What major events occurred in the founding of the People's Republic of China?

The Patriotic Pact Movement in the Early Years of the Founding of the People's Republic of China In the early 1950s, in China's vast urban and rural areas, various kinds of covenants were always posted on the walls of work units and families, which was a spectacle. At that time, a vigorous patriotic convention movement was going on across the country. This movement is a historical product of the movement to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea. With the end of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, the Patriotic Pact Movement also completed its mission and withdrew from the stage of history. Nowadays, the patriotic convention has almost disappeared from people’s reading field. There are not many works on the history of the country and the country and the history of the Communist Party of China that have been published, and there is no special discussion so far. So, how did the Patriotic Convention movement interpret its historical destiny? The author collected literature in this area and drafted an article, trying to sort out its ins and outs. With the development of the movement to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea, the Patriotic Pact movement came into being. The Patriotic Pact is a product of the movement to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea. It is a way for the people to express their patriotic determination and patriotic actions. On October 26, 1950, the Chinese People's Committee to Defend World Peace and Oppose U.S. Aggression (referred to as the "Chinese People's General Association to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea") was established as the unified leading body of the national people's movement to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea. On February 2, 1951, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the "Instructions on Further Carrying out the Patriotic Movement to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea", and conducted extensive nationwide education to despise, despise, and hate U.S. imperialism and improve national self-confidence and self-esteem, and proposed patriotic education. The movement should focus on three things: initiating the conclusion of a patriotic pact, expressing condolences to the Chinese People's Volunteers and the Korean People's Army, and striving for a comprehensive and fair peace treaty with Japan. On March 8 of the same year, the All-China Federation of Trade Unions issued the “Instructions on Further Carrying out Patriotic Education to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea and Prepare for this Year’s May Day National Demonstration.” The instructions require that by carrying out extensive and in-depth patriotic current affairs education work to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea, strive to achieve four projects, including the establishment of a patriotic convention, early preparation for this year's "May Day" demonstrations, and the consolidation and expansion of patriotic labor competition. On March 30, "People's Daily" published an editorial titled "Movement to Popularize the Patriotic Convention." The editorial pointed out: Promoting the Patriotic Pact Movement is a good way to consolidate the achievements of the patriotic movement. This movement is currently being launched in major cities across the country, some small and medium-sized cities, and some villages. The publication of this editorial promoted the development of the Patriotic Pact movement nationwide. Immediately following April 1, the "Chinese People's General Association to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea" issued a "Notice that "Branch Branches to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea" should be universally established in various places. The notice stated: Branches to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea should be established at all levels above the city and county level so that everyone in every part of the country can participate in the movement to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea. The leadership bodies of local branches should include representatives from various democratic parties, people's organizations and other patriotic democrats from all walks of life. The establishment of branches across the country to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea and the democratization and breadth of members of the leadership organization promoted the in-depth development of the movement to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea. On June 1, 1951, in order to further enhance the people's political consciousness and patriotic enthusiasm, solve some financial difficulties, and make the movement to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea develop more deeply, the "Chinese People's General Association to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea" issued the "On Implementing the Patriotic Pact, Donating Aircraft and Artillery" and Call for Preferential Treatment of Martyred Soldiers and Military Families" (then known as the "June 1 Call"), calling for a nationwide movement to establish a patriotic pact. The "June 1st Call" emphasized that the thousands of patriotic pacts that have been signed by people from all walks of life in various places are the concretization of the "United Program of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference" and a specific patriotic action program for each contracting unit. It requires the people across the country to seize and fully utilize this form to further promote production, work, study and other revolutionary struggles and construction undertakings; it recommends that people from all walks of life, factories, enterprises, agencies, schools, streets and rural areas across the country should follow the As part of its own business, it formulated specific patriotic pacts around the Movement to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea; it also suggested launching a competition to realize the patriotic pact among contracting units of similar nature, and scheduled a general inspection of the results of this patriotic competition in January 1952 to evaluate We will reward the good and bad examples to ensure that the conventions made by everyone can be successfully realized.

