All the information of the October Revolution in the Soviet Union.

The October Revolution, also known as Bolshevik Revolution or October Socialist Revolution, was a revolution in which Russian workers, peasants and soldiers overthrew the bourgeois provisional government led by Bolshevik headed by Lenin and established the first proletarian dictatorship. The October Revolution took place in19171.7 (Russian calendar 1.25). Under the leadership of Lenin and Trotsky, the Russian Production Party (Bolshevik) led workers and soldiers to launch an armed uprising and established the Soviet regime, which was the first regime led by a proletarian party. The revolution overthrew the Russian bourgeois provisional government led by Russian kerensky. After the victory of the October Revolution, a series of revolutionary decrees were promulgated. Then Russia withdrew from World War I.. The imperialist camp is extremely afraid of and hates the proletarian regime. They launched many interference attacks in 19 18- 1920, supporting the Russian reactionary forces to stifle the revolution. Under the strong leadership of the Bolshevik Party headed by Lenin and with the support of the broad masses of workers and peasants, Soviet Russia won the Russian revolutionary war. Crushed the allied armed intervention attack. The people of all ethnic groups in Russia have established a revolutionary regime through hard work. In order to realize the alliance of socialist revolutionary regimes, the Soviet Socialist International Union was established at the end of 1922.

[Edit this paragraph] background

The February Revolution coexisted with two regimes.

After the outbreak of World War I, 19 17 February, the second bourgeois-democratic revolution broke out in Russia. Workers in Petrograd took to the streets because of the long war and famine, and the troops sent to suppress them mutinied on the spot. In just a few days, Tsar Nicholas II lost control of the army and the country. The tsar was forced to abdicate. Petrograd established a bourgeois provisional government. In the February revolution, workers and soldiers were the main forces against the tsar, and the bourgeoisie did not lead the revolution. After the success of the revolution, workers and soldiers organized their own leading body: the Soviet Union. The bourgeoisie has no power in the Soviet Union. The armed forces are also in the hands of Soviet workers and soldiers. The Soviets held real power, but there was still an interim government controlling them. There was a situation in which the bourgeois provisional government and soldiers represented the Soviet two regimes.

Among the members of the Soviet Union, Menshevik was the majority. The Bolsheviks were suppressed in the war, but at that time, most Bolshevik leaders were still in prison and exiled, Lenin was in Switzerland and Stalin was still in exile. The broad masses of workers and peasants lacked political experience, which led to the theft of Soviet leadership by Mensheviks and social revolutionaries, who supported the bourgeoisie to establish an interim government. In the Soviet Union (mainly composed of peasants) elected by soldiers, the social revolutionaries (a petty-bourgeois political party) are in the majority, because the social revolutionaries have high traditional prestige among peasants. These Mensheviks are all second revolutions. They believe that Russia is still in the stage of bourgeois democratic revolution and needs to cooperate with the bourgeois interim government to carry out land reform and democratic reform. So they support the interim government. Social revolutionaries come from the upper class of the petty bourgeoisie, and they tend to follow the bourgeois provisional government. Before Lenin returned to Petrograd, the Bolsheviks also adopted the Menshevik policy of supporting the interim government. Workers and soldiers do not trust the interim government, but trust their leaders. The authority of the interim government is based on the support of Soviet leaders. This phenomenon was called "dual regime" by Lenin. The bourgeois provisional government continued to wage the evil imperialist war, continue to enslave the broad masses of working people, and do everything possible to put out the revolutionary flame.

