Our company is a production-oriented enterprise and is formulating a financial system. Please tell me how to write costs and expenses. Thank you.

The company's financial management system

In order to standardize the company's daily financial behavior, give full play to the role of finance in the company's operation and management and improve economic efficiency, it is also convenient for various departments and employees of the company to monitor the work of the company's financial department. Carry out effective supervision, and at the same time further improve the company's financial management system, safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the company and employees, and formulate this system;

1. In order to strengthen financial management, standardize financial work, and promote the development of the company's business In order to improve the company's economic benefits, this system is specially formulated in accordance with the relevant national financial management laws and regulations and the company's articles of association, and combined with the company's actual situation.

1. The company’s accounting follows the accrual basis principle. (Accrual basis (accrual basis), also known as accrual basis, refers to the occurrence of the right to receive cash or the responsibility to pay cash as a sign to recognize the income and expenses of the current period, as well as claims and debts)

2. Basic tasks and methods of financial management:

(1) Raise funds and effectively use funds, supervise the normal operation of funds, maintain the safety of funds, and strive to improve the company's economic benefits.

(2) Do a good job in the basic work of financial management, establish and improve the financial management system, and conscientiously do a good job in the planning, control, accounting, analysis and assessment of financial revenue and expenditure.

(3) Strengthen the management of financial accounting to improve the timeliness and accuracy of accounting information.

(4) Supervise the purchase, construction, storage and use of company properties, and cooperate with the General Management Department to conduct regular property inventories.

(5) Prepare various accounting statements and financial statements on schedule, and do a good job in analysis and assessment.

3. Financial management is an important aspect of the company's operation and management. The company's financial management center is responsible for organizing, implementing, and inspecting financial management work. Accounting personnel must conscientiously implement the "Accounting Law" and resolutely abide by it. Follow the financial system and strictly keep company secrets.

2. Basic work of financial management

1. Strengthen the management of original vouchers and achieve institutionalization and standardization. Original vouchers are indispensable written proof of every business activity of the company and are the main basis for accounting records.

2. The company should prepare accounting vouchers based on the original vouchers that are verified to be correct. The content of the accounting voucher must include: date of filling in the voucher, voucher number, economic business summary, accounting account, amount, number of attached original vouchers, signature or seal of the person who filled in the voucher, reviewer, and accounting supervisor. The receipt and payment accounting vouchers should also be signed or stamped by the cashier.

3. Improve accounting and set up accounting books in accordance with the provisions of the national unified accounting system and the needs of accounting business. Accounting calculations should be based on actual economic business and conducted in accordance with prescribed accounting treatment methods to ensure that accounting indicators are consistent in caliber, comparable to each other, and accounting treatment methods are consistent.

4. Do a good job in accounting review. Accounting personnel should carefully review the legality, authenticity, completeness of procedures and accuracy of data of each business. The preparation of accounting vouchers and statements should be reviewed by a dedicated person, and major matters should be reviewed by the person in charge of finance.

5. Accounting personnel regularly record the relevant figures and inventory of physical objects, monetary funds, and securities in accounting books according to different accounting contents. 6. Establish accounting files, including accounting vouchers, accounting Account books, accounting statements and other accounting materials should be kept in files and properly kept. Keep and destroy them in accordance with the provisions of the "Accounting Archives Management Measures".

7. Accountants must hand over all accounting work they manage to their replacements due to job changes or resignations. When accounting personnel handle handover procedures, a handover supervisor must be responsible for supervising the handover. The handover personnel and the handover supervisor must sign on the handover list respectively before the handover personnel can be transferred or resign.

3. Capital Management

1. Capital is the core capital of the company’s operations, and capital management must be strengthened. The capital raised by the company must hire a Chinese certified public accountant for capital verification, issue a capital contribution certificate to investors based on the capital verification report, and record the capital accordingly.

2. Upon proposal by the company's board of directors and approval by the shareholders' meeting, capital can be increased in accordance with the provisions of the articles of association. The financial department should adjust the paid-in capital in a timely manner.

3. Shareholders of a company may transfer all or part of their capital contributions to each other. Shareholders shall transfer capital contributions to persons other than shareholders and purchase capital contributions transferred by other shareholders in accordance with the provisions of the company's articles of association. The financial department should make adjustments based on the actual situation.

4. When a company raises funds in the form of debt, it must strive to reduce financing costs. At the same time, interest payments should be accrued on a monthly basis and included in the cost.

5. Strengthen the management of accounts payable and other payables, check balances in a timely manner, and ensure the authenticity and accuracy of liabilities. The reasons for any unpaid amounts payable for more than one year should be investigated, and the accounts payable that cannot be paid should be reported to the general manager of the company for approval before being dealt with.

6. The company’s external guarantee business must be submitted for approval according to the company’s stipulated approval procedures and registered by the Financial Management Center before it can be officially issued to the outside world. The Financial Management Center will accordingly incorporate the company’s contingent liabilities into the company’s contingent liability management. Upon expiration of the guarantee period, Then promptly urge the relevant business departments to revoke the guarantee.

