For the development of inter and amd chips, detailed English names and Chinese names are needed. The more the better, the more popular and practical.

AMD(=Advanced Micro Devices Wei Chao Semiconductor Note: Micro means tiny, but AMD named itself Wei Chao Semiconductor in Chinese, so it can also be called ultramicro semiconductor. The official term used here is 1969. Its headquarters is in Sunnyvale, California. AMD specializes in designing and manufacturing innovative microprocessor, flash memory and low-power processor solutions for the computer, communications and consumer electronics industries. AMD is committed to providing standards-based and customer-centric solutions for technology users, from enterprises, government agencies to individual consumers. Its share in the CPU market is second only to Intel.

AMD has global business offices, manufacturing plants in the United States, China, Germany, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand, and sales offices in major cities around the world, with more than 6,543,800 employees. In 2004, AMD's sales were $5 billion.

AMD has more than 70% revenue from the international market, and it is a truly multinational company. The company is listed on the new york Stock Exchange under the code AMD.

business development

At AMD, we adhere to the concept of "customer-oriented, innovation-driven", which is the core principle guiding all business operations of AMD.

AMD has established a successful cooperative relationship with customers in order to have a deeper understanding of their needs. AMD works closely with technology leaders to develop next-generation solutions, expand the global market and promote AMD's brand. We have also established cooperative relations with some world-class leaders, who overcome arduous difficulties and rely on technology to achieve success.

So far, more than 2,000 software and hardware developers, original equipment manufacturers and distributors around the world have announced their support for AMD64-bit technology. More than 75% of the 100 companies in Forbes Global 2000 are using AMD Opteron? The processor system runs enterprise applications, and its performance is greatly improved.

AMD's product line

Computing products

AMD provides a series of solutions for enterprise users who need high-performance computing and IT infrastructure.

198 1 year, AMD 287 FPU, using Intel 80287 kernel. The market positioning and performance of the product are basically consistent with Intel 80287. It is also AMD.

The only FPU product produced by the company is very rare.

AMD 8080( 1974)，8085( 1976)，8086( 1978)，8088( 1979)，80 186 ( 186)。 The market positioning and performance of the products are basically the same as those of Intel products with the same name.

AMD 386( 199 1 year) microprocessor, core code P9, divided into SX and DX, which are compatible with Intel 80386SX and DX respectively. AMD 386DX and Intel 386DX are both 32-bit processors. The difference is that AMD 386SX is a complete 16-bit processor, while Intel 386SX is a quasi-32-bit processor-32-bit internal bus and 16-bit external processor. The performance of AMD 386DX is similar to that of Intel 80386DX, and it was one of the mainstream products at that time. AMD has also developed 386 DE and other embedded products based on 386 cores.

AMD 486DX( 1993) microprocessor, core code P4, the first generation of 486 products designed and produced by AMD. Then other 486 levels were introduced one after another.

Common models are: 486DX2, core code P24；; ; 486DX4, core code P24C；; 486SX2, core code P23, etc. other

Derived models are 486DE and 486DXL2, which are relatively rare. The highest frequency of AMD 486 is 120MHz(DX4- 120), which is the first time that AMD has surpassed its powerful competitor Intel in frequency.

AMD 5X86( 1995) microprocessor, the core code of which is X5, is the sharp weapon of AMD in the 486 market. In the late 486' s, TI (Texas Instruments) launched the TI486DX2-80 with high cost performance, which quickly occupied the low-end market, and Intel also launched the high-end Pentium series. In order to seize the market vacancy, AMD introduced 5x86 series CPU (almost at the same time as Cyrix 5x86). It is a 486-class product, with the highest frequency of-33 * 4, 133MHz, 0.35 micron manufacturing process, built-in 16KB first-level write-back cache, and its performance is directed at Pentium 75, with lower power consumption.

