How to change the distant view into a close-up view without enlarging the picture when taking a photo

You have asked too many questions, which require a long space. I cannot answer them all at once, so I will answer part of them first. What sports photography? Shooting by moving the camera position, changing the optical axis of the lens, or changing the focal length of the lens in one shot is called sports photography. The pictures captured in this way are moving pictures. Sports photography is divided into: push shooting, pull shooting, panning, shifting shooting, following shooting, swing shooting, lifting shooting, rotating shooting, and comprehensive sports using more than two methods.

Each form of sports photography has its own modeling characteristics, functions and shooting precautions. First, answer the modeling characteristics, functions and shooting precautions of pushing, pulling and panning.

1. The modeling characteristics, performance functions and shooting precautions of the push shot

The push shot has a clear subject goal, mainly to highlight the subject and details, and at the same time in one shot Introduce the relationship between the whole and the parts, the objective environment and the main characters. This subject and details determine the direction and final landing point of the shot. When the camera is pushed toward the subject or details, the framing range changes from large to small. As the secondary parts continue to move out of the picture, the subject or details to be shown gradually become larger, "forcing" the audience to pay attention, and its final picture Finally, the subject or details are placed in a striking visual center, giving people a distinct visual impression. For example, when shooting news, especially meeting scenes, we often start with a panoramic view, first describe the environment, and then push it to an important figure who is speaking on the rostrum. This not only explains the environment, but also highlights the subject. Another example is when shooting an athlete standing on the rostrum to receive an award, the athlete's face is often pushed from the panoramic view into a close-up. In this way, it is generally difficult to see clearly in the large scene, and the less obvious athletes may be excited or crying with joy. Facial expressions, demeanor are highlighted and emphasized, speaking without words.

During the process of shooting, the scenery changes continuously, the subject changes from small to large, and the surrounding environment changes from large to small, so it has the effect of a continuous progressive montage sentence. Progressive montage is a combination method that gradually jumps from large scenes to small scenes. The push shot also transitions from large scenes to small scenes. As the lens moves forward, the subject changes from small to large in the picture, and can even fill the picture. At the same time, the environment around the subject changes from large to small, and gradually occupies a larger picture space. The smaller it is, or even disappear "out of the picture". But it also has characteristics that montage combinations do not have: since the scenes in the push-shot scenes do not change at jump intervals, but in continuous transitions and progressions, the unity and continuity of the time and space of the pictures are maintained, and the problems caused by montage combinations are eliminated. The leaps and falsehoods in the time and space transformation of the picture, which starts from a large scene and changes continuously to a small scene and finally ends, make the connection between the subject and the environment unquestionable authenticity and credibility. For example, in the TV documentary "Half a Century of Love", there is a scene depicting Guo Bulorun and Jin Ruixiu, the former imperial sisters and uncles, frying dumplings in the kitchen. The scene starts with them holding oil bottles to prepare them. A close-up shot of pouring oil into a pot, using a zoom lens to stop the close-up of the mouth of the oil bottle. We can see one or two drops of oil, and then quickly put away the oil bottle. This shot vividly tells us this For the royal relatives who used to live in the Forbidden City, their lives today are simple and frugal. It can be said that life can be seen in two drops of oil.

Since the camera push puts the frame of the picture in motion, directly forming the movement rhythm outside the picture, the speed of the camera push can also affect and adjust the rhythm of the picture. For example, on a hillside, a cow has just eaten a bite of grass. While chewing, it looks up into the distance. If you push the cow's head at a slow and steady speed for a close-up, it will give people a sense of tranquility, tranquility, peace and other calm emotions. The same picture, the same rise and fall, if the advancement speed is sharp and short, it will give people a tense and uneasy atmosphere. Especially when pushed quickly, the subject becomes larger dramatically, and the visual impact of the picture is extremely strong. For example, in the movie "Run Lola Run", there is a scene where Lola's boyfriend is being chased and calls Lola for help in a phone booth. , at this time, the camera zoomed from a long shot of a city to a close shot of a phone booth, showing that he was nervous, frightened, and anxious to the extreme, while also highlighting his loneliness in this big city.

Pushing the camera can also enhance or weaken the sense of movement speed of the moving subject. When we use the push shot of a character coming towards the camera, the frame of the picture and the character form a reverse movement, and the picture moves towards the oncoming person. The characters are running towards each other, and the two-way movement makes them meet in the middle. The picture effect obviously strengthens the dynamic feeling of this character, as if its movement speed has been accelerated a lot. On the contrary, when a push shot is used on a character who is moving away from the camera lens, the movement of the character in the same direction slows down the speed of the character moving away.