April outline

19 17 April17, Lenin made a report on the tasks of the proletariat in this revolution at the Bolshevik meeting, which is the famous "April Outline". The Outline of April established the transition route from bourgeois democratic revolution to socialist revolution for the Bolsheviks, and pointed out the future of revolutionary development. Put forward the task of transition from bourgeois democratic revolution to socialist revolution. His arrival completely changed the Bolshevik policy of supporting the interim government. Lenin's genius lies in his courage to correct unrealistic theories to meet the challenges of reality. After the February Revolution in Russia, the interim government could not complete the task of democratic revolution. Farmers either follow the interim government or support the dictatorship of the proletariat. They have no independent political platform. Or the proletariat seized power and started the socialist revolution in Europe; Or the provisional government won and buried the fruits of the February revolution, and there was no middle way to go. The change of Bolshevik policy not only split itself, but also split the camp of Menshevik and Social Revolutionary Party. Some internationalists Mensheviks and left-wing social revolutionaries joined the Bolsheviks. Trotsky's regional alliance also joined the Bolsheviks.

A bloody week in July

1 July, the bourgeois provisional government ventured to attack the German Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire in an attempt to destroy the revolution by war. The adventure attack suffered a fiasco, and the Russian army lost 60 thousand people in ten days. The news of the defeat of the front line reached the capital, and the workers and soldiers were emotional. Workers, soldiers and other revolutionary masses in Petrograd took to the streets on July 19 17, holding demonstrations and demanding the return of all political power to the Soviet Union. The interim government sent troops to carry out bloody repression, killing and injuring more than 600 workers. This is the famous July bloody case. The massacre made people further realize that we must overthrow counter-revolutionary violence with revolutionary violence. On July 26th, the coalition government headed by kerensky was established, which completely suppressed the workers and the Bolshevik Party, and white terror enveloped the whole country. The coexistence of the two regimes ended, the Bolshevik Party went underground, the coexistence of the two regimes ended, and the Russian revolution entered a new stage.

Lenin wrote The State and Revolution.

1965438+July 2, 20071day, 1 1 day, the last bus left Petrograd seaside railway station. One of the passengers dressed as a Finnish farmer got off at Lasliff, not far from the Finnish border. He's Lenin! Lake Lasliffe is sparkling. Lenin lived in a small house by the lake. There is a kitchen in the hut: two branches set up a piece of wood with a small pot hanging on it. In front of the hut, a clearing was cleared, and there were two stumps, one for a table and the other for a stool. Lenin humorously called this place "my green office". He is fighting nervously. He carefully read every newspaper published in Petrograd and analyzed the revolutionary situation. It wrote articles about fighting and sent them to the cradle of revolution to guide the process of revolution. Late at night, there was the sound of wooden paddles beating on the lake. Representatives of the Bolshevik Party Central Committee came to Lenin to report their work and listen to instructions. The bonfire by Lasliffe Lake is particularly bright in the dark night, which is connected with the fate of the world proletarian revolution. Lenin worked hard and selflessly here and wrote a brilliant Marxist book "State and Revolution". In mid-August, the agents of the interim government concentrated on Lake Lasliff. On August 3 1 day, Lenin disguised himself as a railway worker according to the instructions of the CPC Central Committee, avoiding the surveillance of the reactionary authorities, and arrived in Helsinki at night. A room in the Hagenekaya Square 1 building in Helsinki is brightly lit, and it is already dead of night. The rustle of paper and pen lasted for a long time, and Lenin continued to finish his brilliant works. The State and Revolution is a brilliant work of Marxist state theory, which not only played a great theoretical guiding role in the victory of the October Revolution and the establishment of the first proletarian dictatorship country, but also pointed out a bright road for the proletarian revolution all over the world.

Suppress the rebellion in Kornilov

After the bloodshed in July, Kornilov, the new commander-in-chief of the Russian army, launched a rebellion on September 7 with the support of imperialist allies such as the United States, Britain and France. On the pretext of maintaining order in the capital, he transferred the "barbarian division" composed of Krymov's Cossack 3rd Cavalry and Kosaso Mountain people to Leningrad, not only to suppress the engineers representing the Soviet Union, but also to put forward an ultimatum to the interim government, forcing all members of the interim government to resign and hand over all political power to him. The rebels also declared martial law and set up field courts in the capital, Klangstad, Finland, Estonia and other places. Kerensky, the prime minister of the interim government, had to turn to the Soviet Union for help, while the social revolutionaries in power of Menshevik and the Soviet Union had to rely on the Bolshevik Party. Bolshevik Party formed a temporary alliance with kerensky, Social Revolutionary Party and Menshevik to fight against Kornilov. Under the call of the Party, workers and soldiers in Petrograd and other places took active actions, and sailors of the Baltic Fleet also took an active part in the struggle to crush the rebellion in Kornilov. 12 In September, kerimov saw that the rebellion was hopeless and committed suicide. Kornilov was dismissed and arrested. The rebellion was shattered.