AMD K5( 1997) microprocessor, released in 1997. Because of research and development problems, its listing time is much later than that of competitor Intel's "Classic Pentium", and its performance is not very good. This unsuccessful product once made AMD lose a lot of market share. The performance of K5 is very general, and its integer operation ability is not as good as Cyrix 6x86, but it is slightly better than "Classic Pentium". Floating-point budgeting ability is far less than "classic Pentium", but slightly better than Cyrix 6x86. On the whole, K5 is a product with average strength, and its low price at the initial stage of listing is more attractive to consumers than its performance. In addition, the production of high-end K5-RP200 is very small (convention:), and it is not sold in Chinese mainland.

AMD K6( 1997) processor is in the same class as Intel PentiumMMX. It was AMD that acquired NexGen and integrated it into the advanced NexGen at that time.

The masterpiece after 686 technology. It also contains MMX instruction set and 64KB L 1 cache, which is twice as big as Pentium MMX! Total ratio

Comparatively speaking, K6 is a successful work, but in terms of performance, the floating-point computing ability is still lower than that of Pentium MMX.

K6-2( 1998) series microprocessors used to be AMD's fist products, and now we call them classics. In order to beat competitor Intel, AMD K6-2 series microprocessors have been greatly improved on the basis of K6, the most important of which is the addition of "3DNow!" Command support. “3DNow！” Instruction is a major breakthrough of X86 system. The advantage of this technology is that it greatly enhances the computer's 3D processing capability and brings us truly excellent 3D performance. When you use a program called "3DNow!" When optimizing the software, we can find out how much potential K6-2 has. Moreover, K6-2 is mostly frequency-unlocked, and it is easy to overclock due to the low calorific value brought by the 0.25 micron manufacturing process. That is, from K6-2, overclocking is no longer a proper term of Intel. At the same time, .k62 also inherits the tradition of AMD. The price of the same frequency model is about 25% lower than that of Intel products, and the market sales are amazing. At the beginning of its launch, the K6-2 series used the name "K63D" ("3D" means "3DNow!" ), it was renamed as "K6-2" until it was officially listed. Because of this, K6 3D is mostly ES (a few official versions, after all, there is no mass production:). K6 3D once had a non-standard 250MHz product, but it did not appear in the official K6-2 series. The lowest frequency of K6-2 is 200MHz and the highest frequency is 550MHz.

AMD launched the K6-3( 1998) series microprocessor code-named "Sharptooth" in February, 1999, which is the last CPU supported by AMD in super architecture and CPGA package. K6-3 adopts 0.25 micron manufacturing process, integrates 256KB L2 cache (competitor Intel's new Celeron is 128KB), and runs at the main frequency speed of CPU. L2 on Socket 7 motherboard is automatically recognized as L3 by K6-3 at this time, which is undoubtedly very advantageous for high-frequency CPU, although K6-3' s floating-point operation is still unsatisfactory. For various reasons, it is hard to get a ticket after K6-3 is put on the market, and the price is not approachable, even after the emergence of the more advanced K6-3+.

AMD Operator of Direct-attached Architecture? Processors can provide leading single-core and dual-core technologies. Enables IT administrators to run 32-bit and 64-bit applications on the same server, provided that the server uses a 64-bit operating system.

AMD Athlon64, also known as Aslon? 64 processor can provide excellent performance and important investment protection for enterprise desktop computer users.

AMD Dual Core Athlon? 64(AthlonX2 64) processor can provide higher multitasking performance and help enterprises to complete more tasks in a shorter time.

AMD dazzles the dragon? 64(Turion64 mobile computing technology can use the latest achievements in the field of mobile computing to provide the highest mobile office capacity and leading 64-bit computing technology.

AMD Flash Dragon? (Sempron64) processor can not only provide excellent cost performance for enterprises, but also improve the daily work efficiency of employees.

AMD dragon? The new architecture of (phoe nom)4-core processor further meets the needs of users (the name "64" is cancelled, because the current CPU is 64-bit, so there is no need to mark it).

