Who knows the land reform in the history of China?

(1) During the 10-year Anti-Japanese War, China launched an agrarian revolution in the base area with the line of "relying on poor peasants and farm labourers, uniting with middle peasants, restricting rich peasants, protecting small and medium-sized industrialists and businessmen, eliminating the landlord class and changing feudal and semi-feudal land ownership into peasant land ownership";

② During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, China adopted the policy of "double reduction and double exchange";

(3) During the War of Liberation, the Outline of China Land Law was promulgated, which stipulated that the land of landlords should be confiscated, the land system of land to the tiller should be implemented, and the land should be distributed equally according to the rural population;

(4) In the early days of the People's Republic of China, the Land Reform Law of the People's Republic of China was enacted, and the land reform movement to protect the rich peasants was launched. By 1952, the land system of feudal exploitation was completely abolished;

The first agrarian revolution, 1927, stipulated that the land of big landlords and middle landlords should be confiscated, and all so-called public land such as temples and temples should be confiscated and distributed to tenant farmers and landless farmers. For Oda owners, the rent has been reduced. Emphasize that poor peasants are the main force of the peasant movement. In September, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China proposed: "All the land of small landlords must be confiscated to realize the principle of' land to the tiller'.

193 1 the second agrarian revolution in spring In order to ensure the construction of revolutionary base areas and meet farmers' demand for land, we relied on poor peasants and farm labourers to unite with middle peasants, restricted rich peasants, protected small and medium-sized enterprises, eliminated the landlord class, changed feudal and semi-feudal land ownership, and mobilized all anti-feudal factors to win farmers' land ownership, thus ensuring the victory of the agrarian revolution. The broad masses of poor peasants and farm labourers have turned over politically and their lives have been guaranteed.

The Third Agrarian Revolution 1942 consolidated the base areas and won the victory in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. Landlords reduce rent and interest rates, and farmers pay rent and interest rates to reduce feudal exploitation of landlords, improve their material life, enhance their enthusiasm for anti-Japanese and production, and also help unite the landlord class to resist Japan.

The fourth agrarian revolution, 1947, needed the successful development of the war of liberation. Confiscating landlords' land, abolishing the land system of feudal exploitation, implementing the land system of land to the tiller, and distributing land equally according to the rural population have aroused the enthusiasm of farmers for revolution and production.

The fifth agrarian revolution,1summer of 950, was promulgated by the people's government of China.

The sixth land reform, 1978 "household contract responsibility system", is an organic whole composed of collective economic organizations as contractors, families as contractors and contracts as ties. Through the land use contract, the obligations of the contractor to order grain and the grain money retained by the collective economic organization should be linked to the land contracting right;

In view of China's special national conditions, the peasant problem has always been the central issue of the democratic revolution, and the land problem is the key to solve the peasant problem. In order to solve the problem of farmers' land, in the long-term revolutionary struggle, China * * * Production Party eliminated feudal and semi-feudal land ownership and established farmers' land ownership through a series of agrarian revolution and reform. However, there are different interpretations of the two concepts of "agrarian revolution" and "agrarian reform movement" in history, which are easy to misunderstand.

For example, the definition of these two concepts in Ci Hai (1999 edition) is: "Agrarian revolution: a revolution in which the proletariat led farmers to destroy feudal land ownership, overthrow the landlord class politically and economically, and liberate rural productive forces.

Land reform movement: a revolutionary movement led by the Chinese production party aimed at abolishing feudal land ownership and realizing farmers' land ownership. "

These two concepts have similar connotations, and there is no essential difference.

The description of these two concepts in the textbook Modern History of China (the second volume) for senior high school can be summarized as follows: The agrarian revolution refers to the revolution that the Party carried out in the revolutionary base areas during the Second Revolutionary Civil War to fight local tyrants, divide fields, abolish feudal exploitation and debts, and meet farmers' land requirements; The land reform movement refers to the revolutionary movement led by the party during the liberation war and the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China aimed at abolishing the feudal land system and implementing the peasant class land ownership.

The author believes that the high school textbooks put these two concepts in a specific historical period, which conforms to the actual situation, has a clear view and is easy to learn and use. Indeed, these two policies are aimed at solving the contradiction between the broad masses of peasants and feudalism, and they are similar in ways of struggle, principles and policies, historical functions and so on. So, why use these two concepts separately? Because there are many differences in their connotation and extension:

First of all, they are implemented in different stages. The agrarian revolution took place during the Second Revolutionary Civil War. 1927 "August 7th meeting" put forward the policy of carrying out agrarian revolution and began the practice of solving farmers' land problems. 1928 12 Mao Zedong formulated the first land law in the base area-Jinggangshan land law; 193 1 spring, a complete line of agrarian revolution was formulated. The land reform movement was divided into two periods: during the War of Liberation, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued 1946 "Instructions on Liquidation, Rent Reduction and Land Issues" (the May 4th Directive), and 1947 formulated the Outline of China Land Law, which made the land reform movement in depth; In the early days of the People's Republic of China, the Land Reform Law of the People's Republic of China was promulgated in June 1950. By the end of 1952, the national land reform was basically completed except for some ethnic minority areas.