When using a push lens to shoot a picture, you should pay attention to the accurate composition and focus of the final picture, the scene of the picture should be appropriate, and the speed of the slide shot should be even and consistent with the mood and rhythm in the picture. Consistent

2. The modeling characteristics, functions and shooting precautions of zooming in (pulling the lens)

The zooming lens is helpful to express the relationship between the subject and the environment in which the subject is located. It gradually pulls the picture away from a certain subject, showing the environment around the subject or representative environmental features, and finally stops in a space far larger than the subject, that is, in a continuous shot In the painting, it not only shows the image of the subject in the opening picture, but also shows the environment where the subject is located in the closing picture. This method of expression from the subject to the environment is a point-to-surface expression method, which not only expresses The position of this point on this surface can also be explained, and the relationship between the point and the surface can also be explained. For example, the frame of the picture shows a reporter doing a report, and when it opens, it shows the scene of a traffic accident. This shows that the reporter is reporting on the spot where the accident occurred. If you continue to pull out the same shot, you will see a family watching this TV show. In this way, the seemingly emphasis on this report will be transferred to the family's attention on this matter. In fact, the entire meaning of the picture is completed in the specific environment where the picture finally appears. It can be seen that the final scene of the camera is the key to revealing the meaning of the picture.

The framing range and expression space of the zoomed-in picture have been continuously expanded since the beginning. New visual elements are constantly entering the picture. The original main body of the picture and the images that are constantly entering the picture form new combinations and create new connections. , every image combination may cause structural changes within the shot. Some zoom shots start with parts that are difficult to predict the overall image, which is helpful to mobilize the audience's imagination and guessing of the overall image. As the shot is opened, , the photographed subject changes from incomplete to complete, from part to whole, giving the audience a sense of satisfaction after seeking knowledge "it turns out to be...". This mobilization of the audience's imagination itself forms the ups and downs of visual attention, which enables the audience to not passively accept the image of the picture, but to actively participate. For example, the picture starts with a close-up of a cicada. As the camera gradually pulls out, a praying mantis appears, making people suddenly worry about the fate of the cicada. The camera continues to pull out, and a yellow bird appears behind the mantis, and the fate of the mantis changes accordingly. This kind of pulling of the lens not only gradually expands the visual space, but also gives the audience a new feeling as the new images continue to enter the picture. The multiple structural changes formed in the picture also prompt the audience to continuously adjust their thinking with the movement of the lens. , to speculate on the new meanings and new plots brought about by changes in the composition of the picture. It is not like a push shot. The subject and the picture are shown in the picture from the beginning. The audience is aware of the subject and structure that have already appeared in the picture. The relationship has already been mentally prepared. Therefore, pulling the camera can sometimes produce unexpected, reasonable structural changes and plot changes, which are easier to grasp the audience than pushing the camera.

Large lens is a form of vertical spatial change, which can create contrast, contrast, or metaphorical effects through images in the vertical space. Because the zoom lens can first appear distant characters and then nearby characters and scenery through lens movement, and then the foreground characters, scenery, and background characters are all in the same frame, forming a structural echo. For example, the opening scene of a camera pull is a slogan on the wall "No garbage is allowed here." When the camera is pulled away, the slogan is surrounded by garbage. The two images in front and behind undoubtedly create a very obvious image. The contrasting relationship makes the meaning of the picture clear at a glance.

When the camera is pulled, the scene changes continuously, and the scene transitions from a small scene to a large scene, which has the effect of a continuous backward montage sentence. In this respect, pulling the lens in is exactly the opposite of pushing the lens in, but they are consistent in that they achieve changes in scene through lens movement rather than through lens assembly. Therefore, due to the completeness and coherence of the representation of time and space, it also has unquestionable authenticity and credibility in the representation of the picture.

For example, in a piece of news, the picture starts with a close-up of a pen writing on paper. As the camera zooms out, the audience sees a disabled person who has lost both arms and is writing with the pen between his toes. This way The transition from close-up to panorama in a zoom lens is uninterrupted, so it eliminates the possibility of time and space and character transformation caused by picture editing and segmentation. What the audience sees through the entire lens is the real reality of the environment at that time. Therefore, in the shooting of documentary programs, we can consciously use the camera push and pull to enhance the documentary effect of time and space continuity and the authenticity of the modeling performance.