AMD also provides consumers with a full range of 64-bit products.

AMD Dual Core Athlon? 64 processors allow users to complete more tasks (including business applications and videos, photo editing, content creation and audio production, etc.). ) In a shorter time. These powerful functions make it the best choice for those new media centers that will be listed soon.

AMD Athlon? 64 processor has excellent functions and performance, which can provide vivid digital media effects, including music, video, photos and DVD.

AMD Thunderbird? Thunderbird processor

AMD dragon? Duron processor can be said to be a simplified and cheap version of Thunderbird processor, and its architecture is the same as Thunderbird processor, except that the clock is low, which is the built-in L2 cache, only 64K.

For those consumers who want to enjoy 64-bit performance through thin and light laptops, AMD dazzles the dragon? Mobile computing technology can provide secure mobile office capabilities without affecting performance.

For those consumers who want to get the best price/performance ratio, AMD Flash Dragon? The processor can provide various common functions from word processing to photo browsing.

Embedded solution

AMD's embedded solutions target Internet devices other than personal computers. The target products include tablet computers, car navigation and entertainment systems, home and small office network products and communication equipment. AMD Geode？ This solution series includes not only embedded processors based on x86, but also various system solutions. AMD's alchemy series? The solution is MIPS with low power consumption and high performance? Processor, wireless technology, development circuit board and reference design kit. With the introduction of these new solutions, AMD's products will be more diversified, which will help to establish AMD's leading position in the new generation product market.

Milestone of Intel Microprocessor

197 1 year: 4004 microprocessor

The 4004 processor is Intel's first microprocessor. This breakthrough invention not only becomes a powerful power source of Busicom calculator, but also opens up a future road in which machines and equipment can be embedded with intelligence like personal computers.

1972: 8008 microprocessor

The processing power of 8008 processor is twice that of 4004 processor. An article in Radio Electronics Magazine 1974 mentioned a device with 8008 processor, which was one of the first computers made for home use-but according to today's standards, Mark-8 is neither easy to manufacture and assemble, nor easy to maintain and operate.

1974: 8080 microprocessor

Altair, the world's first personal computer, used an 8080 processor as its brain-it is said that Altair came from the TV series Star Trek, which is one of the goals of the Enterprise spacecraft in the film. Computer enthusiasts can buy an Altair for $395. In just a few months, tens of thousands of such computers have been sold, setting a record for the first delay in delivery of personal computers in history.

1978: 8086-8088 Microprocessor

A key deal between Intel and IBM's new PC division made the 8088 processor the brain of IBM's new flagship product, IBM PC. The great success of 8088 made Intel one of the top 500 companies in the world and was rated as one of the "most successful companies in the 1970s" by Fortune magazine.

1982: 286 microprocessor

Originally named 80286, Intel 286 is Intel's first processor capable of running all the software written for its previous generation. This powerful software compatibility has also become one of the important characteristics of Intel microprocessor family. In the six years after the product was released, about150,000 PCs with 286 processors were produced worldwide.

1985: Intel 386 microprocessor

Intel 386? The microprocessor has 275,000 transistors, which is more than 65,438+000 times that of the early 4004 processor. The processor is a 32-bit chip with multi-task processing ability, which means that it can run multiple programs at the same time.

1989: Intel 486 DX CPU microprocessor

Intel 486? In a real sense, the processor shows that users have entered a brand-new era of operating computers only by clicking from the era of relying on input commands. David K. Allison, a technical historian at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History, recalled, "That was the first time I had such a color display computer and finished my typesetting work on the desktop so quickly." Intel 486? For the first time, the processor added a built-in mathematical coprocessor to separate complex mathematical functions from the central processing unit, which greatly improved the operation speed.

1993: Intel Pentium processor

Intel Pentium processors make it easier for computers to integrate data in the "real world" (such as voice, sound, handwriting and pictures). The Intel Pentium processor promoted through comics and TV talk shows quickly became a well-known brand as soon as it was launched.