Prepare for an armed uprising

In September, the Bolsheviks won an absolute majority in the Soviet Union in major cities. Bolshevik's policy ideas are gradually accepted by most people. Lenin's current Party Central Committee put forward the task of organizing armed uprising. The kerensky government ordered Petrograd's garrison to go to the front, with the intention of consuming revolutionary armed forces in the war. Trotsky went to the garrison and persuaded them to stay. In this process, the Soviet Union under the leadership of Bolsheviks established the Military Revolution Committee and issued orders to the garrison in the name of the Committee. After the order was issued, it was recognized by the garrison. This event marked the beginning of the Soviet takeover. The Military Revolutionary Committee later became the command body of the uprising. The interim government tried to stop the Bolshevik Party from launching an armed uprising. 165438+10.2, the provisional government sent cadets-they were the only force available to the provisional government, occupied the most important stronghold in Petrograd, and tried to close the newspaper Workers' Road and Soldiers of the Bolshevik Party, searched for the leaders of the Bolshevik Party, cut off the telephone contact between the Petrograd Soviet and the workers' area, and ordered the Petrograd military division.

165438+1October 6, Lenin wrote to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, demanding that the provisional government personnel be arrested that night and the trainees be disarmed. According to Lenin's instructions, the Bolshevik Party decided to hold an armed uprising on 165438+ 10/October 6 (65438+1October 24). At this time, the soldiers of the Petrograd garrison, the sailors and workers of Cranstad's Red Guards have been transferred to the leadership of the Bolshevik Party, and Trotsky is in charge of the commander-in-chief of the uprising troops. 165438+1In the early morning of October 7, Lenin went to the Smolny Institute and personally led the armed uprising.

Climax: Petrograd armed uprising

165438+1October 6, Lenin secretly came to the Smolny Institute, the headquarters of the uprising, and personally led the armed uprising. From the night of the 6th to the morning of the 7th, more than 200,000 revolutionary soldiers and uprising workers quickly occupied various strategic locations in Petrograd. On the morning of the 7th 1, the uprising troops occupied the general post office. At 0200 hours, the Baltic Railway Station and Nikolovsky Railway Station were captured. Then the lighting circuit of the government building was turned off, and the telephone office cut off most of the telephones of the interim government and headquarters. Around 6 o'clock, the Red Guards, soldiers and sailors have occupied Gongqiao. With the exception of the Palace Square and the Scarborough Square in Isakiyev, almost all other areas are in the hands of insurgents. Kerensky, Prime Minister of the interim government, got into the car of the American Embassy and fled in panic. 10, the Revolutionary Military Commission distributed the letter drafted by Lenin to Russian citizens, announcing that the interim government was overthrown and the regime was handed over to the Soviet Union. However, the interim government remained intransigent, and more than 2,000 officers and cadets continued to occupy the Winter Palace. From 5 pm to 6 pm, more than 20,000 revolutionary soldiers, red guards and 9 military vehicles surrounded the Winter Palace. The Revolutionary Military Commission issued an ultimatum to the interim government, ordering it to surrender at 6: 20. After 8 o'clock, the Revolutionary Military Commission issued an ultimatum of unconditional surrender to the interim government, which was rejected. At 9: 45 pm, Avril, a cruiser moored on the Neva River, opened fire, signaling a general attack. Red guards and revolutionary fighters crossed the barricade and rushed to the Winter Palace with thunderous "Hula". In the stairwell and stairs of the Winter Palace, revolutionary soldiers and workers, Red Guards and cadets fought fiercely. On the morning of the 8th, all members of the provisional government (except kerensky's escape) were captured and finally conquered. Petrograd armed uprising won, and the bourgeois interim government was overthrown.

The Second All-Russian Congress of Soviet Engineers

Amid the rumble of guns attacking the Winter Palace, the second Russian Soviet Congress opened in Smolny College. At first, the Congress passed the Letter to Workers, Peasants and Soldiers drafted by Lenin, announcing that all local governments were handed over to workers, peasants and soldiers to represent the Soviet Union. 165438+1October 8, the general assembly adopted the peace decree and land decree drafted by Lenin. The "Peace Act" exposed the imperialist predatory war, reflected the urgent desire of the broad masses of working people for peace, and suggested that the warring countries should negotiate immediately and conclude a peace treaty without ceding land or paying compensation. The land law stipulates that the landlord's land ownership shall be cancelled immediately, and all the land shall be nationalized and handed over to the working peasants for use. Finally, the congress elected the people's committee, the first Soviet government of workers, peasants and soldiers in the world, and Lenin, the great proletarian mentor, was elected as the chairman of the people's committee. The People's Committee is composed of various ministries and performs various functions of the proletarian state. Stalin was elected as the People's Committee for Ethnic Affairs, and Trotsky was elected as the People's Committee for Foreign Affairs. 165438+1on the morning of 9 October, the congress was successfully closed, announcing the establishment of the first proletarian dictatorship country in the world.

After the establishment of the Soviet government, the old state machine was destroyed, the old government departments, the old courts and the old police were abolished, and the old army was dismissed. Set out to set up people's committees, people's courts, workers' and peasants' inspection institutes and workers' police, and set up a new red army of workers and peasants. Abolish the old hierarchical system during the period of Russian Empire, declare that the people of all ethnic groups in China have equal rights and equality between men and women, and abolish all the privileges of the church; The Soviet regime took over banks, railways and factories. Later, large-scale industries were nationalized and foreign trade monopolized, and an eight-hour working day was implemented, with workers supervising production. Confiscate the land of landlords, royal families and monasteries and give it to farmers for farming; At the beginning of 19 18, all the foreign debts owed by the tsar and the bourgeois provisional government were cancelled, so that the Soviet people were not exploited by foreign capital. In order to consolidate the revolutionary regime, the All-Russian Committee for Eliminating Counterrevolutionaries (Cheka for short) with dzerzhinsky as the chairman was established to resolutely suppress the sabotage activities of counter-revolutionaries.

At home, the Bolsheviks have just seized power and are still unstable. Russian people are paying attention to Bolshevik foreign policy. Internationally, although people all over the world hate imperialist wars, they can't find a way out. In this case, Lenin foresaw that if Russia withdrew from the war first, it would give an impetus and an example to the people of the belligerent countries. The Russian revolution will find a way out from the European revolution. The revolutionary wave after the war proved Lenin's foresight.

The designers of the October Revolution viewed the Russian Revolution from an international perspective. They deeply realize that the Russian revolution is an integral part of the world revolution. They know that the revolution against war is the most powerful weapon of the proletariat against the imperialist war.

[Edit this paragraph] Impact

1 October Revolution was the first successful socialist revolution in human history, which established the first socialist country led by the proletariat, opened up a new era for human beings to explore the socialist road, spread Marxism-Leninism to the whole world and greatly shocked the capitalist world.

The October Revolution declared to the whole world that a brand-new social system has changed from an ideal to a reality. This is the first time in human history to eliminate the unequal society of exploitation and oppression, and to try to build a fair, just and prosperous society for the first time.

The October Revolution dealt a heavy blow to imperialist rule and greatly inspired the international proletarian revolutionary movement and the liberation movement of the oppressed peoples in colonies and semi-colonies.

