How to effectively prevent and control the occurrence and spread of livestock and poultry infectious diseases in forest farming

1. Pay attention to site selection and reasonable layout of the site. Understory farming is different from farms of different sizes, and is also different from the traditional free-range livestock farming of several livestock or poultry per household. Therefore, in terms of site selection and farm layout, control measures must be formulated based on the three links of infectious disease epidemics. . As a livestock and poultry breeder, you should at least ensure that there are isolation facilities between your own livestock and poultry and other livestock and poultry. There should be sunproof, cold and rainproof habitats (pens), grazing (exercises), and isolation and treatment of sick livestock and poultry. Areas and facilities for the storage of feces and waste, the treatment of dead livestock and poultry (high temperature, deep burial, and incineration), drinking water that meets standards, and sewage and waste that cannot pollute natural water sources are the basic conditions. 2. Establish and improve rules and regulations to incorporate disease control measures into daily work. As underforest farming, regardless of the scale of breeding, there must be appropriate disease control rules and regulations. Commonly used rules and regulations mainly include: ① Feeding management system: should include the feeding of breeding livestock and poultry, young livestock and poultry, and fattening livestock and poultry. Management and breeding, midwifery, timely reporting of diseased livestock and poultry, etc. ② Regular disinfection system: should include disinfection personnel, scope, time, drugs, methods, procedures, etc. ③ Management system for feed, veterinary drugs, vaccines and other materials: should include the ordering, storage and use of feed, veterinary drugs, vaccines and other materials. ④ Harmless treatment system: should include the isolation, transfer, diagnosis, treatment of sick livestock and poultry, suspected sick livestock and poultry, the harmless treatment of feces, sewage, pollutants, pens, dead livestock and poultry and their products, etc. . ⑤ Epidemic surveillance system: It should include the disease types, time, proportion and responsible persons for epidemic surveillance. ⑥All-in, all-out system: It should include the livestock and poultry bred or introduced in the same batch to be reared in the same house, transferred to the same group after being bred or fattened, and put out for slaughter at the same time. ⑦Responsibility system: It should include the specific responsibilities of personnel in each position (for example, veterinary personnel are not allowed to carry out animal disease diagnosis and treatment work to outsiders, breeders are not allowed to carry out breeding work to outsiders, breeders are strictly prohibited from mixing with each other, and unclean feeding and moldy deterioration are strictly prohibited. Feed, swill without high temperature treatment, livestock and poultry by-products) and penalties for breach of liability, etc. 3. Adhere to self-propagation and self-support and reduce the introduction of epidemic sources. Self-propagation and self-support are an important measure to prevent the introduction of diseases from other places. In this regard, livestock and poultry farmers first select and retain some of the livestock and poultry that can be used for breeding among their own existing livestock and poultry groups, and secondly purchase livestock and poultry that can be used for breeding among the livestock and poultry raised by their neighbors. Poultry are used as breeding livestock and poultry. Thirdly, we must adhere to the principle of keeping female breeding livestock and poultry for ourselves and purchasing male breeding livestock and poultry. Fourthly, when we must purchase breeding livestock and poultry, we should purchase them from disease-free breeding livestock and poultry farms. After returning, they should be isolated and observed, vaccinated, dewormed and disinfected. Only when it is confirmed that there is no disease can they be raised as breeding livestock and poultry. Self-propagated commercial livestock and poultry are raised by themselves, and their breeding scale is gradually expanded.

