I am working on environmental protection in a mining area (coal mining). What professional books do you recommend? Thank you.

Coal will cause pollution to the environment, especially to the atmosphere, and is a key target of environmental governance. At the same time, coal is an important energy source in our country and plays a decisive role in social and economic development. According to my country's economic construction forecast, the coal volume needs to reach 1.8 billion tons in 2010 to meet the needs of national economic development. The coal industry faces the problem of both environmental governance and continuous development and growth. Discuss the relationship between the development of the coal industry and environmental governance. Environmentally friendly coal development and utilization technology is the direction of the development of the coal industry.

1 Current situation of the coal industry

1.1 Problems caused by coal mining and utilization

my country produces nearly 1.3 billion tons of coal every year, most of which is directly used as energy Less than 30% of coal is burned and deeply processed, seriously polluting the environment. The cumulative amount of coal gangue has reached 70X108t, and is increasing at a rate of 1.5X108t every year. The deep processing and utilization of coal gangue is less than 15%. The combustion and utilization of coal can emit a large amount of harmful gases into the atmosphere every year. S02 alone reaches more than 18 million tons, C1\190m3, and more than 15 million tons of smoke. Coal mines emit nearly 1.4 billion tons of polluted water every year. The surface subsidence area caused by mining has reached 400,000 hm2, and is increasing at an average rate of 15,000 hm2 every year.

Coal mining and utilization is one of the fundamental causes of environmental degradation. It destroys the ecological environment at three levels. Burning in the air causes problems such as air pollution and acid rain; it causes subsidence on the ground surface and destroys fertile farmland. It causes rivers to change course; mine drainage and gangue discharge seriously affect plant growth and accelerate soil erosion; underground wells and springs dry up, destroying the water resources environment and worsening my country's already serious water shortage.

1.2 Consequences of coal mining and utilization

Direct combustion of coal is an important cause of air pollution, of which S02 emissions account for 87% of the country’s total emissions, and every year 3.8% speed increase. It is the root cause of acid rain, which brings serious consequences to industrial and agricultural production. The economic losses caused by acid rain in the four provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan and Guizhou alone reached 14 billion yuan. 60% of suspended particles in the air come from coal combustion.

Surface collapse and subsidence caused by mining can cause deformation and damage of buildings and structures, and failure of farmland irrigation systems. Mine drainage destroys water resources and lowers groundwater levels, worsening the ecological environment of the water system, making my country's drought and water shortage situation more serious. Wells and springs in many mining areas have dried up, triggering the possibility of desertification in some mining areas. Coal gangue, coal slime surface transportation and power plant fly ash pollute the soil composition, water quality and photosynthesis in mining areas, making the ecological environment fragile and difficult to rebuild.

At present, the environment in old mining areas has not been managed, and the environment in new mining areas has been damaged. There is a lack of environmental protection and governance policies at the macro level, and there are few corresponding measures. From the perspective of environmental protection, the coal industry is the source of environmental damage. It is in a situation where everyone is shouting for help, which is extremely detrimental to the development of the coal system.

2 The position of coal in my country’s economic construction

2.1 Coal is an important energy source for my country’s economic development

The characteristics of my country’s mineral resources determine the It is a country that uses coal as its main energy source. Coal accounts for about 75% of my country's primary energy, and this energy structure will not change significantly in the next 20-30 years. The current annual output has reached 1.3 billion. With the rapid growth of my country's economic construction, coal output will grow at a relatively high rate to meet the needs of the country's economic construction. Relevant departments and experts predict that coal production will reach 1.8 billion tons in 2010, which is 1.37 times the current coal production. The growth rate of coal production must maintain a certain proportional relationship with the growth rate of the national economy, otherwise it will seriously affect the construction of the national economy. Our country is a developing country, and its proportional relationship should be greater than 1. As an important industry in the national economic foundation, the coal industry should be optimized and developed.

