Please list the names and opinions of four social movements in China from Westernization Movement to New Culture Movement.

Academic circles divide the modernization process into three stages, namely, tool modernization, system modernization and concept modernization. Accordingly, there have been four landmark events in China, namely, the Westernization Movement with Li Hongzhang as the banner, the Reform Movement of 1898 with Kang Youwei as the representative, the Revolution of 1911 led by Sun Yat-sen, and the New Culture Movement initiated by Chen Duxiu.

Undoubtedly, the most obvious advantage of modernization lies in artifacts, so the Westernization School, represented by Li Hongzhang, completely attributed the failure of the two Opium Wars to "inferior skills to people".

In order not to be defeated, and not to sign a treaty that humiliated the country, they launched the first large-scale Westernization Movement in history under the banner of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners" and "seeking wealth from themselves". Because these ministers mastered many rights and got some support from the supreme ruler, they made a lot of achievements in the early days of Westernization and founded a series of modern factories, mainly divided into civilian and military. 1864, Li Hongzhang established the West Artillery Bureau in Suzhou; 1865, Jiangnan manufacturing general bureau was established; 1866, Zuo established Fujian Shipping Administration in Fujian; 1867, Chonghou, Minister of Trade and Industry of the Three Kingdoms, established Tianjin Machinery Manufacturing Bureau in Tianjin; 1887, Ding Baozhen established Sichuan Machinery Bureau in Chengdu ... In just a few years, under the auspices of Li Hongzhang and other leaders of the Westernization School, China's modern military industrial system was basically completed, and muskets, cannons, ammunition and steam warships were all made in China, which shocked China and foreign countries with its great determination and swift action. This is a great leap in the modern history of China, and China has its own capitalist industry since then. Among them, the highest peak of the Westernization Movement should be Li Hongzhang's painstakingly managed Beiyang Navy. This seemingly powerful navy was called "the first navy in Asia" at that time, and its total tonnage was among the best in the world.

However, during the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-0/894+65438, Li Hongzhang's "Westernization Power Dream" entered the Yellow Sea with the Beiyang Navy. In fact, China is doomed to lose the war. 1890, in order to celebrate her 60th birthday, Empress Dowager Cixi actually spent two-thirds of the navy's military expenditure to build a gorgeous royal garden, the Summer Palace, which made it impossible for the Beiyang Navy to carry out normal maintenance and replenishment. 1894, Ye Zhichao, commander-in-chief of the Pyongyang campaign, abandoned the city and ran 500 miles, and finally got a reward from the imperial court. In the Yellow Sea naval battle, there were people in the China Water Army hanging clothes on warships; In addition, China's "three-year Qing magistrate 100 thousand snowflake silver" ......

Li Hongzhang failed, but this did not stop others from trying. The news that the Qing government signed the treaty of shimonoseki reached Beijing, which shocked the whole country. People of insight realized that the gap between China and foreigners was not just guns, so the reformists headed by Kang Youwei were born. They think that ships and guns are just "branches and leaves of Westernization, not their roots", while the Westernization School headed by Li Hongzhang dreams of "the beauty of western legal system". After some arguments, the reformists won the support of Emperor Guangxu, and the first attempt to learn from the West in China's history began.

103 During the political reform, Emperor Guangxu issued a series of imperial edicts, the main contents of which are as follows: 1. Economically, the General Administration of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce was established in Beijing, the General Administration of Railways and Mines was promoted, and private investment was encouraged. Commercial bureaus (or branches of agriculture, industry and commerce) were established in all provinces. Award scientific works and inventions, and promulgate article 12 of the regulations on revitalizing technology awards, which stipulates that those who write new books, innovate laws and make new devices shall be granted official positions or patents; Cancel the parasitic privileges of Manchu and allow them to make a living on their own. Second, the political aspect: let the yamen delete the rules; The central government abolished idle yamen such as Zhan Shifu, the General Political Department and Guanglu Temple, and other provinces abolished overlapping institutions such as the governors of Hubei, Guangdong and Yunnan provinces (the governors of these three provinces are in the same city) and the governors of Donghe; Clear the way, allow officials and people to write and say things, and prohibit officials and people from blocking the grid. Third, the military aspect: the old army was eliminated, and all the troops of the eight banners provinces were changed to foreign exercises; Organize arsenal, build soldier wheel and train navy; Practice armor protection and group training. Fourth, culture and education: reform the imperial examination, abolish the system of taking stereotyped writing of scholars, and try to discuss policies; To set up schools to promote western learning, we should first set up Shi Jing University Hall, so that all provinces, governments, ministries, states and counties can change the existing academies into schools that also study in Manabu Nakanishi. Set up a translation bureau to translate foreign new books; Allow the establishment of newspapers and associations; Send people to travel abroad, study abroad and so on.