4. Strengthen feeding and management to improve the resistance of livestock and poultry groups. Whether the raised livestock and poultry can develop the disease is closely related to the individual's natural non-specific resistance. Strengthening the feeding and management of livestock and poultry, paying attention to environmental sanitation, implementing strict livestock and poultry hygiene systems, and improving the health of livestock and poultry and their resistance to external pathogenic factors are also important conditions for actively preventing infectious diseases. At the same time, attention should also be paid to the cleanliness and hygiene of feed and drinking water, and no rotten, moldy or spoiled feed should be fed. The pens should be mechanically disinfected every day to keep them clean and dry. They should be protected from cold and warm in winter, and should be protected from heatstroke and cooling in summer. Food troughs and utensils should be kept clean. , regular deworming, etc. are all elements that cannot be ignored in preventing the occurrence of epidemics. They are also the basic conditions for ensuring the growth and development of livestock and poultry, their physical health, and their strong disease resistance. 5. Disinfect the environment well to reduce the spread of epidemic sources in the venue. Infectious diseases in livestock and poultry may have one or more transmission routes. Disinfection, insecticide, rodent control and other methods are important methods to eliminate pathogens, remove transmission factors in the external environment, and cut off the transmission routes of infectious diseases. For example, to prevent digestive tract infectious diseases, we should manage and disinfect feed, drinking water, utensils, environment, feces, urine, sewage, etc.; to prevent respiratory infectious diseases, we should maintain air circulation in the house, reduce stocking density, and disinfect the air, etc. ;To prevent insect-borne infectious diseases, environmental sanitation should be improved and mosquitoes should be driven and killed. Disinfection methods include daily mechanical disinfection (cleaning, flushing, scrubbing, etc. of livestock and poultry pens, sports grounds, and livestock surfaces to remove feces, bedding, and feed residues), regular spray disinfection (using Chemical disinfectants are diluted according to the prescribed ratio and put into a sprayer to spray and disinfect the walls, floors, feeding troughs, floors around the pens, sports fields, etc. of the livestock and poultry pens.

The spray disinfection liquid should be sprayed evenly to wet the knife) disinfection, the immersion disinfection method of utensils (soak the items to be disinfected in the prescribed medicine and the prescribed concentration solution, and soak for the prescribed time) disinfection, the pit of dirt In the fermentation method, a layer of straw or other straw is placed on the bottom of the pit, and then the feces and other dirt to be disinfected are piled in. If the feces is too dry, an appropriate amount of water (heated water in winter) can be added. After the pile is piled, the surface is covered with a 10 cm thick Wet mud, then cover the wet mud surface with a layer of plastic film. After stacking for 1 month (summer) to 3 months (winter), it can be used as agricultural fertilizer) for disinfection, and the biogas tank fermentation method of sewage (pour sewage, feces, dirt, etc. into the biogas tank for biological fermentation) disinfection. In addition, attention should also be paid to the disinfection of personnel entering and exiting the site and the replacement of drugs in the disinfection pool. 6. Strengthen the immunization of livestock and poultry and improve the specific immunity of livestock and poultry. Immunization is a key measure to prevent the occurrence of livestock and poultry infectious diseases. Immunization diseases are divided into two categories: compulsory immunization and non-compulsory immunization. Compulsory immunization is an immunization carried out by administrative or even legal means. Currently, it mainly includes foot and mouth disease, highly pathogenic avian influenza, swine fever, highly pathogenic blue-ear disease, Newcastle disease, etc. Livestock and poultry farmers must do these things well. The compulsory vaccination against epidemic diseases ensures that the livestock and poultry raised by one's own family do not get sick and the disease does not become prevalent. In addition, immunization work for non-compulsory immunization diseases should be carried out according to the actual local conditions. Non-compulsory immunization diseases in pigs mainly include pseudorabies, parvovirus, infectious pleuropneumonia, streptococcus, colibacillosis, and piglet disease. Red dysentery, piglet paratyphoid, etc.; cattle mainly include cattle anthrax, bovine anthrax, bovine mycoplasma pneumonia, etc.; sheep mainly include clostridial diseases, sheep pox, etc.; chickens mainly include avian cholera, pullorum, Marek's disease, fowl pox, etc. Infectious bronchitis, infectious laryngotracheitis, infectious bursal disease, decreased egg production syndrome, etc. Ducks mainly include duck plague, avian cholera, duck viral hepatitis, infectious serositis, etc., and geese mainly include small Goose plague, fowl cholera, etc., rabbits mainly include rabbit plague, Badi bacillary disease, clostridial dysentery, etc. Livestock and poultry keepers should select immune diseases based on the actual local conditions, formulate reasonable immunization procedures, and carry out vaccination work; in the process of formulating the immunization procedures, the immunization procedures for compulsory immunized diseases should be used as the main line, and formulates suitable for their own sites ( According to the immunization program of each household), the livestock and poultry raised by oneself shall be immunized according to the immunization program. Those who are unable to do the immunization work themselves must report in time, and the responsible veterinarian will help with the immunization work.