Farmer representatives proposed to further carry out the patriotic high-yield campaign, increasing the yield of 15 kilograms of grain per mu of gardens, 150 kilograms of rice per mu of rice fields, and 20 kilograms of grain per mu of dry fields, and donating part of the increased production to purchase aircraft and cannons. However, due to local cadres' insufficient understanding of the importance of the Patriotic Pact, there are also many problems in the organization and leadership of the Patriotic Pact. Many patriotic pacts are just a formality, or even replaced by cadres. For example, in the sixth village of Yangxi Township, Outang District, Wuxi, inspected by the leaders of the Wuxi County Party Committee, there are 120 households in the village. 9 households have not subscribed to the Patriotic Covenant, 61 households have subscribed on behalf of cadres, and 30 households have held family meetings to discuss the patriotic covenant. Parents There are 30 households booked by one person, and the content is very empty. The most typical one is the township government's convention, which even lists "standing at attention when raising the national flag." In order to implement the Patriotic Pact and overcome and correct bad tendencies such as formality in the conclusion of the convention, local party committees and the "Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea Branch" inspected and revised the local Patriotic Pact movement, so that the Patriotic Pact movement can develop healthily. For example, the Jiangsu Province Sunan District Party Committee requested: "We must step up the inspection work of the movement to establish a patriotic pact" and "pay special attention to summarizing and promoting good examples in order to improve the average, promote the backward, and overcome certain existing biases." They also summarized four methods for making a convention: sufficient patriotism education must be carried out before the convention is concluded; the masses must be fully engaged in democratic discussion when the convention is concluded; the contents of the convention must be practical, specific, simple and feasible; and after the convention is formulated, it must be inspected regularly. The people donated money and materials one after another, which effectively supported the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea. The Patriotic Pact is an anti-imperialist and patriotic struggle program and action plan formulated by the people for themselves. The development of the movement helps to transform people's patriotic enthusiasm into patriotic actions and promote The development of various national tasks, especially the strong support for the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea. After the "June 1 Call" issued by the "Chinese People's General Association to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea" promoted the establishment of a patriotic convention and donated aircraft and artillery, people from all over the country and from all walks of life took active actions and donated enthusiastically, forming a great patriotic torrent. Chen Chusheng, an employee of Xiangtan County Bristle Company, has long-term donated 40% of his salary, and also donated 500,000 yuan (old currency, the same below) that he had saved in preparation for his marriage. Employees of Beijing Shijingshan Iron and Steel Plant donated a "Shijingshan Iron and Steel Plant" fighter jet by working overtime, collecting scrap metal, donating bonuses, and increasing production. Workers from the Third Branch of the Tianjin Dock Trade Union donated more than 13 million yuan. Employees of the Yumen Oil Mine in Gansu used their income from increased production to donate an "Oil Worker" fighter jet. Cotton farmers in Jianyang County, Sichuan, handed over the cash donation of two "Cotton Farmer" fighter jets within two months. Song Chuanyi, a model martyr from Andong City, Liaoning Province, donated all the money he earned from growing vegetables and digging wild vegetables, becoming a well-known "patriotic old man". National model worker Li Shunda and the mutual aid group he led donated the "Chinese Farmer" aircraft to the Shanxi Provincial Farmers Initiative. An old man named Chuyun Chuyun from Shaoshan, Xiangtan County, Hunan Province, stored the money he saved from fetching water every day in the "Gold Container to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea" to contribute to the purchase of airplanes and cannons. Students from the Affiliated Primary School of Cangxian Normal University in Hebei Province organized a waist drum team and a yangko team to promote patriotic donations. Students from Liuzhuang Primary School in Qinhuangdao City, Hebei Province donated the candy money they saved. They sang: "Uncles from the volunteer army fly airplanes, and uncles fire cannons. In order to eliminate the ghost of American aggression, I don't eat candy and donate airplanes." People from the literary and artistic circles also joined the ranks of donating. The famous Henan Opera actor Chang Xiangyu led the "Xiangyu Opera Club" to perform everywhere. He used all the performance income and his own savings to donate a "Chang Xiangyu" fighter jet. Four theater troupes in Cangxian County, Hebei Province put on a new play about patriotic donation. They jointly performed for two days and donated more than 4 million yuan in revenue to the All-China Federation of Literary and Art Circles to purchase the "Lu Xun" aircraft. Yuan Jing and Kong Jue from the Script Creation Research Institute of the Central Film Bureau donated 10 million yuan in royalties to purchase the "Lu Xun" aircraft. Writers Ding Ling and Zhou Libo donated more than 12 million yuan in royalties and two gold rings; writer Liu Baiyu donated 2 million yuan in royalties.