1995: Intel Pentium processor

1Intel Pentium processor released in the autumn of 1995 is designed to support 32-bit server and workstation applications, as well as high-speed computer-aided design, mechanical engineering and scientific computing. Every Intel Pentium processor is packaged with a second-level cache chip that can be accelerated again. The powerful Intel Pentium processor has as many as 5.5 million transistors.

1997: Intel Pentium II processor

The Intel Pentium II processor has 7.5 million transistors and uses MMX? Technology designed for efficient processing of video, audio and graphics data. The product is packaged in an innovative single-side contact card box (S.E.C) and integrated into a cache chip. With this chip, PC users can capture, edit and enjoy digital photos with friends and family through the Internet. You can also edit home movies and add words, music or scene transitions; You can even use a videophone to send videos to the Internet through a standard telephone line.

1998: Intel Pentium II Xeon processor

Intel Pentium II Xeon processors are designed to meet the performance requirements of mid-to high-end servers and workstations. According to Intel's strategy of providing exclusive processor products for specific markets, the technological innovations of Intel Pentium II Xeon processors are specially designed for commercial applications required by workstations and servers, such as Internet services, enterprise data storage, digital content creation, and electronic and mechanical design automation. A computer system based on this processor can be configured with four or eight processors, or even more.

1999: Intel Celeron processor

As a continuation of Intel's strategy of developing products for specific markets, Intel Celeron processors are designed for the economical computer market. The processor provides excellent cost performance for consumers and excellent performance for applications such as games and educational software.

1999: Intel Pentium III processor

The 70 innovative instructions of the Intel Pentium III processor-SIMD extensions for Internet streaming-significantly enhance the performance required for processing advanced images, 3D, audio streaming, video and speech recognition. The product aims to greatly enhance the Internet experience, allowing users to browse realistic online museums and shops and download high-quality videos. The processor integrates 9.5 million transistors and adopts 0.25 micron technology.

1999: Intel Pentium III Xeon processor

Intel Pentium III Xeon processor expands Intel's products for workstation and server market, providing additional performance to support e-commerce applications and high-end business computing. This processor integrates 70 SIMD instructions of Intel Pentium III processor, which significantly enhances the performance of multimedia and video streaming applications. The advanced cache technology of Intel Pentium III Xeon processor accelerates the transmission of information from the system bus to the processor, which greatly improves the performance. Processors are designed for systems with multiprocessor configurations.

2000: Intel Pentium 4 processor

Personal computer users based on Intel Pentium 4 processor can make professional quality movies; Sending TV-like videos through the network; Use real-time video voice tools to communicate; Render 3D graphics in real time; Quickly encode music for MP3 players; Run multiple multimedia applications while connecting to the Internet. When the processor was first introduced, it had 42 million transistors and only 0. 18 micron circuit lines. The running speed of Intel's first microprocessor 4004 is 108KHz, while the initial speed of Intel Pentium 4 processor has reached1.5ghz. If the vehicle speed can be increased similarly, it only takes 13 seconds to drive from San Francisco to new york.

200 1: Intel Xeon processor

The application targets of Intel Xeon processors are those upcoming high-performance and mid-range two-socket workstations, as well as servers with two-socket and multi-socket configurations. The platform provides customers with a brand-new choice of operating system and application, and has the advantages of high performance and low price. Compared with systems based on Intel Pentium III Xeon processors, the performance of workstations using Intel Xeon processors is expected to increase by about 30% to 90%, depending on the application and configuration. The processor is based on Intel NetBurst? Architecture designed to provide computing power for video and audio applications, advanced Internet technology and complex 3D graphics.

200 1: Intel Itanium processor

Intel Itanium processor is the first product of Intel 64-bit processor family. The processor is developed and manufactured based on a new architecture based on Intel Explicit Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC) design technology, and is specially designed for high-end enterprise servers and workstations. The processor can provide the best performance in the world for the most demanding enterprises and high-performance computing applications, including e-commerce secure transactions, large databases, computer-aided mechanical engineering and complex scientific and engineering calculations.