7. Carry out harmless treatment and eliminate the source of infection. The harmless treatment of livestock and poultry farms (households) is an important measure to control the spread of epidemic sources within the farm (household) and out of the farm (outdoor). As livestock and poultry farmers, we must attach great importance to it. Sick and dead livestock and poultry in the breeding farm (household) must be buried deep on the spot at high temperatures and must not be transported outside the farm (household). Otherwise, it will violate the provisions of Article 75 of the Animal Epidemic Prevention Law and you will have to bear a liability of less than 3,000 yuan. Fines and related costs for the harmless disposal of dead livestock and poultry. 8. Scientific treatment to reduce livestock and poultry deaths. Treatment is an important measure to control livestock and poultry diseases, one of the methods to eliminate sources of infection, a component of comprehensive prevention and control measures, and an important link in reducing economic losses. When disease occurs in livestock and poultry, the sick livestock and poultry must first be isolated from the group of healthy livestock and poultry and raised separately. Secondly, the site, pens, utensils, etc. must be disinfected by mechanical disinfection and spray disinfection. The dirt must be disinfected by pit fermentation, and the sewage must be disinfected by biogas digester fermentation. The third scientific treatment is that if it is a viral infectious disease (except for major animal diseases), it can be treated with hyperimmune serum, antiviral traditional Chinese medicine, Western medicine and immunity-improving drugs, and antibiotics should be used to fight secondary infections; if it is bacterial For infectious diseases, it is necessary to distinguish whether the infection is caused by Gram-positive bacteria or Gram-negative bacteria. On this basis, drugs against Gram-positive bacteria or drugs against Gram-negative bacteria should be selected in a targeted manner; if it is a parasite For diseases, in addition to therapeutic deworming for individual livestock and poultry with serious illness, preventive deworming for livestock and poultry groups should also be carried out; if it is a surgical disease, internal medicine disease, or obstetric disease, symptomatic treatment should be carried out. Fourth, when it is difficult to reach a diagnostic conclusion based on clinical symptoms, anatomical changes, and epidemiological characteristics, the patient can be collected and sent to the laboratory for diagnosis. Fifth, emergency immunization. For viral and bacterial infectious diseases, effective and legal vaccines should be used for group emergency immunization. 9. Consciously implement the epidemic reporting system and control the epidemic in a timely manner. The country has clearly stipulated the livestock and poultry epidemic reporting system, and livestock and poultry keepers must implement it unconditionally.

Through epidemic reports, responsible veterinarians can be notified to diagnose and treat their sick livestock and poultry, and the epidemic situation can also be reported level by level, gaining the attention and support of veterinary authorities and governments at all levels; if it is a major animal epidemic, the government The decisive response provided the first information. After the epidemic was controlled in time, it also provided indirect support to other livestock and poultry farmers. Therefore, when an epidemic disease occurs in livestock and poultry, the breeders should immediately report to the veterinary institutions (animal husbandry and veterinary stations) stationed in the townships and towns by the veterinary authorities of the people's governments at the county level. The township and town veterinary institutions will then report the reports step by step and send personnel to the scene. Perform diagnosis, treatment or control the movement of livestock and poultry. 10. Adhere to the quarantine declaration system to reduce the spread of epidemic sources. When livestock and poultry breeders raise young livestock, adult livestock and poultry and their products for sale, they must first apply for a report to the local animal health supervision agency. The animal health supervision agency will send quarantine officers to quarantine them. Those who pass the quarantine will issue a quarantine certificate. , livestock and poultry breeders sell livestock and poultry and their products with quarantine certificates. Those who fail the quarantine must be treated promptly, and those who should be harmlessly treated must be treated decisively. Livestock and poultry and their products that fail the quarantine must not be removed from the farm (household).