Since the reform and opening up, my country's economic growth has doubled and coal production has doubled. Without the rapid development of coal resources as a guarantee, my country's economic construction cannot develop rapidly. With the development of the national economy, coal will also develop rapidly.

2.2 The dual pressures faced by the coal industry

While the coal industry has made significant contributions to national economic construction, it itself faces dual pressures from its own development and environmental protection. For a long time, my country has The principle of production first and life later in the coal industry means that the social development of most mining areas is seriously lagging behind, the lives of the people in most mining areas are backward, and the social status of miners is low. Because the coal industry has been controlled by the planned economy for a long time, coal products are single and there are few high-tech and high value-added products. Coal prices are seriously out of balance and profits are diverted. In 1985, the state implemented a "loan-to-allocation" policy for coal mines. Due to the heavy historical burden, the coal mines were unable to repay the loans. There are many retirees, low-quality employees, and insufficient understanding and preparation for the market economy. Although in recent years, due to the implementation of the national policy of shutting down wells and reducing production, the overall environment of the coal industry has improved, most mines are still in a state of decline due to various factors. A state of serious loss.

On the other hand, with the improvement of people’s living standards, society’s requirements for the environment are getting higher and higher. The coal industry is the source of pollution and a key target of environmental governance. However, due to lack of funds and the unwillingness of commercial banks to lend money, it is impossible for coal mines to use large amounts of funds for environmental protection and governance. A vicious cycle has formed.

2.3 The coal industry must change the status quo

If the pollution in the coal industry is not controlled, it will inevitably be punished by the environment and society. Our country is already in the one-child era. The environment in mining areas is dirty, messy, and poor. Compared with other industries, the huge contrast makes it impossible to attract talents to find employment in coal mines. At present, there are already difficulties in recruiting students for mining majors. Graduates are reluctant to work in mining areas. There is a serious loss of technical personnel in coal mines and there is an urgent need for technical talents.

If the pollution caused by coal mining and utilization is not controlled, it will seriously affect human production and life. The development of the coal industry will inevitably be restricted and will be gradually eliminated. Therefore, if the coal industry wants to develop, it must follow the path of sustainable development and strengthen environmental protection.

3 Environmentally friendly coal mining and utilization technology

Environmentally friendly coal mining and utilization technology includes environmentally friendly coal mining technology and coal processing comprehensive utilization technology. It is an environmentally friendly coal comprehensive utilization technology that is developed systematically and coordinately without increasing the burden on the coal industry itself. It includes the entire process from mining to processing. Only by using environmentally friendly coal technology in coal mines can the coal industry gradually reduce environmental pollution, provide clean energy for mankind, and benefit mankind. Environmentally friendly coal technology mainly includes the following contents.

3.1 Environmentally friendly mining technology

Environmentally friendly mining technology is a coal mining technology that uses the characteristics of coal mining technology to mine coal that meets environmental protection requirements as much as possible.

(1) Coal seam mining Most of my country's coal mines are mined with multiple coal seams, and the coal quality of each coal seam is different. When determining the mining method and mining sequence of the coal seam, change the mining of a single coal seam and carry out the mining of each coal seam as much as possible. Reasonably coordinate procurement. Reduce the ash content and harmful gas content of mine coal. Keep the sulfide content below national standards. Coal seam matching can reduce surface subsidence intensity.

(2) Gangue filling and reform of roadway layout. Using ancient stone filling technology, the gangue does not come out of the well. Coal gangue is used for roadside filling and goaf filling, which means that there are fewer roadways and the roadway support is improved. Strength, reducing the pollution caused to the environment after the gangue is transported to the ground. Change ideas and concepts, strengthen the reform of roadway layout, and dig as many coal seam roadways as possible and less roadway stone roadways.

(3) Coalbed methane mining Coal seams in most mining areas in my country contain a large amount of gas, and a considerable number of mines are gas outburst mines. Actively conduct research on coalbed methane mining technology to improve the gas drainage effect and provide society with Clean energy not only ensures the safe production of coal mines, but also improves the economic benefits of mining areas.