The internal rhythm of pulling the lens changes from tight to loose. Compared with pushing the lens, it can bring out the emotional aftertaste. At the same time, because the expansion of the expression space of the picture reflects the distance and shrinkage of the subject, from a visual perspective, There is often a sense of withdrawal, condensation, and closure. In the final scene, the subject seems to be "exiting" and "curtaining" on a dramatic stage. For example, a piece of news reflects the lack of sports venues and green spaces for games for urban children. The ending part is also a zoom shot: the opening scene shows several little boys playing football on a small lawn on the street. Cars and people are passing around, and the camera gradually zooms out. Pulling it open, a panoramic picture of a tall building under construction appeared in the distance. In the final scene, there are several little boys chasing each other in the foreground, and the unusually tall reinforced concrete building is in the background. This zoom lens also has a certain conclusive implication, that is, the continuous urban construction is still encroaching on the already severely insufficient children's activity space.

3. The modeling characteristics, functions and shooting tips of panning lens (panning)

The movement forms of panning lens are various, such as moving the optical axis of the lens laterally. Horizontal panning, vertical panning that moves the optical axis of the lens vertically, intermittent panning with several pauses in the middle, circular panning where the camera rotates once, tilting panning at various angles, etc. Different forms of panning shots contain different visual vocabularies and have their own expressive meanings.

Panning is like people turning their heads to look around, so it can break through the limitations of the TV picture frame and use the movement of the camera to expand the picture to the surroundings to enlarge the field of view and include more visual information. Panning mostly focuses on introducing the environment, story or topography of the event, showing a broader visual background. It has the function of a large scene and has a broader field of vision than the distant view of the fixed picture. It has its unique expressive power when expressing broad and far-reaching scenes such as mountains, grasslands, deserts, and oceans. This kind of panning shot that shows space and expands the field of view is usually done by panning evenly and smoothly at a long shot or a panoramic view. Its purpose is to give people a complete impression through the whole process of panning, rather than describing it in detail. For a certain object, its pursuit of the overall image of the picture is greater than the description of the specific image. Because it expands the expression space of the picture, panning is used for horizontal lines such as wider objects such as cross-river bridges and dams, while vertical lines are used for taller objects such as skyscrapers and television transmission towers. The scenery is panned vertically, which can completely and continuously show its whole picture. It is the expansion of the panning movement that shows the whole picture and shape of the subject, forming a spectacular and majestic momentum. For some subjects, such as long monograms, flagpoles, etc., a smaller scene can be used according to the characteristics of the object, so that the object fills the frame and the meaningless parts are excluded from the frame, so as to use a small scene to distinguish the big scene. effect purpose.

Panning can introduce and explain the inner connection between two subjects in the same scene. It can also connect two subjects with opposite or similar properties and meanings through panning to express some kind of metaphor. , contrast, juxtaposition, causal relationship, if the connection between three or more subjects is shown, the camera may slow down or pause when panning to form an intermittent pan to connect several subjects. In the movie "Across the Sea", Yahai and Yazhan had just escaped from being chased by others. When they fled to the seaside, the camera panned to the sea with them as the starting point. They saw two killers coming from the sea in an airship. Come and shoot, so that the audience just feels relieved and becomes nervous for the protagonist and the situation. Another example is from a "No Smoking" slogan to a smoking person; from a piece of flowers to a group of innocent children. This connects the contrasting elements in life with two separate images, making it represent far more meaning than It captures the meaning of these two separate images and leaves less traces of artificial processing than the montage assembly method. It ensures the integrity of time and space and makes the information conveyed by the picture more authentic. Therefore, it is unique in documentary programs. Undoubted power.

In addition, in addition to establishing a certain connection between two objects through camera shaking, panning can also standardize the audience's thinking by panning out the objects behind to further explain the objects in front. For example, the picture shows a person walking into a gate and the camera pans up and the sign of the post office appears. The picture clearly tells the audience through the visual image that this person walks into the post office and not somewhere else. Thanks to the later pictures, the meaning of the previous pictures becomes clearer. This seemingly unintentional but actually intentional expression method is commonly used in film and television dramas, leaving a foreshadowing for subsequent plot development.

