First aid knowledge multiple-choice questions, as long as multiple-choice questions! ! ! ! !

the earthquake we often say refers to the vibration of the earth's surface caused by the sudden release of slowly accumulated energy in the earth.

2. how many layers can the earth be divided into? Which floor often has earthquakes?

from the surface to the inside, the earth can be divided into three layers: crust, mantle and core. According to statistics, about 92% of earthquakes occurred in the crust, and the rest occurred in the upper mantle.

3. How many earthquakes can occur on the earth in a year?

Earthquakes happen every day, about 5 million times a year. About 5 thousand times people can feel it; It can cause damage about 1 times; On average, there are more than a dozen major earthquakes of magnitude 7 or above a year.

4. what are the types of earthquakes according to their causes?

according to the causes, it can be divided into natural earthquakes and artificial earthquakes. Natural earthquakes include tectonic earthquakes, volcanic earthquakes and subsidence earthquakes. Vibration directly caused by human factors is artificial earthquake, such as vibration caused by underground nuclear explosion. Earthquakes, as we usually say, mostly refer to natural earthquakes, which are a frequent natural phenomenon and a special manifestation of crustal movement.

5. according to the causes of earthquakes, what are the main types of earthquakes in the world at present?

mainly belongs to tectonic earthquake. According to statistics, tectonic earthquakes account for more than 9% of the total number of earthquakes in the world.

6. what are the three basic parameters of an earthquake?

time, place and magnitude of the earthquake.

7. what is the source, epicenter and epicentral distance?

the place where an earthquake occurs inside the earth is called the source. The projection point of the source on the ground is called the epicenter. The distance from the epicenter to any point on the ground is called epicentral distance.

8. what is focal depth? What are shallow earthquakes, deep earthquake and moderate earthquake?

the distance from the epicenter to the source is called the focal depth. The earthquake with a focal depth of less than 7 kilometers is shallow earthquakes; Earthquakes with a focal depth of more than 3 kilometers are called deep earthquakes; Earthquakes with a focal depth of 7-3 kilometers are mesogenic earthquakes.

9. What are local earthquakes, near earthquakes and far earthquakes?

a local earthquake is called when the epicentre distance is less than 1 kilometers; The epicentre distance is 1 km-1 km, which is called a near earthquake; The epicentre distance is more than 1 kilometers, which is called teleseism.

1. what is the magnitude? What are the factors that affect the magnitude?

the magnitude is the magnitude of the earthquake itself, which is related to the amount of energy released by the source. The greater the energy, the greater the magnitude; The magnitude difference is one level, and the energy difference is about 3 times.

11. what kinds of earthquakes can be classified according to magnitude?

according to the magnitude: earthquakes with magnitude 7 and above are called major earthquakes; Earthquakes below magnitude 7, magnitude 5 and above are called strong earthquakes or moderate earthquakes; Those below 5, 3 and above 3 are called small earthquakes; Weak earthquakes and microseisms are called below magnitude 3, magnitude 1 or above. A magnitude less than 1 is called an ultrashort earthquake.

12. What is the magnitude of the largest earthquake recorded in the world?

8.9, which occurred in the Chile earthquake on May 22, 196.

13. what is seismic intensity? What are the factors that affect the intensity?

the degree of influence and destruction of an earthquake on a certain area is called seismic intensity, which is called intensity for short. Generally speaking, the greater the magnitude, the greater the intensity. In the same earthquake, the intensity is high when the epicentral distance is small, and the intensity is low on the contrary. Besides magnitude and epicentral distance, the factors that affect the intensity are also related to focal depth, geological structure and foundation conditions.

14. What is the difference between magnitude and intensity?

Magnitude reflects the magnitude of the earthquake itself, which is only related to the amount of energy released by the earthquake, and it is expressed by "magnitude"; The intensity indicates the degree of influence and destruction on the ground, which is expressed by "degree". An earthquake has only one magnitude and its intensity varies from place to place.

