was made after the sandstorm hit Beijing in the spring of 2000. They all made up their minds after paying a painful price. In fact, whether it is a flood or a drought, as early as the late 1970s and early 1980s, scholars and the media issued warnings that "the Yangtze River is in danger of becoming the Yellow River" and "sandstorms overwhelm Beijing". China's top decision-makers are not indifferent, just because they involve a wide range of social interest groups, and the government's financial support ability is limited, so it is difficult to make decisive decisions. But all ecological and environmental problems have a kind of "superimposed benefit", which is only a stopgap measure. Without a fundamental solution, we can only get twice the result with half the effort, and we can't stop the accelerated deterioration of the environment. And once cured in the future, the cost will be higher and heavier, at the expense of the ecological environment, far exceeding the immediate and temporary interests. It is suggested that the State Council should set up an expert advisory group and an early warning and forecasting system on various ecological and environmental issues, including desertification, so as to provide scientific basis for high-level decision-making by government departments.

Increase the state's capital investment in sand prevention and control

For a long time, the state has not invested enough in the sand control project in China. During the Eighth Five-Year Plan period, the state's investment in sand control was only 654.38 billion yuan, and it was difficult to implement local matching funds, because most of the sand areas were "old, small, marginal and poor" areas, and local financial resources were limited. A considerable number of people have not solved the problem of food and clothing, and it is difficult to come up with money to prevent desertification. From 65438 to 0999, the state invested more than 30 million yuan in sand control projects. According to the control area, the average investment per mu is 2.26 yuan, which is only enough to buy two or three small saplings, which is far from the actual needs (some experts think that the annual sand control fund needs 2 billion yuan). At present, in northwest China, the cost of afforestation per mu is about 100 yuan, and the afforestation of sand control project per mu needs 500 yuan to 600 yuan. In the past, the way was to mobilize farmers to invest in labor and make up for the shortage of afforestation funds. In today's market economy, the methods of low investment level plus administrative orders, rigid apportionment and free use of labor force are becoming more and more unworkable in the planned economy era. Moreover, the State Council has repeatedly demanded that the burden on farmers should not be increased. If we don't increase investment in sand control, the future work will inevitably decline. In fact, due to the lack of funds, many key problems in desertification control, such as desertification control.

The popularization of water technology, the breeding of excellent varieties, the prevention and control of pests and diseases, and the development and utilization of solar energy and wind energy ... have not been solved; Many grass-roots sand control units and workers, such as forest farms, nurseries, sand control stations and protection stations, have no guarantee of wages, and their production and life are struggling, making it difficult to carry out sand control work normally. At the same time, it has also caused slow construction speed, low quality and scattered layout, making it difficult to form a scale; The management and protection force is weak, and it is difficult to consolidate the achievements of afforestation and grass planting. These present situations are extremely disproportionate to the strategy of shifting the focus of national poverty alleviation and economic construction to the central and western regions. It is suggested that the state should not only raise funds through multiple channels, but also increase capital investment in combating desertification, and combine it with comprehensive agricultural development, farmland capital construction and projects; It is also necessary to formulate some corresponding preferential policies, implement the principle of "whoever manages, develops and benefits", and promote desert auction, lease loan, transfer and joint-stock cooperation, so as to form a new situation in which the state, collectives and individuals participate in sand control together and the whole society participates in sand control together.

Establish a national leading group to combat desertification.

Desertification control is not a purely technical problem, but also a social and management problem. It involves all aspects of society, economy and ecology as well as various government departments such as forestry, agriculture, water conservancy and environmental protection. This is a complicated system engineering. One of the main reasons for the unsatisfactory prevention and control of desertification in the past is that all sectors of society are fragmented and it is difficult to form a joint force. Even one department is controlling sand, while other departments are making sand. All environmental problems are developed horizontally across administrative regions, while government departments that solve environmental problems are designed vertically. It is impossible to fundamentally solve any horizontal environmental problems if we adhere to this vertical administrative management mode of departmental division and geographical division. Therefore, we must also design our environmental administrative management system horizontally to avoid wrangling, internal friction, dispersion and duplication among departments and improve the overall efficiency of ecological construction projects. Therefore, it is suggested that the national coordinating group to combat desertification be upgraded to the national leading group to be directly led by the State Council, so as to improve its authority and operability. According to the division of departmental functions, the office is still located in the State Forestry Administration. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen the role of the "Senior Expert Advisory Group" to ensure the scientific and technological content of desertification control and increase the transparency of science and technology and planning and design.

Taking ecological construction as an evaluation index of political achievements

Any economic development and construction will have a negative impact on the ecological environment, with advantages and disadvantages. However, whether the benefits are great or the disadvantages are great, and how to seek advantages and avoid disadvantages depends on the assessment of environmental costs. For example, in recent ten years, 220 million mu of grassland in Inner Mongolia has been damaged to varying degrees by digging Nostoc flagelliforme, of which 60 million mu has become desert and the rest is in the process of desertification. Therefore, the direct economic loss caused to animal husbandry reaches 3 billion yuan every year, and the ecological damage loss is immeasurable. It also triggered the contradiction between farmers and herdsmen and triggered social problems that affected national unity. Therefore, this economic activity of plundering resources should be banned. However, for a long time, our performance evaluation of grassroots cadres only included economic development indicators, but not ecological construction indicators. Especially in the poverty alleviation goal, we blindly emphasized increasing the number of livestock and grain production, thus encouraging herders to cross pastures and farmers to destroy forests and grass to open up wasteland for farming, and the resulting soil erosion and land desertification were not included in the assessment. Therefore, in order to maximize the rapid growth of economic indicators, some government officials and government departments do not hesitate to pay the ecological environment in exchange for "political achievements" during their term of office. This is the fundamental reason for quick success and instant benefit, short-term government behavior and short-term decision-making It can be seen that environmental problems are rooted in our social and economic structure and system. Without changing the social and economic structure and system that are incompatible with the ecological construction goal, the efforts to improve the environment will not achieve much. At present, what we urgently need to solve is to bring environmental costs into the economic accounting system and the specific content of ecological construction into the performance evaluation indicators of governments at all levels.

Strictly control the population capacity of the environment.

The capacity of environment to population is the basis of making social development plan. The ecology in western China is extremely fragile, easy to destroy and difficult to recover. "The land is vast and the population is sparse" is only a superficial phenomenon. Due to the limited environmental capacity, the population in many areas is already over-saturated. Relevant data show that the total population of desertification areas in northern China has reached 400 million, an increase of 160‰ compared with the beginning of the People's Republic of China. The land area of Xinjiang is10.6 million square kilometers, and only 4.5% of it is an oasis for human survival and reproduction. At present, the population density in agricultural areas is 200-400 people per square kilometer, which is equivalent to that in eastern coastal provinces. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were only 6.5438+0.5 million people around Taklimakan Desert, and the population density was 2 people per square kilometer (including desert and Gobi). In 1980s, the population increased to 510.3 million, and the population density reached 8 people per square kilometer, which exceeded the standard of 7 people, the critical index of population density in desert areas stipulated by the United Nations. Green desertification

The reasonable population density in the valley of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is no more than 20 people per square kilometer, but now this area has reached 90 people, which greatly exceeds the land carrying capacity. Overfarming and overgrazing have led to sandstorms. Southwest China has high mountains and steep slopes, poor soil and serious rocky desertification after vegetation destruction. Rocky desertification makes the land lose its productivity permanently, so it is more serious and more difficult to control than desertification. Returning farmland to forest and grassland should be combined with "returning people" In areas with poor living conditions, the population exceeding the environmental capacity should be gradually moved out and transferred to small towns, so as to fundamentally solve the repeated problems after returning farmland to forests and "relying on mountains to eat mountains", continue to destroy vegetation and give nature a breathing space for recovery; At the same time, developing small towns with certain scale effect, absorbing rural surplus labor force and transferring agricultural surplus population can also promote the development of various industries, increase people's income and alleviate the contradiction between population pressure and land carrying capacity in the west.

Protection, Restoration and Reconstruction of Desert Ecosystem

The fundamental reason for the formation and expansion of desertification is the man-made destruction of desert ecosystem (including desert, Gobi system, grassland system, forest system and wetland system in arid and semi-arid areas), and the internal stability and imbalance of the system due to the intensive development and utilization of water resources, biological resources and land resources in the system. In the past, on the one hand, we planted trees and grass to prevent desertification through biological and engineering measures, on the other hand, we destroyed the desert ecosystem and created new desertification land. In fact, it is precisely because of the destruction of the desert ecosystem that although we have built the "Three North" shelterbelt and implemented the project of preventing and controlling desertification, we have not been able to curb the pace of desertification expansion as a whole. It can be said that the real reason for frequent sandstorms in the past half century is not that there are too few artificial vegetation, but that too many natural vegetation have been destroyed. The local improvement of the small environment cannot offset the overall reversal of the big environment. In view of this, it is necessary for us to adjust the strategy of sand control, from one-sided emphasis on the development of artificial vegetation to active development of artificial-natural arbor-shrub-grass composite vegetation; From simply protecting oases to actively protecting the entire desert ecosystem including oases. Only by rebuilding the desert ecosystem can we fundamentally curb the momentum of desertification expansion, reverse the passive situation of desertification and soil erosion prevention and control, and effectively improve the macro-ecology and environment in the northwest region.