Panning is also convenient for showing the dynamics, momentum, direction and trajectory of moving subjects. For example, in TV sports programs, you can often see athletes running, and the camera pans in the direction of running; playing volleyball When playing basketball, football or football, the camera usually pans in the direction of the ball. Especially when panning with a telephoto lens, it is easy to separate the subjects in scenes with different directions and movement speeds to achieve the effect of highlighting the subjects. In addition, panning a group of identical or similar subjects to make them appear one by one can strengthen people's impression of this thing and form a cumulative effect of quantity and emotion. For example, in a feature film about family planning, there is a panning shot shot on the street. From the beginning to the end of the shot, what appears on the screen is a group of people who are constantly moving and repeating. This kind of panning shot is extended. It enhances the audience's visual experience of the crowd and deepens the impression of "overcrowding". It tells people vividly that whether it is an "energy crisis" or a "water crisis", there is a "human crisis" hidden behind it.

In the lens combination, the current shot shows a person looking around, and the space shown by the panning of the next shot is the space seen by the person in the previous shot. At this time, the panning shot shows the line of sight of the people in the play and becomes a subjective shot. In addition, when the picture pans away from the main character and toward the space where the main character is looking, this panning also expresses a certain line of sight of the person in the play, and also has the function of a subjective lens. At the same time, the panning lens can also guide the audience's line of sight from one place to another through the transformation of space and the transformation of the subject, completing the transfer of the audience's attention and points of interest. For example, shaking from the construction workers on the scaffolding to the engineers analyzing the drawings on the ground is a transition from one scene to another.

When using a panning lens to shoot, you should pay attention to the accurate starting and ending composition of the picture, the focus should be accurate, and the panning speed should be uniform and consistent with the emotional atmosphere and rhythm in the picture. (To be continued)

4. Shifting (lens shift)

The camera is in motion and is called a shift shot, and the lens that is moving is called a shift shot. Shifting can be divided into horizontal shift and horizontal shift. Longitudinal shift photography puts the frame of the picture in motion. Whether the objects in the picture are in motion or in a static state, their positions will continue to move away. Moreover, mobile photography opens up the modeling space of the picture through the movement of the camera. , creating a unique visual artistic effect. Television art expresses life scenes through the TV screen, but the range of expression of the TV picture is strictly limited by the four-sided picture frame. Mobile photography makes it possible for the TV picture shape to break through this limitation, such as horizontal movement to break through this picture frame in the horizontal direction. The restrictions on both sides open up the horizontal space of the picture; the vertical shift breaks through the limitations of the screen vertically, and directly displays the depth space of the picture through movement in the TV picture, especially when expressing large scenes, large depth, multiple scenes, and multiple scenes. The layered complex scenes have a magnificent modeling effect. And it has completeness and coherence in the performance of more complex spaces. More and more aerial shots appear in modern film and television programs, which express the complete space on a larger scale and give film and television pictures richer and more diverse modeling methods. In addition to the characteristics of general moving lenses, aerial photography also shows scenes that people don't often see in life with its high viewpoint, new angles, strong dynamic, and fast pace. For example, in the movie "Looking at the Great Wall", aerial mobile photography is often used to express the majesty of the Great Wall. For example, in the TV movie "Historical and Cultural City-----Pingyao", a forward-moving aerial lens is used to make a long ancient The street is in full view. These aerial shots bring the audience's perspective into the air, allowing them to look far into the distance, expanding the capacity of the picture's performance space and creating a majestic momentum.

Mobile photography makes the camera a dynamic and active object. The scheduling of the camera position directly mobilizes people's visual experience while traveling or on moving objects.

For example, a camera is set up in a speeding train to shoot the scenery outside the window. The scene is like the perspective of the protagonist in the car, showing the scenery flying by outside the window. If panning the camera means "looking left and right" in place, then moving the camera is to restore the visual experience of "looking while walking" in people's lives.

Notes

For mobile photography, except for some special occasions that require special equipment (such as shock absorbers), there are two main shooting methods for mobile photography under general conditions. One is to install the camera on a movable device, such as a special photography trail, a mobile car, a tripod with wheels, a lift truck, and various tool carts, etc., and shoot with the movement of the moving objects; the other is for the photographer to carry the camera on his shoulder Photographed through the human body walking. Both shooting methods strive for a smooth picture. In addition, when taking mobile photography, always use short focal length photography lenses to achieve a uniform and smooth picture effect.

The shock absorber, also known as the STANNIK, is a shock absorber with a TV viewfinder supported by the body, which can ensure the stability of the moving picture. It was invented by American engineer Blum in 1976 and won the 50th Academy Award for Film Technology Invention in 1978. Modern photography increasingly uses Steadicam for mobile photography, such as movies, TV series, and large-scale theatrical performances.

5. Following shot (following the lens)

In fact, following shot is also a kind of moving shot. Compared with moving shot, the picture always follows a moving subject, and The scenery remains relatively unchanged during the movement. Since the speed of camera movement is generally consistent with that of the subject, the moving subject is in a relatively stable state in the frame, while the background environment is always changing. The camera movement of the following lens is based on the moving subject, and the environment is expressed one by one in a coherent manner. The focus of this following lens is to draw out the environment where the character is located through the movement of the character. For example, tracking is often used when showing chases in movies. Through the lens, the subject remains relatively unchanged, while the background is sometimes a highway, sometimes a winding mountain road. Through this lens, the audience sees the chase passing through many places, and also feels the hardship of the chase and the difficulty of escape.

When following, the position of the subject in the frame is relatively stable, and the view of the subject in the picture is also relatively stable. If it is a close shot, it is always a close shot, and if it is a distant view, it is always a distant view. The purpose is to pass The stable scene format makes the viewpoint and visual distance between the audience and the subject relatively stable, and continuously and detailedly expresses the subject in motion. This photography method can not only highlight the subject, but also explain the direction and speed of the subject's movement. , body posture and relationship with the environment. For example, when there are scenes of horseback riding and riding in cars in the film, tracking shots are often used to make the subject relatively stable, forming a static representation of dynamic characters or objects, making the movement of the moving body coherent and clear, and helping to show the changes in the character's demeanor in motion. and character traits. But if you want to make the movement more intense through the change of the subject's movement in the screen space position, you need to use a fixed lens. For example, use a telephoto lens to focus on a car approaching from both sides. Due to the uneven road surface, the car will vibrate up, down, left, and right. Since the frame is still, the vibration of the car on the screen is even more noticeable.

Following the camera from behind the character, because the viewpoint of the audience and the subject are the same, can show a subjective lens. The camera follows the camera from behind, so that the direction of the camera is The viewing direction of the person being photographed and the space represented in the picture are the visual space seen by the person being photographed. This combination of viewing directions can show a strong sense of presence and participation.

Following photography is a form of following and recording people, events, and scenes. It has important documentary significance in documentary programs and news shooting. The movements of the subjects during the following photography directly affect the movement of the camera. , the shooting method in which the camera follows the movement of the person being photographed embodies a passive recording method in which the movement of the camera is caused by the movement of the person. This method of expression not only allows the audience to be involved in the event and become a "witness" of the event, but also And it also shows an "attitude" of objective recording. Although the camera is moving, the way of expression is following and passive. It makes us feel that the photographer is not the planner or organizer of the event at the scene of the event, but a "bystander" and "bystander" of the event. Recorder.

Photography Precautions

When following the subject when shooting, you must follow accurately to ensure that the subject's scene in the picture and its relative position to the frame remain unchanged. , the movement direction and speed of the camera should be consistent with the movement speed and direction of the subject. In addition, the changes in focus, shooting angle, and light caused by the camera following the subject are also issues that should be considered and paid attention to.

6. Elevating shooting

Elevating shooting is a special way of sports photography. It is difficult for us to find a corresponding visual experience in our daily life, unless Sports such as diving and skydiving. It can be said that the picture modeling effect of the lifting lens is extremely visually impactful and can even give the audience a novel and unique feeling. Elevating shooting can bring about the expansion and contraction of the field of view of the picture, that is, "climbing high and looking far away". When the camera position is raised, the field of view gradually expands in depth and can transcend the shielding of certain scenery, showing a view from near to far. A large-scale scene. When the camera position is lowered, the lens is getting closer and closer to the ground, and the space range of the picture that can be displayed becomes smaller and smaller. This kind of shooting can often be seen in war scenes and large-scale cultural evening parties. Method, it uses height changes and viewpoint conversions to give the audience a rich and colorful visual experience.

Elevating photography can enhance the visual depth of the space within the painting and induce a sense of height and momentum, so it is often used to show the scale, momentum and atmosphere of an event or scene. For example, during the group dance performance at the opening ceremony of a large-scale sports meeting, the lifting camera rises from the small scene to show the group dance scene in the large scene, giving people a sense of continuous and huge scale.

The vertical panning lens is different from the vertical panning lens when showing tall objects vertically. The vertical panning lens may deform high parts due to the fixed camera position and perspective changes; while the lifting lens can be used in one shot. Fixed focus and fixed scene are used to accurately reproduce each part. Take the same picture of a hanging giant vertical slogan as an example. If you use a vertical pan to pan from the top word to the bottom word, the fonts that are originally the same size will show changes from small to large in the picture; When the camera was filming, the words in the frame were still the same size from beginning to end. (End)