It changed the development direction of Russian history, transformed the road of Russia in a socialist way, and had a great impact on the development of the whole human society.

Mao Zedong wrote a passage in 1949: "The October Revolution brought us Marxism–Leninism with artillery. The October Revolution helped the advanced elements in the world and China, and used the proletarian world outlook as a tool to observe the destiny of the country and reflect on their own problems. Take the road of Russia-this is the conclusion. "

[Edit this paragraph] Reflection on the world trend since the October Revolution

Historical problems and theoretical roots

Liu Zhou

(1) The international capitalist movement trend is the most important worldwide historical trend in 19 and 20th century. However, by the end of the 20th century, with the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the capitalist countries in Eastern Europe, the international capitalist movement fell into the lowest and lasting low tide. The appearance of this persistent low tide is the most serious failure in the history of the international capitalist movement. Its formation is of course determined by many reasons. However, it is meaningless to say that there is no theoretical guidance for such a major failure. Any historical event has its theoretical reasons. The sustained low tide of the international capitalist movement also has its theoretical roots.

(2) that origin of this theory,

It is to overemphasize class contradictions and ignore ethnic contradictions, and ignore the promoting role of material interests in the revolutionary process. Revolution is only a social phenomenon based on material interests. The proletariat of imperialist countries and the proletariat of backward nationalities have a "long-term" common interest: to realize a capitalist society. However, it has a direct interest relationship with the domestic bourgeoisie: due to the military aggression and economic plunder of the bourgeoisie, not only the bourgeoisie has obtained high profits, but also the proletariat has obtained more employment opportunities and higher wages. Therefore, in imperialist countries, the proletariat actually acts as the "high interest" of the bourgeoisie. Because of this "sharing of stolen goods", they developed opportunism, relaxed or abandoned the class struggle against their own bourgeoisie, and in the final analysis, they formed what Engels called "the bourgeois proletariat" and "the nation that exploited the whole world". Corresponding to this is the formation of the exploited nation.

Therefore, in practice, the "bourgeois proletariat" in the "exploitation of the nation" is more based on its direct interests and national concepts, and is United with its own bourgeoisie. Instead of uniting with the exploited national proletariat on the basis of realizing the long-term interests of capitalism and the international friendship of the proletariat. This is the real reason why Lenin pointed out in the First World War that "only Liebknecht is the representative of socialism, proletarian cause and proletarian revolution" in German Marxist political parties-because the German proletariat is United with its own bourgeoisie. Similarly, when the "exploiting nation" suffers from military aggression and economic plunder, the proletariat of the exploited nation also unites with its own bourgeoisie to resist foreign aggression. This was the case when the United front of all classes in China was formed during the Anti-Japanese War (during the Anti-Japanese War, most of the Japanese proletariat was actually a vassal of the Japanese bourgeoisie's invasion of China).

Therefore, in the era when the world has been divided into exploited nations and exploited nations-both exploited nations and exploited nations, their domestic class contradictions have been alleviated because of "the proletariat participates in the distribution of stolen goods after plunder"; Or it was shelved because of foreign oppression-in short, class contradictions generally fell to a secondary position and were replaced by ethnic contradictions. So as far as the reality of this era is concerned, the proletariat is the national proletariat first, and then the world proletariat. The cohesion of the nation far exceeds class. The influence and impact of proletarian nationality on "proletarian unity all over the world" constitutes the great limitation of this international proletarian movement strategy. Although Marxist sages knew this for a long time, they never raised it to the height of principles and theories to guide revolutionary practice. So it has been in a passive position on this issue. This is an extremely important reason for the low tide of the international capitalist movement. Therefore, the sustained low tide of the international proletarian movement is not only a failure of practice, but also a failure of theory. The key to the failure of this theory is that it does not put "uniting the exploited nations all over the world" in the same important or prominent position as "uniting the proletarians all over the world".