IV. Cash management:

1. Strictly implement the "Interim Regulations on Cash Management" promulgated by the People's Bank of China, and reasonably verify the cash inventory limit based on the company's actual needs, and any excess of the limit Send it to the bank promptly.

2. It is strictly prohibited to deposit IOUs into the treasury and arbitrarily misappropriate cash. Cashiers must balance the book balance of the cash journal every day and check it with the cash in stock. If any discrepancy is found, the reasons must be promptly identified. The manager of the financial management center conducts regular or irregular inspections of cash on hand to ensure the safety and integrity of the cash. All cash receipts and payments made by the company must have legal original documents.

3. Management of bank deposits: Strengthen the confidentiality of bank accounts and other accounts. They are not allowed to be leaked except for business needs. Bank account seals are under separate management and concurrent use. They are not allowed to be kept and used by one person. It is strictly prohibited to stamp a bank account stamp on any blank contract.

4. Cashiers must keep track of the bank deposit balance at all times and are not allowed to issue bad checks or lend bank accounts to any unit or individual for settlement or cash withdrawal. At the end of each month, reconciliation with the bank must be done, and a bank deposit balance reconciliation statement must be prepared to analyze unaccounted items, find out the reasons, and report to the person in charge of the financial department.

5. Management of accounts receivable: For accounts receivable, make an analysis of the aging and collection status at the end of each quarter, and report it to the relevant leaders and business departments in charge, and urge the business departments to actively collect collections. Avoid bad debts.

6. Management of other receivables: Accounting should be done on a per-household basis, and the approval process for personal loans must be strict. The approval process for loans is: borrower → department head → financial director → general manager. Borrowed cash must be used to pay for various expense projects within the scope of cash settlement.

5. Investment management:

1. Management of short-term investments: Short-term investments refer to investments that can and are ready to be realized within one year. Short-term investments must be carried out within the scope of the company's authorization. According to The current financial system provides for bookkeeping and accounting of revenue costs and profits and losses.

2. Management of long-term investments. Long-term investments refer to investments that are not intended to be realized within one year and are divided into equity investments and debt investments. The company should conduct feasibility analysis and certification carefully when making long-term investments. After approval according to the company's approval authority, the financial management center will handle the accounting procedures. Long-term investments that the company has no actual control over the invested unit are accounted for using the cost method; long-term investments that the company has actual control over are accounted for using the equity method.

VI. Fixed asset management

1. Assets with one of the following conditions should be included in fixed assets for accounting: ① Houses, buildings, machines, etc. with a useful life of more than one year. Machinery, transportation and other business-related equipment, tools, etc.; ② Items that are not the main equipment of the business, have a unit value of more than 2,000 yuan, and have a service life of more than 2 years.

2. Fixed assets must have accounts and cards, and the account facts must be consistent. The Finance Department is responsible for the value accounting and management of fixed assets. The General Management Department is responsible for the recording, custody and card registration of physical objects. The Finance Department should establish a detailed account of fixed assets.

3. The purchase and transfer of fixed assets are recorded according to the actual cost. The depreciation of fixed assets is classified and provided using the straight-line method. The classified depreciation period is:

1) Houses and buildings 20 years for goods;

2) 10 years for airplanes, trains, ships, machines, machinery and other production equipment;

3) Appliances related to production and business activities, Tools, furniture, etc., for 5 years;

4) Transportation tools other than airplanes, trains, and ships, for 4 years;

5) Electronic equipment, for 3 years.

4. Fixed assets that have been fully depreciated and continue to be used will no longer be depreciated, and fixed assets that are scrapped in advance will no longer be depreciated. The fixed assets that increase in the current month will not be depreciated in the current month, and the fixed assets that decrease in the current month will be depreciated in the same month.

5. The company must go through accounting procedures for the purchase, sale, liquidation and scrapping of fixed assets, and set up fixed asset detailed accounts for accounting. For purchased fixed assets, the principle is based on the purchase price plus transportation, loading and unloading, packaging, insurance and other expenses. Fixed assets that need to be installed should also include installation costs. Fixed assets used as investments shall be based on the original price specified in the investment agreement.

6. Fixed assets must be inventoried once a year by the Contract Office of the Finance Department. Profit, loss, scrapping and valuation of fixed assets must be strictly reviewed and processed in the annual final accounts after approval according to regulations. complete.

1) For fixed assets that are in surplus, the original price is the full replacement value, and the accumulated depreciation is estimated based on the degree of newness and age. The difference after the accumulated depreciation of the original price is transferred to the provident fund.

2) For fixed assets in deficit, the original price and accumulated depreciation should be offset, and the difference between the original price and accumulated depreciation should be treated as non-operating expenses.

3) The difference between the price change income of scrapped fixed assets (the net amount after deducting cleaning expenses) and the net value of the fixed assets will be transferred to the provident fund, and the losses will be treated as non-operating expenses.

8. Operating income management

1. The company's operating income includes daily sales income of directly-operated stores, fee income, other operating income, etc. Operating income must be confirmed strictly in accordance with the accrual basis principle, and must be carefully verified and correctly reflected to ensure the authenticity of the company's profits and losses.