(4) Promote room-and-pillar and strip-type mining in the shallow coal seams of mines, and at the same time carry out intermittent mining and coal type mining for other coal seams. It can effectively prevent surface subsidence.

(5) Revise coal technology policies and specifications, change ideas, limit the mining intensity of coal seams that will cause serious environmental pollution, limit the mining of shallow surface coal seams, and wait until the technology matures before mining. Actively carry out research on underground coal gasification, liquefaction and biological mining technologies to fundamentally eliminate environmental pollution caused by coal utilization.

(6) The mine is used as a treatment plant for domestic waste. After simple treatment of domestic waste on the ground, a consolidation of a certain strength is formed, which can be used as filling material for underground tunnels and goafs. It not only solves the problem of ground garbage disposal, but also provides a new type of filling material for mines.

(7) Strengthen the management of small coal mines and increase efforts to close wells and reduce production in small coal mines. The pollution and damage to the natural environment caused by the production of small coal mines is much more serious than that of unified coal mines. Frequent safety accidents have caused great harm to the country and society. The country should continue to rectify the production order of small coal mines and meet the conditions for safe production. Small wells that pose no harm to the environment can continue to exist. Mines that do not meet the conditions for safe production and cause serious damage to the environment must be resolutely banned.

3.2 Environmentally friendly coal processing and utilization technology

(1) New coal preparation technology. The traditional coal preparation technology is mainly to select gangue and produce clean coal. There is less treatment of harmful chemical components such as sulfides. A new process for treating harmful gases is added in the coal preparation process, and certain additives are added to reduce the components of harmful substances in clean coal, so that the gases emitted after coal combustion are reduced. Comply with national emission standards. In the production of briquettes, additives for dust reduction and desulfurization are added to produce environmentally friendly briquettes. Carry out research on bio-briquet coal to thoroughly control the pollution caused by coal burning to the natural environment.

(2) To prevent the direct burning of raw coal, the state and local governments should formulate certain guidelines and policies based on reality, promote the use of briquettes and coal blending technology, and reduce the pollution caused by coal burning to the atmosphere.

(3) Utilize advanced coal deep processing technology. At present, coal-water slurry technology has passed industrial trials. The country should pay attention to and increase the promotion of coal-water slurry technology to reduce the risk of large enterprises directly using raw coal. pollution to the environment. Actively carry out experimental research on converting coal into oil, which not only alleviates the oil shortage, but also strengthens environmental protection.

(4) Fly ash treatment technology. A certain amount of chemical components such as calcite is added to the fly ash after combustion in thermal power plants, so that the burned fly ash can be directly used as cement aggregate or applied to other applications. In the industry, fly ash can be comprehensively utilized.

(5) Make full use of mine water resources. The mine water discharged from coal mines can be used to irrigate farmland after simple sedimentation treatment, which can alleviate the drought situation in northern my country. In-depth treatment of mine water can fully meet production and domestic water standards.

(6) Coal gangue processing technology. Coal gangue can be used to make bricks and produce colored ceramics, and can also be used as cement raw material. Burned coal gangue is a good material for roadbed.

(7) Coal slime treatment technology, the coal slime water in the coal preparation plant must be circulated in a closed circuit, and the coal slime can be used to make fertilizers, coal-water slurry and coal briquettes. After the coal slime is dehydrated, certain additives can be added and it can be directly used for boiler combustion.

4 Conclusion

The coal industry is a major cause of environmental pollution, but it is also the foundation of national economic development. In order to change the backward situation, coal enterprises should actively seek the support of the state and local governments, rely on their own efforts, follow the road of environmentally friendly coal technology, and provide clean energy for my country's economic construction. Only then can they completely eradicate the sources of pollution and embark on the path of healthy and rapid development.