Rhetoric of ancient poetry

The common rhetorical devices used in poetry appreciation include metaphor, personification, exaggeration, contrast, contrast, antithesis, truthfulness, pun and synaesthesia.

1. Metaphor

Metaphor is metaphor, which means comparing something with similarities with another thing, which can be divided into simile, metaphor, metonymy, inverted metaphor, analogy and so on. The use of metaphor can highlight the characteristics of things, make the expression more vivid and vivid, and turn abstruse abstraction into simple and concrete. For example, "The water surface of the pond is flat after a rain, and the mirror shines on the eaves" (On the pond after the rain by Liu Ban), the water surface reflects the eaves and poles beside the pond like a mirror that has been gently ground, thus showing the calm of the pond water surface after the rain.

second, personification.

personification means writing things as people, and using personification can make colors bright, depict images and express meanings vividly. For example, "Wild geese lead the sorrow to the heart, and the mountains hold the good moon" (Li Bai's "Climbing Yueyang Tower with Twelve Summers"), the wild geese intentionally take away the sorrow for the poet, and Junshan holds the good moon for the poet, writing the happy mood of the poet's exile and forgiveness. "When you come to the Spring Club, when you go to the Autumn Club, you come and go to move cold and heat every year. Whispering, busy robbery, looking for Xie Wang in the spring breeze hall, the dark clothes in the lanes are slanting. Xing, see more; Wu, all say "(Zhao Shanqing" [China] mountain slope sheep? 6? 1 Swallow), the poet imagines that the swallow is getting hot and avoiding the cold as carrying cold and heat, which makes the swallow bring more human touch. "I am afraid that the flowers will fall asleep at night, so I burn high candles to shine red makeup" (Su Shi's Begonia). The poet is afraid that the flowers will fall asleep, so he lights candles to shine, which is more elegant than people.

third, exaggeration.

hyperbole is a rhetoric that deliberately expands or narrows the image, characteristics, function and degree of things in order to achieve a certain effect. Using exaggeration can reveal the essence, contrast the atmosphere and enhance association. For example, the word "flying down three thousands of feet, it is suspected that the Milky Way has fallen for nine days" (Li Bai's "Looking at Lushan Waterfall") and the word "flying" describe the scene of the waterfall spewing out very vividly; "Straight down" not only describes the high and steep mountains, but also shows the urgency of the water flow. The sky is straight down, and it is unstoppable.

fourth, comparison.

By contrast, different people, different life phenomena and different thoughts and feelings can be distinguished more clearly. For example, "Pipa dances with a new sound, always closing the mountains and leaving the old feelings behind." I can't stop listening to the chaos, and the high autumn moon shines on the Great Wall. " (Wang Changling's "Joining the Army"), the poet intercepted a fragment of the military life in the frontier fortress, and expressed the deep and complicated feelings of the defenders by writing about the military feasts. Pipa can be changed to a new tune, but it can't change the emotional content contained in the lyrics. Therefore, the contrast between "new" and "old" can better show the listener's deep feelings and worries, which can't be dismissed by any happy new song. "Peach blossoms after the horse and snow before the horse, so you can't turn back when you go through customs?" (Xu Lan's "Going through the Customs"), the poet gathered the two scenes of peach blossoms in the customs and white snow outside the customs on the node of collecting horses, which was in sharp contrast. "Peach Blossom" and "Snow" respectively refer to the warmth of hometown and the cold life beyond the Great Wall, which are symbolic in the poem and contain homesickness.

v. foil.

A foil is a rhetoric that highlights the main things and describes the things related to it as a foil. There are two kinds of contrast: positive contrast and negative contrast, which generally include dynamic contrast, silent sound contrast and sad music contrast. Such as "the monk from Shu with his green silk lute-case, walking west down Emei Mountain. Wave my hand at will, as I hear the pine valleys. I hear him in the cleansing brook, I hear him in the icy bells. And I feel no change though the mountain darken, and cloudy autumn heaps the sky "(Li Bai's Listening to Shu Monks Playing the Piano), the fourth part wrote the scenery at the end of the song and the poet's state of indulging in the piano sound, which set off the charm of the piano sound from the side. "In the early summer, green trees and high willows swallow new cicadas, and the wind is beginning to enter the string. The blue screen window sinks into the water, and the sound of chess scares you to sleep "(Su Shi," Ruan Langgui? " 6? 1 Early Summer), the last sentence sets off the quiet and elegant surrounding environment with the sound of chess. "A few cold mountains are blocked, the wind is low, and the Central Plains Road is broken, and the autumn sky is blue." (Chen Weisong, "Drunken? 6? 1 Ode to the Eagle), the poet used the cold mountain standing on the wall, the empty earth, the clear autumn sky and other scenes to set off the image of the eagle.

sixth, the truth.

is the rhetoric of using the words at the end of a sentence as the words at the beginning of the next sentence. The real function of the top is the ups and downs of the loop and the beauty of the melody. Such as "he, he, he, sad to say goodbye to the Han Lord; Me, me, me, hand in hand on the river beam. His department went from poverty to famine; I went back to Xianyang. Return to Xianyang and cross the palace wall; Over the palace wall and around the cloister; Around the cloister, near the pepper room; Near the pepper room, the moon is dim; The moon is dim and the night is cool; The night is cold, and I cry cold; Crying cold, green screen window; Green screen window, don't think about it! " (Ma Zhiyuan's Autumn in the Palace of Han Dynasty), the rhetoric of antithesis and truthfulness is used in this lyric, which shows the symmetrical beauty of language and achieves the perfect combination of artistic conception. Ding Zhen has the melodic beauty of ups and downs, which shows the melancholy of the Han and Yuan emperors who have not left their hatred, lovesickness and twists and turns.

seven, pun.

in a certain language environment, using the condition of polysemy or homonymy of words, it is a rhetoric that intentionally makes a sentence have double meanings, including homophonic pun and semantic pun. For example, "the night is long and sleepless, the autumn air is clear, and the candle flowers are frequently cut to the night." The bed is cool and full of phoenix trees, and the moon is bright in the absence of phoenix trees. " (Zhu Shuzhen's Autumn Night), in the third sentence, the word "cool" is a pun, which describes both the cool weather and the bleak mood. The poet writes from the moon in bed to the moon in the sky, and the thimble is clever; Sadness, cool bed, moonlight shadow and phoenix tree create a lonely artistic conception.

eight, synaesthesia.

Also called telepathy, it is a rhetoric that communicates people's various senses (vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch, etc.) through metaphor or description. For example, "the phoenix blows like a rosy cloud, and I don't know whose house is outside the wall." There is no place to find the door, and it is suspected that there are thousands of peach trees and flowers "(Listen to blowing sheng next door by Lang Shiyuan). The poet used synaesthesia rhetoric to write the imagination after he could not find it. Through the prosperity of flowers, he wrote the bright, warm and cheerful music.

these are the most basic ones.