2. Operating income must be included in the relevant income projects in accordance with regulations and shall not be withheld out of the account or otherwise processed.

3. Business-related expenditures incurred by the company in its business operations shall be included in costs and expenses in accordance with regulations. Cost expenses are an important part of managing a company's economic benefits. Controlling costs and expenses plays an important role in plugging management loopholes and improving the company's economic benefits.

4. The scope of cost expenses includes: interest expenses, operating expenses, other operating expenses, etc.

(1) Interest expense: refers to the cost of funds raised in the form of liabilities.

(2) Operating expenses include: employee wages, employee welfare fees, insurance premiums, fixed asset depreciation fees, repair fees, management fees, communication fees, transportation fees, entertainment fees, travel expenses, vehicle usage fees, Conference fees, office fees, incentive fees, various reserves and other expenses.

(3) Fixed asset depreciation expense: refers to the amortization expense calculated by the company based on the original value of the fixed assets and the fixed asset classification depreciation rate stipulated by the state.

(4) Amortization expense: refers to the amortization expense of deferred assets, with an amortization period of not less than 5 years.

(5) Various reserves: Various reserves include investment risk reserves and bad debt reserves. The investment risk reserve is withdrawn based on the difference of 1% of the long-term investment balance at the end of the year, and the bad debt reserve is withdrawn at the rate of 1% of the balance of accounts receivable at the end of the year.

(6) Management expenses include: property management fees, water and electricity fees, heating and cooling fees, attendance bonus fees and other expenses.

5. Strengthen the total control of expenses, strictly formulate the expenditure standards and approval rights for various expenses. Financial personnel should carefully review relevant expenditure vouchers. Those without the signature of the leader or with incomplete approval procedures will not be Reimbursement, and violations of relevant system regulations should be reported to the leadership in a timely manner.

6. The company's various costs and expenses are managed and accounted for by the financial management center. The management of expenses and expenditures is subject to budgetary control. The financial management center must regularly conduct cost inspections, analysis, and formulate cost reduction measures.

7. Company operating profit = operating income - business taxes and surcharges - operating expenses

Total profit = operating profit investment income non-operating income - non-operating expenses

(1) Investment income includes profits, dividends, etc. from external investments.

(2) Non-operating income refers to various incomes that are not directly related to the company’s business operations, including: fixed asset inventory surplus, net income from the disposal of fixed assets, additional refunds for education fees, penalty and confiscation income, Penalty income, payables approved in accordance with prescribed procedures that cannot be paid, etc.

(3) Non-operating expenses refer to various expenses that are not directly related to the company’s business operations, including: fixed asset inventory losses and net losses due to damage and scrapping, extraordinary losses, public welfare relief donations, and compensation. , liquidated damages, etc.

8. After the company's total profits are adjusted accordingly according to relevant national regulations, the profits after paying income tax will be distributed in the following order:

(1) Confiscated property losses, and pay late fees and fines for various taxes;

(2) Make up for the company’s losses in previous years;

(3) Withdraw the statutory surplus reserve fund, which shall be allocated according to the tax rate 10% of the final profit after deducting the first two items will be withdrawn. When the surplus reserve fund reaches 50% of the registered capital, no withdrawal will be made.

(4) Provident funds and public welfare funds are withdrawn at 5% of the after-tax profits, which are mainly used for the company’s collective welfare expenditures for employees.

(5) Distribute profits to investors and distribute profits to investors according to the resolution of the shareholders’ meeting.

9. Financial reports and financial analysis

1. Financial statements are divided into monthly reports and annual reports. Monthly financial statements include balance sheets and profit and loss statements. Annual financial statements include balance sheets, profit and loss statements, cash flow statements, operating expense details, and profit distribution statements. The company's monthly financial statements should be completed within the 15th of the following month, and the annual financial accounting report should be produced within 90 days of the following year. If necessary, an accounting firm should be hired for audit.

2. A financial statement should also be submitted at the end of the year. The main contents of the financial statement include:

(1) Business and operating conditions, profit realization, capital increase, decrease and turnover, financial income and expenditure, etc.

(2) Changes in financial accounting methods and reasons, matters that have a significant impact on changes in the financial status of the current or next period; events that occurred between the balance sheet preparation date and the reporting period that have a significant impact on the company's financial status Matters that have a significant impact; and other matters that need to be explained for a correct understanding of the financial statements.

3. Financial analysis is an important part of the company's financial management. The financial management center should summarize, evaluate and assess the company's operating conditions and operating results, promote revenue increase and expenditure reduction through financial analysis, and give full play to the efficiency of funds. Provide basis for decision-making by leaders or relevant departments by comparing different plans and economic benefits of financial activities.

4. Financial reporting indicators that summarize and evaluate the company’s financial status and operating results include: ① Operating status indicators: current ratio, debt ratio, owner’s equity ratio; ② Operating performance indicators: profit margin, capital Profit rate, cost profit rate.