A Historical Study of Handwriting Identification

China modern classification of Chinese handwriting from the perspective of handwriting identification

In p>1938, the famous scholar Feng Wenyao divided the handwriting characteristics into "full observation and partial observation" in his book "The Encyclopedia of Scientific Knowledge of Criminal Police". "All observation" includes ten categories: (1) style: the overall momentum of words; (2) the layout is loose, compact, average, narrow, professional or kit kat; (3) The stroke is weak, and it is right or penetrating; (4) The style of characters: such as Wang, Yan, Su, Liu, Mi ... Han tablet, Wei Bei, etc. (5) the width and distance of handwriting interval; (6) the uniformity, skew and stagger of words; (7) the expression of words. Such as being sluggish, flying, cramped, exquisite, vulgar, weak, clean and dirty; (8) the size of the font. Such as length, skew, elasticity, fat and thin, old and tender; (9) The number of characters and the position and style of punctuation marks; (1) report typos. The "local observation characteristics" include the following five categories: (1) the charm of using a pen: such as pen-stopping, pen-falling, pen-lifting, pen-turning, pen-folding, pen-squatting, pen-standing, pen-hiding, pen-pointing, etc.; (2) The situation of starting and finishing the pen: such as hidden front and exposed front, positive front and eccentric front, straight pen and side pen, shrinking pen and Fang Bi, upturned pen and Fang Bi; (3) the point is covered, flat and straight, and the angle of starting, planning, pecking and turning; (4) Personal unique strokes or patterns; (5) the word in the access, calendar access ... and so on. In 1943, Xu Shengxi, a criminologist, divided the handwriting characteristics into eight types: (1) the trend of character lines; (2) the angle of handwriting inclination; (3) the size of the font; (4) Different styles of fonts; (5) neat or messy; (6) continuous or intermittent; (7) the weight of strokes; (8) the speed of writing.

after p>1949, there were many classifications of handwriting, among which the most representative ones were: the classification of handwriting experts in China in 1958, which divided handwriting characteristics into general characteristics and individual characteristics. The general characteristics of handwriting refer to the proficiency, size, interval, inclination, consistency, uniformity, font and pressure of handwriting. The individual characteristics of handwriting include ten aspects. There are mainly strokes, collocation ratio, stroke order, word writing and punctuation writing. Another representative classification is that in 1999, Professor Jia Yuwen classified handwriting features into nine categories: (1) general features; (2) Local arrangement features; (3) writing characteristics; (4) typo characteristics; (5) Matching proportion characteristics; (6) stroke order characteristics; (7) the characteristics of writing; (8) characteristics of pen marks; (9) The characteristics of written language and its application. Professor Tu Liyun, a famous expert in handwriting identification, combined with his own identification practice, has his own understanding of the classification of handwriting. She believes that: "The handwriting features that have been proved and widely used in the appraisal mainly include the following contents: written speech features, text layout features, calligraphy level features, font features, writing features, typo features, stroke order features, brush strokes features, collocation ratio features, comparison marks features, punctuation marks and Arabic numerals features". In addition, Professor Tu added a feature "the verve feature of characters".

The above is the classification of Chinese handwriting from the perspective of handwriting identification. Because of the different research purposes and tasks, the classification has obvious identification characteristics. The so-called documents generally refer to all kinds of written materials formed by organs, organizations, enterprises, institutions or individuals in their work and life exchanges. In the field of material evidence technology, documents are endowed with a wider connotation: that is, they refer to all kinds of written materials with language or graphics. In order to further understand the so-called "documents" in material evidence technology, the documents are divided into several categories from different angles:

According to different production methods, they can be divided into written documents, printed documents and their replicas; According to different forms of expression, it can be divided into written materials, tables, pictures and photos. According to different purposes, it can be divided into certificates, official documents, letters, books and periodicals, newspapers, deeds, currency and various tickets; According to the different carrier materials, it can also be divided into ordinary material files and special material files. Ordinary material files refer to files made of materials specially used for writing and printing, while special material files refer to files made of materials not specially used for writing and printing, such as characters and graphics engraved and printed on building objects, floors, trees and other objects often encountered in cases.

documents are not only various but also widely used. They are widely used in the communication between people, individuals and collectives, collectives and countries, and even countries. Because of this, it is often used by criminals, or often associated with various cases, thus becoming the object of document inspection: document material evidence.

unlike general documentary evidence, documentary material evidence is a variety of written materials that prove the facts of a case with the material attributes of documents, which mainly include the existence mode, external form and characteristics of documents. Documentary evidence proves the facts of the case based on the contents recorded in it. As a documentary evidence, it is generally unnecessary to check when using it. It is only necessary to investigate and study its contents to determine whether it is true and reliable. Only when there is doubt about the material properties of documentary evidence or the contents of documentary evidence can not be recognized, it is necessary to carry out technical appraisal, such as when it is suspected that it has been tampered with or forged or the text content is ambiguous. At this time, the documentary evidence is not only documentary evidence in the general sense, but also has the attribute of material evidence. Most of the documents as physical evidence also have the nature of documentary evidence, such as reactionary slogans, reactionary leaflets and falsified bills, etc. What they can explain belongs to documentary evidence, while what their material characteristics prove belongs to physical evidence. However, the document inspection technology only identifies which part of its material properties belongs to documentary evidence, and which part of its content should not be involved. Generally, the documents of material evidence should be inspected and identified by using special knowledge or certain technical means, so as to achieve the purpose of proving the facts of the case with the material attributes of the documents. Document inspection is a science that studies the theory and method of identifying and appraising document material evidence on the basis of many disciplines, and it is a means of investigation and judicial appraisal to determine the relationship between documents and case facts and parties or suspects.

The definition of document inspection has three meanings:

First, document inspection is a science that studies the theory and method of identifying and authenticating document material evidence. The object of its research is all kinds of documentary evidence related to the case, mainly studying the various phenomena and inherent characteristics of documentary evidence, and also studying the influence of various factors on documentary evidence, in order to reveal the scientific method of kkklk's identification and appraisal of documentary evidence.

second, document inspection is the product of knowledge and research results of various disciplines. Due to the variety and different forms of documentary evidence, the problems to be solved in practice are very complicated, which determines that the basic scientific knowledge of document inspection is quite extensive, involving philosophy, philology, linguistics, psychology, physiology, physics, mathematics, chemistry and other social sciences, natural sciences and technical sciences. Without the above-mentioned scientific knowledge and methods, the document retrieval work cannot be carried out, and the development, mutual penetration and integration of various disciplines have opened up a broader prospect for document inspection technology.

Third, the purpose of document inspection is to serve the investigation and litigation. On the one hand, the document retrieval technology is an important part of criminal technology, and it is one of the investigation methods of public security and procuratorial organs. Through the inspection and appraisal of documentary material evidence, it can point out the direction for investigation or confirm the crime; On the other hand, the document retrieval technology is also an important content of judicial expertise, and its appraisal conclusion is also an important litigation evidence to prove the facts of the case.