15. what is the isointensity line? What is the function of isointensity line graph?

isointensity line is the connecting line of points with the same intensity on the ground. The contour map of equal intensity draws the general outline of earthquake impact, which provides a scientific basis for us to quickly evaluate earthquake disasters and deploy earthquake relief work.

16. what is an earthquake sequence? What are main shock, aftershock and foreshock? What types are earthquake sequences generally divided into?

within a certain period of time, a series of earthquakes with different sizes occurred in the same source area, and their seismogenic mechanisms have some internal connection or have the same seismogenic structure, which is called earthquake sequence.

The strongest earthquake in an earthquake sequence is called the main earthquake; After the main earthquake, smaller earthquakes that occurred in the same earthquake area are called aftershocks; Smaller earthquakes that occurred in the same earthquake area before the main earthquake are called foreshocks. Earthquake sequences can be divided into the following categories:

(1) Main earthquake type-Main earthquake has a high and prominent magnitude, and the energy released by the main earthquake accounts for more than 9% of the whole earthquake sequence, and it can be divided into "Main earthquake-aftershock type" and "Foreshock-Main earthquake-aftershock type";

(2) earthquake swarm type-there is no prominent main earthquake, and the main energy is released through many earthquakes with similar magnitude;

(3) Isolated type (single earthquake)-Its main feature is that there are almost no foreshocks and no aftershocks.

17. What is a destructive earthquake? Severe destructive earthquake?

a destructive earthquake refers to an earthquake event that causes a certain number of casualties and economic losses.

a severely destructive earthquake is an earthquake event that causes serious casualties and economic losses, and makes the disaster area lose or partially lose its self-recovery ability, which requires the state to take rescue action.

18. what is a "direct earthquake" in a city? What are the most typical "direct earthquakes" in cities?

Earthquakes occurring in and around big cities are called "direct earthquakes" in cities. This term was put forward by Japanese scholars, and such earthquakes often cause great losses in cities. The most typical urban "direct earthquake" is the Tangshan earthquake in China in 1976 and the Hanshin earthquake in Japan in 1995.

19. Who invented the first seismograph (seismometer) in the world? For what year?

The first seismograph in the world (Houfeng seismograph) was invented by Zhang Heng, a scientist in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The Longxi earthquake was recorded in 132 AD.

2. When and where were the earliest seismic stations and seismic telemetry networks built in China?

in p>193, the first seismic station in China, Beijing Xishan Jiufeng Seismic Station, was established under the auspices of Li Shanbang and Qin Xinling. In 1966, Beijing Telemetry Network was completed, with 8 substations. After the Haicheng earthquake in 1975, it was expanded for the first time, with 21 substations distributed in Beijing, Tianjin, Tang and Zhang areas. The second expansion was carried out in 198, and the encryption project was implemented. After the Datong earthquake in 199, the third expansion was carried out and the "North China Network Networking" project was implemented.

21. What's the difference between shear wave and longitudinal wave?

the vibration direction of shear wave is perpendicular to the wave advancing direction, while the vibration direction of longitudinal wave is consistent with the propagation direction. In the epicentre area, the seismic wave directly enters the ground, and the shear wave is swaying from side to side, while the longitudinal wave is jumping up and down, and the propagation speed of the longitudinal wave is faster than that of the shear wave. In addition, the amplitude of shear wave is larger than that of longitudinal wave, which is destructive, and the horizontal sway force of shear wave is the main reason for building damage.

22. What is an earthquake zone? How many major earthquake zones are there in the world?

An area where earthquakes occur frequently and strongly is called an earthquake zone. There are two major seismic belts in the world:

(1) The Pacific Rim seismic belt, including the Pacific coast of North and South America and from Aleutian Islands, kamchatka peninsula and Japanese Islands to Taiwan Province Province in China, and then to the southeast through the Philippine Islands until New Zealand. The released energy accounts for 76% of the global earthquake released energy;

(2) The Himalayan-Mediterranean seismic belt, from Indonesia via Myanmar to Hengduan Mountains and Himalayas in China, across Pamirs, and via Central Asia to the Mediterranean and its vicinity, releases 24% of the global earthquake energy.

