Who proposed the old Three People's Principles?

Sun Yat-sen

The democratic revolutionary program advocated by Sun Yat-sen. It consists of Principles of Nationalism, Principles of Democracy and Principles of People's Livelihood, referred to as "Three People's Principles". It is the basic program adhered to by the Chinese Kuomintang. The development process of the Three People's Principles is divided into two stages, namely the old Three People's Principles and the new Three People's Principles. It is a precious spiritual heritage of the Chinese people.

The Three People's Principles reflect the basic social contradictions in China's old democratic revolutionary period and summarize the three major struggle tasks posed by the objective historical process. In 1894 (the 20th year of Guangxu's reign in the Qing Dynasty), Sun Yat-sen established the Xingzhonghui in Honolulu. The oath of membership of this earliest organization of bourgeois revolutionary democrats was: "Drive out the Tartars, restore China, and establish a government of the United States." The oath, together with the content of the "Articles of Association for the Revival of China" about saving the nation and revitalizing China, became a brief expression of nationalism and civil rights. The program of the Revive China Conference put forward the requirements for a democratic, democratic and peaceful country for the first time in an epoch-making manner. The following year, when Sun Yat-sen fled abroad due to the miscarriage of the Guangzhou Uprising, he carefully studied the bourgeois social and political theories and investigated the capitalist social system on the spot. "I realized that those who could only make the country rich and strong and have civil rights as developed as those of the European powers still failed to bring peace to the people." It is the land of paradise. Therefore, Europeans with lofty ideals still have social revolutionary movements. For a once-and-for-all solution, they adopt the principle of people's livelihood to solve the national and civil rights issues at the same time. This is the basis for the proposition of the Three People's Principles." Through subsequent revolutionary practice, the Three People's Principles were enriched and developed. In the political platform of the Tongmenghui, the Three People's Principles were fully expressed in four sentences: "Expelling the Tartars, restoring China, establishing the Republic of China, and equalizing land rights."

Nationalism was the battle banner first unveiled by Sun Yat-sen. It reflects the complex ethnic contradictions in modern Chinese society - the contradiction between imperialism and the Chinese nation, and the contradiction between the Qing ruling group headed by the Manchu nobles and the Han and other ethnic minorities. Imperialism and the Qing ruling group are increasingly collude.

One of the main contents of nationalism is "anti-Manchu". "Drive out the Tartars and restore China" has always been the battle cry of the bourgeois revolutionary democrats in the late Qing Dynasty. This was not only because the Qing Dynasty was a feudal autocratic regime "dominated" by Manchu nobles, but also because it had become a "foreign court." This is the reason why the "anti-Manchu" slogan has broad mobilizing significance. Avoiding the fate of China being partitioned and communist and striving for national independence and liberation is another main content of nationalism. In an article published in Min Bao, Sun Yat-sen listed "forced by foreign countries" and "remnated by alien species" as the basic reasons why nationalism "cannot be delayed even for a moment." “There is no way to save the dying without revolution,” and revolution must “first overthrow the Manchu government.” This is where the significance of nationalism’s opposition to imperialist oppression lies.

Democracy is the core of the Three People's Principles. It reflects another major contradiction in modern Chinese society, that is, the contradiction between feudalism and the masses of the people. The basic content of civil rights is: to expose and criticize feudal despotism, pointing out that the feudal social and political system deprives human rights and is therefore by no means "bearable by equal citizens"; it is necessary to overthrow the feudal monarchy through the "national revolution" and replace it. With the "democratic and constitutional" democracy and system, we will put an end to the serious state of "the poison of a thousand years of autocracy that has not been cured". In line with this "reform" of the "state system", the planning of the political system also constitutes an important part of civil rights.

People's Livelihood Principle is Sun Yat-sen's "social revolution" program. The issue it hopes to solve is China's modernization, that is, developing the capitalist economy and making China rich and powerful; it also includes caring for the lives of working people. the content of welfare, as well as a critique of the socioeconomic ulcers of capitalism and the resulting "sympathy for socialism." Sun Yat-sen attributed the main content of people's livelihood doctrine to the two major issues of land and capital. "Equal land rights" - "state-owned land" is Sun Yat-sen's land plan. The main content is “We should improve the social and economic organization and determine the land price in the world.

The existing land value will still belong to the original owner, and the increased value of the social improvements and progress after the revolution will belong to the state and be enjoyed by the people. Sun Yat-sen believed that the implementation of this plan can prevent monopoly and also enable "the public to "Getting richer", thereby promoting "social development." On the subject of capital, Sun Yat-sen confirmed that "industrialism is necessary for China." He believed that China's modernization was an inevitable trend in history, and the book "Industrial Plan" was to develop social A grand blueprint for the economy. He attributed the way to develop social economy to "controlling capital" and developing "state socialism", that is, "big industries" (such as railways, electricity, water conservancy, etc.) that "cannot be left to individuals and have a monopoly nature" ) "all are state-owned" because this can "prevent the abuses of capitalist monopoly" and "combine the resources of the whole country". The people's livelihood principle is essentially a plan to develop capitalism to the maximum extent, although it is coated with subjective socialism. Color.

The Three People's Principles have historical limitations, mainly manifested in the lack of clear and thorough anti-imperialist and anti-feudal content. However, it critically inherited the positive content of the Peasant War and the Reform Movement from the West. Borrowing democratic ideological material, it became a relatively complete democratic revolutionary program in modern Chinese society. The Three People's Principles reflected the main contradictions of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, expressed the people's desire to strive for independence, democracy, and prosperity, and symbolized the old times. The beginning of the democratic revolution in a more complete sense played a significant positive role under the historical conditions at that time.

When the Chinese revolutionary process entered the new democratic stage, Sun Yat-sen accepted the Communist Party of China. With the help of the party and the international proletariat, "fitting the trend of the world and meeting the needs of the people," we established the three major policies of alliance with Russia, alliance with the Communist Party, and support for agriculture and industry, and developed the old Three People's Principles into the new Three People's Principles in the nation. The doctrine of anti-imperialism highlights the theme of anti-imperialism: "The struggle for national liberation, for the majority of the people, has no other goal than anti-imperialism." The doctrine of civil rights further exposed the violence and wantonness of feudal warlords and bureaucrats, and their impact on bourgeois society. The political system made some criticisms, praising the Soviet state's "people's dictatorship" which was "much improved compared to the representative government", and reiterated the principle that "sovereignty lies with the people"; people's livelihood doctrine emphasized the principle of "land to the tiller" The new Three People's Principles are the development of the old Three People's Principles, reflecting the new historical characteristics and the progressiveness of bourgeois revolutionary democrats in the new revolutionary stage. And became the political and ideological basis for the first Kuomintang cooperation.

The famous slogan "Three People's Principles Unify China" on Kinmen Island is far away from the slogan "One Country, Two Systems Unifies China" on the other side of Xiamen.