Expository text reading and answering skills

1. Classification of expository essays:

1. Explanatory essay about things [After reading the article, you understand what (the object of explanation) is? ]

2. Explanatory essay [After reading the article, I understand what happened to (the object of explanation) and why is this happening? ]

2. Grasp the description object:

1. Look at the title

2. Look at the first and last paragraphs

3. Look at the key sentences ( Such as: general sentence/part sentence/transitional sentence)

4. Read the material (analyze paragraph by paragraph which aspects of the characteristics of the things the author introduced, and then summarize.)

< p>5. The description of things points out: the object being explained.

For example, "Suzhou Gardens" explains the characteristics of "no matter where the visitor stands, there is always a perfect picture in front of his eyes."

The explanation of affairs points out: explain the content. (Format: Introducing the ____ of _____.)

For example: "The Dead Sea is Immortal", which scientifically explains that the reason why the Dead Sea is immortal is "the saltiness of the sea water is very high."

6. Summarize the explanatory center of the article:

①What things or events does the full text focus on?

②What characteristics of these things or events does it describe?

③In what aspects does this thing or matter be explained?

Summary method: description center = description object + characteristics. (To summarize the center of the explanation, the language should be concise and to the point.)

3. Characteristics of the thing being explained:

[Generally speaking, the main points to be explained in the explanatory text are often the characteristics of the thing. feature. ]

1. Find the original word and sentence.

If not, then:

2. Pay attention to the meaning of the paragraph and the central sentence.

4. Common explanation methods:

In order to explain the characteristics of things or explain things, it is necessary to use appropriate explanation methods.

A. Common explanation methods are:

1. Classification: (that is, a method of classifying things. For example: "How to obtain food? There are two different ways and methods: one is called self-support, ...The other is called heterotrophy. ")

2. Give examples: (That is, the method of taking specific things as examples. For example: "This kind of bibliography specializes in recording the literature of its topic or discipline. If you want To search for ancient Chinese documents, you must use "Summary of the General Catalog of Sikuquanshu" or "General Catalog of Rare Chinese Ancient Books")

3. Metaphors: (That is, the method of using metaphors to explain things. For example: "The bridge hole is not an ordinary semicircle, but like a bow.")

4. List of numbers: (This is the method of using data to explain things. For example: "How did you know that this Tianhe River is flooded There are more than ten million stars! Ten million, if you count them in one breath, it will take more than a thousand years.")

5. Compare: (that is, use another thing to explain something. Comparison is a way to explain the characteristics of things. For example: "When the Yongding River floods, it is very strong. In the past, the embankments on both sides of the river were often washed away, but this bridge has never had any accidents, which shows its strength.") < /p>

6. Define: (That is, indicate the meaning of a certain noun concept. For example: "The overall planning method is a mathematical method of arranging the work process.")

B. The role of the explanation method:

1. Give an example: It illustrates the characteristics of... in a concrete and vivid way, making it easier for readers to understand.

2. Classification: clearly explained….

3. Analogy: vividly illustrate the characteristics of... and enhance the interest of the article.

4. List numbers: Scientifically and accurately explain the characteristics of...

5. Make comparisons: By comparing... with..., the characteristics of... are highlighted ( status, influence, etc.).

6. Define: Completely, scientifically and accurately describe the essential characteristics of... to distinguish it from other things.

7. Draw a chart: The intuitive image illustrates….

8. Interpretation: Interpretation is used to explain the causes and internal connections of the explained content.

9. Copying appearance: It can make the description vivid and make the article more readable.

C. Understand the function (expression effect) of explanation methods:

1. Answer the respective expression functions of each explanation method,

2. Answer clearly what content this explanation method is used to explain, that is: expression + explanation content.

3. The order of explanations commonly used in expository articles: The order of explanations used in the article depends on the object of explanation.

1. Time sequence. To explain the evolution and development of things;

(Explained in chronological order, mostly used to explain the development and change process of specific things and historical events.)

2. Spatial sequence. Explain the building;

(Explain according to the spatial position of things, that is, things inside and outside, up and down, front and back, left and right, position and orientation, etc.)

This order It is mostly used in articles describing relatively static things, the structure of buildings, and introducing the process of visiting a building.

3. Logical sequence. Introducing high-tech products or explaining the connections between things;

(Explaining things and arranging articles according to the reasoning process of things and people’s understanding and application of the laws of things.)

① From phenomenon to essence (or from essence to phenomenon);

② From cause to result (or from result to cause);

③ From characteristics to use (or from use to characteristics);

④ From the whole to the part (or from the part to the whole);

⑤ From the general to the specific (or from the specific to the general);

⑥From major to minor (or from minor to major);

4. The structure of the expository text:

(1) Parallel: The relationship between the levels of each paragraph is juxtaposed.

(2) Continuous type: The layers are arranged according to the development process of things, and (time is a clue) they inherit each other.

(3) Progressive formula: The relationship between each level is from shallow to deep, from surface to interior, from phenomenon to essence. The relationship between the layers is progressive.

(4) Total score formula: There are roughly three situations in this structure: total - score; score - total; total - score - total.

5. The language characteristics of expository writing:

The characteristics of expository language: accuracy and rigor.

Central words/modifications, restrictive words/relative words/pronouns

① Grasp the key central words, mainly those nouns, verbs, and adjectives that are used accurately, and identify them Synonyms of , understand the accuracy of its usage in context.

{The appropriate use of related words can make the language expression more coherent and rigorous, make the semantics more layered, highlight the key points of the explanatory content, and thus better reflect the accuracy of the expository language.