The All-China Women's Federation also promptly issued the "Decision in Response to the Three Patriotic Calls of the General Association to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea", calling on women across the country to continue their efforts, carry out an in-depth patriotic convention campaign, actively donate weapons to increase production and increase income, and strive to achieve the goal of donating "women to the motherland". " aircraft and other glorious goals. Soong Ching Ling, together with women from all walks of life in Tianjin, raised funds to donate the "Tianjin Women" aircraft. More than 60 industry directors of the Luzhou Industrial and Commercial Preparatory Committee and managers of various joint ventures donated 10.3 million yuan. In August 1951, just two months after the "June 1st Call" was issued, the entire country donated enough money to purchase more than 2,200 aircraft. By May 1952, more than 5.5 trillion yuan had been donated, which could purchase 3,710 fighter jets. This donation campaign has greatly improved the weapons and equipment of the Chinese People's Volunteers, enhanced their combat capabilities, and more effectively attacked the American invaders. In October 1951, Mao Zedong issued a call to "increase production and practice strict economy to support the Chinese People's Volunteers", and the Central People's Government issued instructions to "launch a patriotic competition to increase production." The "Chinese People's Federation to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea" issued a notice to donate aircraft, cannons and promote patriotic conventions. At the same time, it put forward the slogan of increasing production and increasing income, using increased income as donation money. In many places, patriotic pacts, labor competition, and the movement to increase production and save money were combined, calling on the people to engage in labor competition, and a large number of labor models emerged. Ma Hengchang, a worker at Qiqihar No. 2 Machine Tool Factory, formed three teams from adjacent workshops to use collective wisdom to carry out technological innovation to increase production and pose a challenge to workers across the country. Meng Tai, a worker at Anshan Iron and Steel Company, was named a "National Extraordinary Model Worker" during the campaign to increase production and save money. Hao Jianxiu, a 17-year-old female worker in Qingdao Cotton Mill, used the factory as a battlefield and created advanced working methods that were promoted in the national textile industry. According to incomplete statistics, on the industrial front, more than 2,800 factories, mines, and enterprises held labor competitions across the country in the first quarter of 1951, with more than 2 million employees participating in the competitions. Many people say: After signing the patriotic pact, every time they do something they have to think about whether it is in compliance with the patriotic pact; when they hear the call of the country, they think of their own responsibilities. There are more than 2.2 million agricultural mutual aid cooperative organizations and many individual farmers across the country, and they have launched patriotic competitions to increase production. After Li Shunda, a famous model worker in Shanxi Province, and the mutual aid group led by him issued a challenge to the country to compete in a patriotic production increase competition, more than 12,000 mutual aid groups and more than 2,700 agricultural labor models across the country actively responded to the challenge. During the campaign to increase production and conserve grain, within one and a half years from the second half of 1951 to the end of 1952, the Northeast region alone increased production and saved the country the equivalent of 27.377 million tons of grain. In 1953, North China, East China, Northwest China and other places increased production and saved more than 15 trillion yuan in wealth for the country. The development of the movement to support the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, which focused on the establishment of patriotic pacts, donations, increased production, and conservation, played a major role in strengthening our country's national defense, increasing industrial and agricultural production, maintaining price stability, and improving work efficiency. Especially during the period of resisting U.S. aggression and aiding Korea, people across the country provided more than 5.6 million tons of combat materials to the Korean front line. This huge material support laid a solid material foundation for the victory of the war to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea.