Quanzhou quangang custom

people live in folk customs from birth, just like fish live in water. For thousands of years, folk custom has been closely related to people's daily life. It is like a miraculous adhesive, which organizes people together and binds them together. The folk customs of Quangang are social fashions and customs handed down and accumulated by Quangang folk from generation to generation. It contains rich cultural awareness and is the generous cornerstone of traditional culture. As an intangible spiritual heritage and vitality resource, it has cultivated superior national spirit and cultural temperament for thousands of years, which constitutes an important condition for Quangang people to go through twists and turns without declining and gradually achieve brilliant results. Through the customs and customs of Quangang, it is not difficult to get a glimpse of the simple and thick regional cultural implications contained in it. Pen rack spot forum' Apzv? JJA:b

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The composition of Quangang folk customs is multi-source. After long-term close communication, various heterogeneous folk customs absorb each other intentionally or unintentionally, and merge and improve. The folk custom of Quangang is mainly formed by the integration of four sources:

In ancient times, the geographical area of Quangang was classified as Qimin, which was a residential area of Dongyue nationality. Shi Zhuan, Taofanglun, Taodou and a large number of pottery pieces excavated at the Yishan site in Tuling Town prove that as early as the Neolithic Age, the ancestors of Quangang plowed and burned in this land close to the mountains and seas. Primitive aborigines lived doggedly along the Yangtze River before the Wei and Jin Dynasties. From the earliest "fishing with bare hands, picking up shells for food" to the later "building a hut by the sea and logging for a boat", they had their own folk customs. Yiguan Nandu in Jin Dynasty, located in Quangang area on the south bank of Meizhou Bay, is one of the earliest developed areas in Jinjiang River Basin. Later, in the early Tang Dynasty, the late Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and the Southern Song Dynasty, the people of the Central Plains moved into southern Fujian, including Quangang, three times, and the Fujian-Vietnamese people gradually merged with the Han people. Most of the customs of Dongyue people in Quangang area have now become historical relics, while some folk customs have been passed down and become an integral part of Quangang folk customs. For example, the religious belief in Quangang has a solid folk foundation and is closely related to the tradition of "believing in ghosts and worshipping witches" of Dongyue nationality. For example, women of Dongyue nationality generally participate in productive labor, which has been inherited by the Han nationality who moved in. In rural and mountainous areas of Quangang, it has always been quite common for women to participate in production and engage in heavy manual labor. www.qgwy.com"u,[7gA Epk5g& _Yl

After the Jin Dynasty, the Han nationality in the Central Plains moved southward continuously, which brought the folk customs of the Han nationality to Fujian, and gradually became the main body of folk customs in Fujian. Quangang, located in the central coastal area of Fujian Province, is in the same strain as China's traditional folk customs in terms of production customs, life customs, life etiquette, festivals at the age of New Year, and folk beliefs and worship. The migration of Han people to Quangang lasted for more than a thousand years, and some of them came directly from Zhongzhou. For example, a batch of chronological tomb bricks of Yongjia in the Western Jin Dynasty (A.D. 39) were recently discovered in Shangshang Village, Tuling Town, indicating that when the Jin Dynasty moved southward, some people from the Central Plains moved to Quangang area. However, a large part of the ancestors of Quangang immigrated for the second and third time. For example, the Zhuang family on the mountainside moved from Gushi, Henan Province to Yongchun Taoyuan, and later generations moved from Yongchun to Luoyang, Hui 'an, and finally moved to the mountainside. Batou Lianshi was an eight-min people who avoided chaos in the Middle Tang Dynasty (881-885), and it was only in the Jiatai period of the Southern Song Dynasty (121-124) that Xianyou Lianban Buju once occupied the tail (that is, today's Batou area); Ye CuO's family moved to Xianyou from Yexian County, Henan Province, and then moved to China about 5 years ago. In addition, former Huang Huang, Tukeng Liu, Pu 'an Zhang, Sanzhu Zhu and Hechi Zheng were all from the Central Plains who first moved to Puxian area, and later moved to Quangang territory. These Han people, mainly from Puxian, Yongchun and Fuzhou, have different specific customs, and some even have great differences. After entering Quangang one after another, after long-term exchanges in life and production, folk customs have gradually merged into one.

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Han folk custom is the main part of Quangang folk custom, but it is actually formed by combining the customs of other ethnic minorities. In Quangang, there are more than 2, people living in Mongolian, Hui and She ethnic minorities, and their customs with strong national style are also deposited in Quangang folk customs. The ancestors of the three ethnic minorities absorbed a large number of Han folk customs due to specific historical factors and according to the geographical environment of their settlements, and skillfully integrated them with their own customs in real life. The Mongolians fled to Quangang from Fuzhou in the early Ming Dynasty. Although they lived in seclusion in the mountains, they still remembered Yanshan Mountain, their native land. They named the palace temple on Yandao Mountain near the village after Yanshan Temple. The people who left the family still showed their strong drinking and hospitality, but the Lantern Festival and other customs, showing tenacious national characteristics; According to genealogical records, Guo CuO Hui settled in Quangang in the fifth year of Song Jingding (AD 1264), or was named as a descendant of Guo, a great family of Guo, because of the national oppression policy of the Ming Dynasty. Now, although it has been four or five hundred years of Chinese life, it still has no traces of Muslim Hui customs. In the sixth year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (AD 1527), the She people of Zhong's family branched from Anxi to Zhongcuo Kaiji on the mountainside. In feudal society, they were afraid of being oppressed by big houses and big families, and for a long time, they kept the habit of gathering together to set up a village, and wore white underwear to worship the world when they got married, and sang the national totem "Song of the Emperor" for generations, which also produced some customs for the surrounding Han people.

With the development of commodity economy and the prosperity of overseas trade, Quanzhou coastal areas treated foreign cultures with an open attitude in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Quangang is located in a corner of Meizhou Bay, and it also absorbed and integrated foreign cultures. Take foreign Buddhist beliefs as an example. Since the Tang Dynasty, Buddhism in Quangang has been flourishing. After the Song Dynasty, various traditional religions and folk beliefs lived in peace with Buddhism, and Buddhism in Quangang gradually became secularized, taking root in Quangang folk customs. Since modern times, the folk customs of Quangang have been increasingly influenced by foreign folk customs. From the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, coastal residents went abroad to make a living in Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines and other Southeast Asian countries, and some overseas Chinese returned to their hometowns with their descendants overseas, bringing exotic folk customs. For example, some overseas Chinese went abroad and learned from the styles and advantages of foreign residential buildings. After returning home, they made foreign things serve China and gradually formed an architectural style of "combining Chinese and foreign". Helong Dacuo in former Huang Zhen and Arosao Dacuo in mountainside town are the models for modern Quangang people to skillfully learn from and absorb foreign architectural culture, adding new content to Quangang residential culture. With the introduction of Christianity in modern times, some European folk customs were introduced into Quangang one after another. In 1865, the association was introduced from Xiamen and spread to all directions from the domestic post station. Christianity opposes concubinage and maidservant, women's foot-binding, extravagance and waste, propagandizes the prohibition of gambling, smoking and opium, and requires Christians to organize simple wedding and funeral ceremonies, which has played a certain role in restricting the vulgar customs in modern times and even now, purifying the social atmosphere and promoting the civilized development of society.

Folklore changes with the change of economic base and social life, and the change of folklore often lags behind the economic base and social life. However, once it is formed, it will attack from generation to generation, influencing and restricting people's consciousness and behavior with traditional habits and psychological beliefs, with long-term inheritance and relative stability; In addition, folk customs also have the characteristics of nationality, class and sociality.

Quangang folk custom is a tributary of Minnan folk culture, which was formed in the background and atmosphere of China traditional culture, so it has the general characteristics of China traditional folk custom. At the same time, it was gradually formed and developed under the specific natural environment, social history and culture of Quangang, so it must have obvious local characteristics in many aspects. Among the colorful folk customs in Quangang, the unique features are: < P > m&; P4S'z#@X6l

Quangang is located at the north gate of Quanzhou, which is connected to Hui 'an County and Luojiang District in Quanzhou in the south and southwest, and borders Xianyou County in Putian City in the northwest and north. Its unique location makes Quangang folk customs have the functions and characteristics of regional transition and convergence. The land area of Quangang is only over 3 square kilometers, but there are three popular dialects, namely Minnan dialect, Puxian dialect and Toubei dialect. Toubei dialect is the common name of Huian people for the dialect in Huibei area (now Quangang area). It is a cohesive language that transits from Puxian dialect area to Minnan dialect area, and it is a dynamic language. "Toubei Dialect" transits from village to village in the north of Quangang. The dialects and accents of each village are different due to the different percentages of Minnan Dialect and Puxian Dialect, and some neighboring villages can't even communicate smoothly. For example, two natural villages, Cendou and Xiuxi, in Tuling Town were originally under the jurisdiction of Xianyou County. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, together with seven natural villages, Nanzhuang, Gangxi, Dongqiu, Jiaojietang and Kezhai, Li Kai, a Hui 'an native, bought them out and included them in Hui 'an territory. The dialects of these two natural villages are mainly Puxian dialect, but the dialect of another village in the south is mainly Minnan dialect. Pen rack spot forum 2gq&; [1y[& WbA'Ft& T

language is the main carrier of culture, and local folk culture is often reflected in language. The folk custom of Quangang fluctuates with the transition of dialects. Some villages close to Puxian, such as Jieshan, Nanpu, Fengwei, Houlong and Tuling, have close contacts with residents in Xianyou, such as workers, farmers, craftsmen and businessmen, so there are many elements of Puxian folk custom. Some villages close to the mountainside of Luojiang River in Hui 'an, Qianhuang area and Tuling are geographically close to Hui 'an, and the folk custom is similar to that of Quanzhou as a whole. I; N: om (d3a * un # u

Another important reason for the regional incompatibility of Quangang folk custom is that Quangang folk custom is a folk custom of immigrants. Some of them moved into Quangang directly from Zhongzhou Han nationality in Jin, Tang and Song Dynasties, and some of them were moved in by ancestors of various ethnic groups in surrounding areas after Jin Dynasty. Because the original living areas are different, there are great differences in folk customs and dialects; Even if the same area moved in from Puxian area, the time difference between before and after moving in was hundreds or even thousands of years. Such round-by-round migration made the folk customs of all parts of Quangang deposit on the land of Quangang like annual rings. When the ancestors of all ethnic groups moved in, most of them formed their own villages through reproduction and development, and each village was different from the local aborigines. In addition, the traffic between the old areas was inconvenient and there were not many exchanges, which was one of the reasons for the formation of many dialect areas and customs areas with different contents. It can be seen that the folk customs of Quangang are not implanted in the Central Plains and surrounding areas in a certain historical period, but reflect the diachronic accumulation of immigrant folk customs in different historical stages, like the cultural layers in geological archaeology, which are piled up layer by layer. ! Qsmp

The regionality of Quangang folk custom is also reflected in folk beliefs. For example, the worship of Liu Yiniang, the righteous empress, and Qiu Erniang, the wife of Youlu, is more popular in Fengwei and Houlong, the worship of Chen Jinggu, the Virgin of Shuntian, and Wu Kun, the Emperor Baosheng, is more popular in Tuling, and the worship of "Holy Master" is more popular in Jieshan. Another example is that each village worships one or several specific gods as protectors, which were formerly called environmental gods and social gods. The temples of the environmental gods were donated by the people living in the area, and various religious activities were also attended by the people living in the area. Generally speaking, it is not allowed to go beyond the boundary of the situation.

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The formation of a local folk custom is "established by convention", and its content and form are intangible binding for the vast majority of social members. However, there is a certain degree of flexibility in the specific operation, which can be complicated and simple, can be divided and combined first, and people can choose according to their own needs and possibilities. There are considerable differences in the complexity of folk customs in Quangang. Generally speaking, in economically developed areas, all kinds of rituals are more complicated than in economically underdeveloped areas, and the rich family pays more attention to ostentation and extravagance than the poor family. Take weddings, funerals and celebrations as an example: from the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, "Six Rites" as a basic marriage custom was generally accepted by the people, but there were great differences in the specific operation process. The rich family strictly followed the "Six Rites" and the rituals were cumbersome. Ordinary people, on the other hand, are not so strict. They often combine the recruitment and the name-asking, the recruitment and the invitation period, and simplify the wedding etiquette. Weddings in poor homes are even more simplified, and there are many people who just close the house on New Year's Eve. Another example is the birthday. In addition to a big banquet to celebrate the birthday, the rich family also plays to entertain. But ordinary people's homes can't do much, and poor homes can only cook bowls of noodles. Pen rack forum 9P3@CF

People in China believe that the healthy growth of children can't be separated from the protection of gods such as the "Queen Mother". Therefore, at the Mid-Autumn Festival when the child is 16 years old, he should "give big points" to thank God, and when his son gets married, he should "give small points" to thank God. These beliefs are basically the same, but they are different in the ceremony of thanking God. On the mountainside and at the end of the peak, on the day before the wedding, the groom took the bride's red dress by the arm and made three big obeisances to the gods, indicating that the bride and groom "invited to worship the Queen Mother" together. Boys in Nanpu and Jieshan didn't get a big score when they were 16 years old, but they did it together when they got married. Moreover, the day before the wedding ceremony, the bride was married to her family and "invited to visit the Queen Mother" with Xinhuai. According to the tradition of Confucian ethics, if there is a funeral in the family, the wedding can only be held after three years of "mourning" (lifting mourning), but there are some established and flexible practices in China, such as getting married within 1 days of the funeral, which is called "taking advantage of filial piety". Moreover, in the old days, it was advocated that "chastity" should be observed, and widow remarriage was regarded as an outrageous behavior. However, there were some special customs that allowed some widows with special circumstances to remarry, and they must do so at night, without publicity, without holding lively ceremonies or choosing a date for their wedding, usually on New Year's Eve in the twelfth lunar month. When you go out, you should take the side door, not the gate, etc. Another example is that in the early days, Pudu was held on the same day, which often led to disputes and even clan fights; After consultation, it was agreed that all the streets, lanes and villages would take turns to purdue. In these aspects, it can be seen that the scale of folk etiquette has great flexibility and flexibility.

the formation of folk customs needs to be recognized by most members of the whole society and willing to participate, and it needs to be entertaining. The entertainment of Quangang folk customs can be seen everywhere. For example, during the Spring Festival, the villages held a ceremony to lift the spirits, and the teams that went out were vast, including the flag team, the car drum team, the incense burner team and the sacred sedan chair team, with flags dancing and drums. The bearers determine sedan chair's movements according to the temperament and other characteristics of the gods they carry. Generally speaking, if they are civil servants, they will move smoothly and make less swaying. If they are military officers, they will try their best to shake the sedan chair and shake out various tricks. In some villages, when they go to worship, they also carry a jump boy, who often cuts his shoulder with a knife and axe, or crosses a knife bridge, or sits in a nail chair, sleeps in a nail bed, or walks barefoot on charcoal. All kinds of amazing illusion performances have attracted villagers to watch all the way. There are also activities such as begging for colors, jumping on fire, swimming in lanterns, dragon boat racing on the Dragon Boat Festival, playing drums for the whole year, etc., all of which are entertaining. In the old days, on the wedding day, there were also troubles in the bridal chamber.