For example: The group of related words "... not only... but..." is accurately used, and the level clearly illustrates the superiority of.... At the same time, the use of progressive sentence patterns further highlights the practical effect of... }

1. The accuracy of expository language is mainly reflected in:

The use of modifying and restrictive words. Such as: possible, about, almost, generally, nearly, one and other words.

2. The accuracy and conciseness of language are reflected in the following aspects:

① It must reflect objective things truthfully, express knowledge scientifically and rigorously, and express time, space, and scope. , degree, characteristics, nature, procedures, etc. must be accurate.

② Pay attention to the use of words that express modification restrictions and other functions. Words such as "basically", "approximately", "relatively", "generally", "very few", "most" etc.

{? Mainly refers to how adjectives, quantifiers, adverbs and phrases appropriately modify, limit or supplement the central statement. }

Common question types:

1. Examine the explanatory content of the entire article or a certain paragraph

The question type is: What is the explanatory content of this article/" What are the characteristics of a certain description object/summarize the description content of a certain paragraph?

①Answer in the original text: (To clarify the level of the article or paragraph)

Find out the content of the whole text. The central paragraph or the central sentence of a certain paragraph (this is often the answer to the question).

② When there is no suitable original text, you can use the "point-to-face combination" method to summarize.

"Point": the descriptive object of each paragraph, "face": the main descriptive object of the entire article. The two can be combined to form a complete sentence.

2. Examine explanation methods and their functions

The question type is: What kind of explanation method(s) is used in a certain paragraph or sentence? What does it do? /explains what.

(It is necessary to clarify the concept and identify various explanation methods).

3. Test the accuracy of the description language

Question type: Can a certain word be deleted? Why?

"After deleting this word..."

①Explain the change in meaning of the sentence. (Elucidate the word first and explain the meaning of the original sentence...)

② Restrict/emphasize/explain the degree/state/nature/scope, then replace (delete) the meaning becomes..., and The actual/original intention does not match/, inaccurate/not rigorous/unscientific.

How to answer the question: ①No, the word "××" is used to vividly illustrate..., which can stimulate the reader's interest. If you remove it, there will be no such effect. ②No, if you delete the word "××", the meaning of the sentence becomes..., which seems too absolute; using the word "××" accurately explains..., which is consistent with the actual situation, leaves room for, and has scientific.

4. Examine the specific reference content of demonstrative pronouns or words with demonstrative meanings.

When answering this type of question, you usually look forward, referring to the nearest sentence or sentences above. The most effective scoring method is to replace the found referent content with the referent word. The correct answer is the one that conforms to the meaning of the text.

5. Determine the explanatory center (explanatory content) of the passage:

Answer method:

1. Physical explanatory text: describe the object + the characteristics of the object

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2. Principle explanatory text: the truth about... (reasons, methods, principles, etc.)

3. Procedure explanatory text: the operation or experiment or production process of...

< p> Commonly used answer formats for explaining methods and analysis of their functions:

This sentence uses the _______ method of explanation, which vividly/concretely and intuitively/in simple terms/scientifically and accurately explains _______ (explanation content) , so that readers _____________.

6. Understand and analyze the functions of words in expository texts:

Question type: What are the advantages of ×× words?

Answering method: Use the word "××" to vividly/accurately explain...the...characteristics of...things, which can arouse the reader's interest (in line with the actual situation and scientific).

7. Question type: Subjective questions in the explanatory text and their answers:

(It is important to express innovation awareness, scientific spirit, and reflect one's own values).

8. Question type: Summarize the characteristics of the object.

① Grasp the paragraphs and levels in the text, ② Grasp the key words from each paragraph (or each layer) and organize them.

Generally, the beginning of a paragraph (or the first sentence of each paragraph) and the end (or the last sentence of each paragraph) often describe the characteristics of the object.

9. Question type: Summary of paragraph meaning.

Sentence pattern: explained...introduced...

Method: Find the central sentence; combine this paragraph to describe the feature summary, combine the summary, combine punctuation, pay special attention to the semicolon, carefully refining.

10. Question type: Why can’t the order of paragraphs be changed?

Answer method: cannot be exchanged; the original text introduces things in the order from... to..., it is not logical after the exchange.

Answer: Forests can effectively purify the air and reduce noise.

10. Question type: Divergent innovation: Talk about some opinions or ideas about...; or draft a slogan.

Technical guidance: combined with reality, combined with the original text, based on knowledge inventory, divergent thinking, bold imagination.

11. Question type: Add a transitional sentence to the paragraph:

Mainly consider it in conjunction with the content of the previous paragraph. The method is to grasp the content explained in the previous paragraph to formulate the question. The form asks "Why (should)...?" This can naturally lead to the following.

12. Question type: Ask whether the content before and after (the object introduced) is contradictory:

Thinking from the two aspects of content and angle, you can tell whether there is a contradiction.

13. Question type: Based on the content of the explanation, how to clarify the ideas of the selected article:

Technical guidance: First, you must understand the content of each paragraph and be able to summarize it and summary, and then conduct a comparative analysis of the content of each paragraph to clarify its writing ideas and structural characteristics (because some use the total score formula, some use the total score formula, and some use the sub-sum formula), you can say Out of ideas.

14. Question type: Narrate a relevant story at the beginning or in the middle of the explanation. What is the role of this:

Answer method: Beginning: ① Introduce the object of the explanation.

In the paragraph: ②Enhance the vividness of the expository text.

③ Make the things explained more accurate.