23. Why is China a country with many earthquakes?

according to statistics, the earthquakes in China's mainland account for about one third of the earthquakes in the world. China is located between the two major earthquake zones in the world, and some areas are part of these two earthquake zones, and the vast areas are affected by them.

24. which provinces (autonomous regions) have more earthquakes in China?

The provinces (regions) with more earthquakes in China are Taiwan Province, Tibet, Xinjiang, Yunnan and Sichuan.

25. what is the "north-south seismic belt"?

From Ningxia in China, through eastern Gansu, western Sichuan and Yunnan, there is an earthquake-intensive belt running through Chinese mainland in the general north-south direction, which is called China North-South Seismic Belt. The belt can extend to Mongolia in the north and Myanmar in the south.

2. Knowledge of earthquake prediction

1. What is an earthquake precursor? What are the common precursor phenomena?

The earthquake-related anomalies that occurred in nature before the earthquake are called earthquake precursors. Including microscopic precursors and macroscopic precursors. Common earthquake precursor phenomena include: abnormal change of groundwater, abnormal reaction of animals, crustal deformation, small earthquake activity, changes of ground sound, ground light, geomagnetism, gravity change, geoelectricity change, in-situ stress change, changes of radon content or other chemical components in groundwater, and changes of seismic wave velocity.

2. What was the abnormal change of groundwater before the earthquake? What interferences should be eliminated?

The fluctuation of underground water level, discoloration, odor change, flowering, bubbling and sudden change of hot spring water temperature may all be earthquake precursors. However, the change of groundwater is a very complicated phenomenon, so we must pay attention to eliminate the interference of precipitation (rain, snow), drought, river fluctuation, snow melting, artificial pumping and irrigation, environmental pollution and other factors.

3. Is it necessary to have an earthquake when the weather changes suddenly?

no. There are indeed records of meteorological anomalies before some major earthquakes, but the relationship between meteorology and earthquakes is very complicated, even if there is some correlation, it is indirect, and it can only work under certain special conditions. For a region, weather changes often occur, but destructive earthquakes are rare. Some people think that there will be an earthquake as soon as they see the weather change. This kind of worry is completely unnecessary.

4. Does the abnormal living habits of animals mean that there must be a big earthquake coming?

not necessarily. Because there are many reasons for the abnormal living habits of animals: for example, weather changes, changes in living conditions, biological interference, changes in feeding conditions, and environmental pollution may all cause the abnormal living habits of animals. In addition, the changes of animals' physiological state and people's illusion of observation may be regarded as anomalies. We should identify the true and false animal anomalies before determining whether this anomaly is related to the earthquake.

5. what is earthquake prediction? What are the three elements of earthquake prediction?

earthquake prediction is the prediction of the time, place, magnitude, earthquake impact intensity and damage loss degree of destructive earthquakes. The three elements of earthquake prediction only refer to the time, place and magnitude of earthquake.

6. what are the long-term, short-term and impending earthquake predictions? What is the annual earthquake trend forecast?

It is called long-term earthquake prediction to predict the earthquakes that may occur in a certain place within several years to decades, or even hundreds of years. It is called medium-term earthquake prediction to predict the earthquakes that may occur in a certain place in a few months to several years. Medium-term prediction and long-term prediction of earthquakes are collectively called medium-and long-term prediction. It is called short-term prediction to make predictions about earthquakes that may occur in a certain place for a few days to dozens of days, or even months. It is called imminent earthquake prediction to make a prediction of the earthquake that may occur in a certain place within a few days. The annual earthquake trend forecast is a one-year scale or a little longer-term trend forecast made by experts organized by the Seismological Bureau of China every year to the places where major earthquakes may occur in China in the next year.