Second, the scope and scale of implementation are different. During the Agrarian Revolutionary War, seven revolutionary base areas, including the central revolutionary base area (the largest among all base areas at that time, but only 2 1 county) and the southern Jiangxi and western Fujian base areas, all carried out agrarian revolution to varying degrees. But from the national point of view, the scope is not large and the scale is small. During the War of Liberation, according to the statistics of June 1949, all the liberated areas with agricultural population exceeding1450,000 had carried out land reform. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the scale of land reform was even larger. By the end of 1952, except for Xinjiang, Tibet and some remote minority areas, the land reform in New China had been basically completed, and more than 300 million landless farmers had obtained more than 46 million hectares of land and a large number of means of production. This kind of extensiveness and universality is not available in the agrarian revolution.

Third, the principles and policies are different, especially for the rich peasants. The line of agrarian revolution formulated by Mao Zedong in the spring of 65438 is: relying on poor peasants and farm labourers, uniting with middle peasants, restricting rich peasants, protecting small and medium-sized industrial and commercial workers, eliminating the landlord class, and changing feudal and semi-feudal land ownership into peasant land ownership. In the process of implementation, centering on cracking down on local tyrants, distributing land and abolishing feudal exploitation and debt, the landlord class was overthrown economically, politically and even materially, and the land ownership was changed. Take a restrictive policy towards the rich peasants and confiscate their feudal exploited land. Some base areas have also adopted an extreme policy of "landlords don't divide land, and rich peasants divide bad land", which has hit too wide a range. During the War of Liberation, China * * * Production Party summarized the experience and mistakes of previous land policies, implemented the land system of relying on poor farm labourers and uniting with middle peasants, gradually and separately eliminated feudal exploitation, and formulated the general line of agricultural production land reform. In the process of implementation, the surplus land and property of landlords and rich peasants were confiscated, but they were also allocated land to give them a way out. In the early days of the People's Republic of China, the policy of confiscating the surplus land and property of the rich peasants in the land reform was changed to the policy of maintaining the rich peasants' economy, which better isolated landlords, reduced the resistance of the land reform movement, protected middle peasants and small land lessors and stabilized the national bourgeoisie.

Fourth, the conditions for implementing the land policy are different. In the process of establishing Jinggangshan revolutionary base, Mao Zedong formed the theory of "separation of workers and peasants", and regarded agrarian revolution, armed struggle and base construction as three necessary conditions for the existence and development of red regime. In order to consolidate the political power in the base areas and speed up the construction of the base areas, the agrarian revolution and the opening of the base areas were carried out almost at the same time, and all aspects were insufficiently prepared and hastily implemented. Therefore, the agrarian revolution inevitably has excessive behaviors that harm the interests of rich peasants and other classes. When the revolution entered a low tide, the middle class immediately "turned against the water" when the white terror came, and the peasants who were allocated land were deprived of their land. It is difficult to consolidate the achievements of the agrarian revolution. The land reform movement was much better. Mao Zedong pointed out in his article Land Reform and Party Consolidation in 1948: "Delimit the scope of land reform. This range must be defined under the following three conditions: first, all enemy forces have been completely eliminated and the environment has stabilized, not turbulent guerrilla zones. Second, the overwhelming majority of the local basic people (farm labourers, poor peasants and middle peasants) have asked for land distribution, not just a few people. Third, the party's working cadres can truly grasp the local land reform work in quantity and quality, rather than letting the masses take the initiative. If an area does not meet any of the above three conditions, it should not be included in the scope of 1948 land reform. " It can be seen that with the successive military victories, the land reform movement during the War of Liberation was generally well conceived, well prepared in all aspects, and made full use of various favorable conditions and factors, and it was implemented smoothly. The land reform movement in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China was implemented only after the proletariat mastered the state power. The people's army and governments at all levels have effectively protected farmers' land ownership. In this way, the land reform movement was successfully completed, and the stability of its achievements far exceeded that of the land revolution.

In addition, in the relevant historical documents of the Party and the works of proletarian revolutionaries of the older generation such as Mao Zedong, the land policy during the Second Revolutionary Civil War is also called the Agrarian Revolution, and the policies during the Liberation War and the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China are called the Agrarian Reform Movement. The means of changing land ownership from revolution to reform show that with the continuous revolution, the people's power is growing, and the reactionary forces that hinder social progress are gradually declining.