2002: Intel An Teng 2 Processor Intel Pentium 4/ Hyper-Threading Processor.

Intel An Teng 2 processor is the second member of Itanium processor family, and it is also an enterprise processor. This processor family provides excellent performance and economies of scale of Intel architecture for data-intensive, business-critical and technically demanding computing applications. This processor can provide leading performance for database, computer-aided engineering and online transaction security.

Intel's new Intel Pentium 4 processor includes the innovative Hyper-Threading (HT) technology. Hyper-threading technology has created a new level of high-performance desktop computer, which can quickly execute multiple computing applications at the same time, or bring higher performance to software supporting multi-threading. Hyper-threading technology has improved computer performance by 25%. In addition to providing hyper-threading technology for desktop users, Intel has also achieved another computer milestone, namely, the Pentium 4 processor running at 3.06 GHz, which is the first commercial microprocessor to execute 3 billion operation cycles per second. Such excellent performance was attributed to the most advanced 0. 13 micron technology in the industry at that time. In the following year, the clock of Intel Pentium 4 processor with built-in hyper-threading technology reached 3.2 GHz.

2003: Intel Pentium M processor

Intel Pentium M processor, Intel 855 chipset family and Intel PRO/ Wireless 2003 network card are Intel Centrino? Three components of mobile computing technology. Intel Centrino? Mobile computing technology is specially designed for portable computing, with built-in wireless LAN function and breakthrough innovative mobile performance. The processor supports longer battery life and lighter and thinner laptop shapes.

2005: Intel Pentium D processor

The debut of the first Intel Pentium D processor with two processing cores officially opened the multi-core era of x86 processors.

2006: Intel Core 2 Duo Processor

Core micro-architecture desktop processor, the core code Conroe will be named Core 2 Duo/Extreme series. Compared with the most powerful Intel Pentium D 960 (3.6GHz) processor, its E6700 2.6GHz model performance is improved by 40%, and the power saving efficiency is improved by 40%. The Core 2 Duo processor contains 29 1 million transistors.

197 1 year: 4004 microprocessor 1972: Intel 8008 microprocessor.

1976: 8085 processor release 1978: Intel introduced 8086 with 4.77MHz.

1979: Intel introduced quasi-16-bit microprocessor 8088, 4.77MHz.

198 1 year: 80 186 and 80 188 released. 1982: published in 80286.

1988 June 16: 80386SX released.

1in April, 1989, Intel introduced a 25MHz 486 microprocessor.

1991May 22nd: 80486SX cheap version released. It differs from DX in that it does not integrate FPU.

1March 22, 993: A new generation of 586 CPU, which completely surpassed 486, came out.

1March 7, 994: Intel released 90 and 100MHz Pentium processors.

1994 10 10: Intel released the 75MHz version of Pentium processor.

1March 27th, 995: Intel released the Pentium processor of 120MHz.

1 June 19951:Intel released 133MHz Pentium processor.

1 995165438+1October1,Intel introduced Pentium Pro processor. Pentium Pro has four working frequencies of150/166/180 and 200MHz, all of which have 16KB primary cache and 256KB secondary cache.

1996 65438+1released by Intel on October 4th150&; 166 MHz Pentium CPU, including transistors above 3.3M.

1996101October 6th: Intel released the 200MHz Pentium CPU.

1997 April 7. Intel releases Pentium II processor.

1Feb. 998: Intel released the Pentium II processor with 333MHz.

1999 65438+ 10 In October, Intel launched the Pentium III processor.

1999 10 In June, Intel introduced the Pentium III processor based on the 0. 18 micron process.

March 8, 2000: Intel limited supply 1GHz Pentium III processor.

On1October 20th, 2000, 165438+Intel officially released the next generation processor-Pentium 4.

Milestone of Intel Microprocessor