7. What are the four countries that are doing more research on earthquake prediction in the world?

China, Japan, the United States, the former Soviet Union.

8. what is the level of earthquake prediction in China?

at the present scientific level, it is impossible to predict most destructive earthquakes. However, on the premise of fully and reasonably applying the existing practical experience and research results, it is possible to predict a certain type of earthquake to a certain extent under some favorable conditions.

Like other countries in the world, China's current earthquake prediction is still in a low-level exploration stage, and compared with Japan, the United States and other countries, there is still a certain gap in the advanced observation technology and the basic theoretical research of earthquake prediction. However, China has advantages in the accumulation of earthquake case data and field prediction experience. Frequent moderate and strong earthquakes in China provide more practical opportunities for Chinese seismologists to experiment and predict. In the mid-197s, China successfully predicted destructive earthquakes, such as the Haicheng M 7.3 earthquake in Liaoning Province. Since the 199s, China has made a series of successful short-term and imminent predictions, such as the Menglian earthquake with M = 7.3 in 1995, the Jiashi strong earthquake swarm with M = 6.3 and M = 6.4 in Xinjiang in 1997, four earthquakes with M = 5 and above in Lijiang, Yunnan in November 1998, and the Zaohaicheng earthquake with M = 5.6 in Xiuyan, Liaoning on December 29, 1999. This is unique in the world.

generally speaking, China's earthquake prediction level is in the advanced ranks in the world.

3. Knowledge of earthquake disasters

1. What are the characteristics of earthquake disasters?

Earthquake disaster is the first disaster in the group, which is sudden, unpredictable, high in frequency, and produces serious secondary disasters, which will also have a great impact on society.

2. what are the factors that affect the magnitude of earthquake disasters?

including natural factors and social factors. Among them, there are magnitude, epicentral distance, focal depth, earthquake occurrence time, earthquake occurrence location, earthquake type, geological conditions, seismic performance of buildings, regional population density, economic development degree and social civilization degree. Earthquake disasters can be prevented, and comprehensive defense work can minimize natural disasters.

3. what are the direct disasters caused by earthquakes?

the earthquake caused the destruction of buildings, landslides, mudslides, ground fissures, ground subsidence, sand blasting, water bursting and other surface damages and tsunamis.

4. what is an earthquake secondary disaster?

A series of other disasters caused by earthquake damage, including fire, flood, gas and toxic gas leakage, spread of bacteria and radiation, plague and other disasters to life and property.

5. what is the secondary disaster source?

the secondary disaster sources refer to the storage facilities of flammable, explosive and toxic substances, as well as dams and embankments that may cause floods, fires and explosions due to earthquakes.

6. what is the most common disaster caused by earthquakes?

the destruction and collapse of various buildings (structures). The resulting casualties and direct economic and property losses.

7. What kind of common secondary disasters caused by earthquakes are the most serious?

fire.

8. when and where did the biggest earthquake fire in China's history occur?

The fire caused by Yinchuan M8 earthquake in p>1739 lasted for 5 days and 5 nights.

9. why are the secondary disasters caused by earthquakes in cities so prominent?

The city is a highly concentrated area with various lifeline projects. There are various pipe networks on the ground and underground, and the sources of secondary disasters are concentrated, so the secondary disasters of earthquakes are prominent.

1. When and where did the biggest earthquake and flood in China's history occur?

The flood caused by Diexi earthquake of magnitude 7.5 in Sichuan in p>1933. During the earthquake, the mountain collapsed and blocked the Minjiang River, forming four dammed lakes. Forty-five days after the earthquake, the lake water body burst, causing floods in the lower reaches. Floods flooded for more than a thousand miles, inundating more than 2, people and destroying 5, mu of fertile land.

11. Affect people