However, promulgation does not mean implementation. In this process, almost all the princes were perfunctory about the emperor's letters, and even never took the little emperor's words seriously. They know that only the queen mother has the final say in North Korea! On the other hand, Guangxu political reform had its own small abacus. He wanted to seize the power held by Cixi by cultivating a group of reformists who supported him. This is the direct reason why Empress Dowager Cixi launched a coup and stifled the political reform. On the other hand, before the political reform, Kang Youwei tried to set up a system bureau similar to the western parliament and convene the parliament. But when it comes to real political reform, there is only one thing left in democratic politics, that is, "clearing the way, allowing officials and people to write, and prohibiting officials from blocking the way." Generally speaking, the core of western democracy is that the people have their own parliament.

1On the fourth day of August, 898, Empress Dowager Cixi staged a coup, imprisoned Emperor Guangxu, killed six reformists who participated in the political reform, and Kang Youwei fled abroad. A bold attempt by China people ended in failure. But it makes more people realize that the ruling class has been corrupt for a long time, and people with heavy power will not agree to political reform. Naive reformers can't control the army, so they can't beat it. Practice shows that it is not feasible to implement the top-down reformist line.

Nevertheless, since then, the national capitalist industry has been legally recognized for the first time; The old feudal ideology and culture suffered a certain blow, and the bourgeois democratic thought was widely spread. More and more people in China understand that if they want to be rich and strong, they must learn from the western political system, even if they take another way to change the existing system and violence.

The bourgeois revolutionaries headed by Dr. Sun Yat-sen have already started their activities. They want to replace the old government with "a new, enlightened and progressive government". Dr. Sun Yat-sen constantly publicized the revolution overseas, raised funds, organized revolutionary groups and planned armed uprisings. 1905, a revolutionary group that really serves the country and the people was born-the League of Brothers. "Expulsion of Tatars, restoration of China, establishment of the Republic of China, and equal distribution of power." This plan outlines the blueprint of a country with a modern system. More and more people began to struggle for a blueprint.

19 1 10 Wuchang Uprising sounded the death knell of the Qing Dynasty, from 10 to 10/October 27th, 1 month. 1 91265438+1October1The provisional government of Nanjing, Republic of China was established, and Sun Yat-sen was elected as the first president. The provisional government of Nanjing formulated the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China, which clearly stated at the beginning that "the sovereignty of the Republic of China belongs to all the people". It imitates the western bourgeois democracy and system, stipulates that the Senate, the interim president and the State Council exercise sovereignty, and establishes a political system of separation of executive, legislative and judicial powers. This is the capitalist presidential system and government. On the surface, the Revolution of 1911 led by Sun Yat-sen achieved unprecedented success.

However, it didn't take long for the old bureaucrats represented by Yuan Shikai to seize power, so China entered the period of the rule of the Northern Warlords. These warlords don't know what democracy is, but only know how to expand their territory and army. All they know is to attack each other, and the situation is in chaos. ......

Sun Yat-sen's idea didn't succeed. Personally, I think it is because Sun Yat-sen has no strong backing (not necessarily the army). Although the members of the League spread all over the country, they did not form their own armed forces in the end, nor did they get wide support from the masses. The broadest masses are still in a state of ignorance. Some members of the League even said, "Kill the magistrate of Luoyang first, then the governor of Henan, and drive away the Tatar emperor. Sun Wen has been in the world, and we all want to be officials. " On the other hand, revolutionaries overestimated the ideological consciousness of feudal bureaucrats. For example, they think that if a gun is pointed at Li's head, Li will become a revolutionary; Yuan Shikai is a "patriot" to some extent. When he becomes president, China will still have democracy.

The failure of the Revolution of 1911 shows that a simple modernization system is not enough. Only by getting rid of the old feudalism and its ideology left behind in China can the people's consciousness be improved. Only when western modernization ideas spread in China can China have a real modernization system.

Chen Duxiu discovered this problem. He said, "If we want to build a western-style country and organize a western-style society to adapt to the survival of this world, the fundamental problem must first be introduced into the foundations of western countries, so-called equality and human rights. For this new society, new country and new belief, it is incompatible with Confucianism. " Chen Duxiu founded New Youth with fearless revolutionary spirit. He used bourgeois democracy and evolution theory as ideological weapons to wage war against feudalism and its ideology, which blew the horn of the new culture movement.