(3) In the whole process of the world proletarian revolution, imperialism has always been the biggest enemy and the biggest obstacle of the proletarian revolution. Any strategy that is conducive to overcoming and overcoming this obstacle is revolutionary and scientific. To overcome this obstacle, it is absolutely impossible without the national unity of the oppressed peoples all over the world. But if we want to unite the oppressed nations all over the world, we can't push the bourgeoisie (that is, the ruling class) of the oppressed nations that have not yet had a revolution to the side of imperialism. Although the bourgeoisie of the oppressed nation also oppresses and exploits its own proletariat, their contradiction with the imperialist countries determines that they must have the requirements of national revolution. The world proletarian revolution is inevitable, and it can only happen in a few countries and regions first. Only by uniting with the bourgeoisie of most oppressed nations can we finally defeat and complete the world proletarian revolution. However, the domestic class struggle in the country where the proletarian revolution first took place was too fierce, which helped imperialism in this respect. They didn't pay attention to such an internal connection, that is, only by adopting a certain class alliance with the domestic bourgeoisie can we truly unite the bourgeoisie of the oppressed nation that has not yet undergone revolution. Only by uniting the bourgeoisie, which is dominant among the oppressed nations, can we unite the whole nation they rule. Only by uniting the majority of the whole oppressed nation can we finally defeat imperialism and finally complete the world proletarian revolution. So the result not only scared away the forces that should be United, but also pushed this force to the imperialist side. It is precisely because of this strategic mistake that the proletarian revolution came to a standstill shortly after World War II. The most fundamental reason for this stagnation is that a large number of oppressed nationalities with the bourgeoisie as the ruling class have taken refuge in imperialism. Therefore, the confrontation between the capitalist country camp and the producer country camp-the two camps after World War II is itself the most serious consequence of the strategic mistakes of the international producer country movement. The first product of this confrontation is that the world proletarian revolution has stopped, and the second product is that the proletarian political parties in socialist countries are constantly changing color. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the Soviet Union ceased to be the proletarian Soviet Union, but was transformed into a bourgeois political party. Therefore, Yeltsin and Gorbachev were not the chief culprits in eliminating the Soviet Union, they just went through a legal procedure to terminate the Soviet Union.

(4) The confrontation between capitalist countries has also brought about great changes in the whole capitalist world. First of all, because of the fear of proletarian revolution, the bourgeoisie in various countries generally adopted a large degree of class concession measures in their own countries to improve the political treatment and living conditions of the proletariat in their own countries, so the class contradictions in various countries were eased. Secondly, the imperialist bourgeoisie has taken more measures of political wooing and economic assistance to the bourgeoisie of the oppressed nationalities, which has strengthened the unity of the whole capitalist country. At this time, the proletarian leaders lost confidence in the future of the revolution because of the stagnation of the proletarian revolution. The loss of confidence eventually led to the loss of faith, and the loss of faith made the revolutionary ranks alienated and qualitatively changed. As a result, the proletarian party unconsciously became a bourgeois party. Therefore, the collapse of the Soviet Union and eastern European countries began with the qualitative change of the production parties in various countries. In essence, the collapse of the Soviet Union and the capitalist countries in Eastern Europe is not the failure of the international capitalist movement, but its whole significance is only to help people confirm that qualitative changes have taken place for a long time. So from this perspective, its positive significance is undoubtedly the main influence on the entire international capitalist movement.

(5) The collapse of the Soviet Union and the capitalist countries in Eastern Europe marked the end of the climax of the 20th century and the beginning of a new climax. With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the capitalist countries in Eastern Europe, and the failure of the bourgeois celebration movement, the long-term policy of class relaxation implemented by the bourgeoisie in various countries will inevitably change, as will the long-term policy of imperialism to win over the oppressed national bourgeoisie. Therefore, the intensification of class contradictions between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, and the intensification of national contradictions between imperialist countries and oppressed nations, which are common in all countries of the world, is inevitable in any case. The new, bigger and fiercer class contradictions and ethnic contradictions will surely create all conditions for the new and unprecedented international proletarian movement climax.

[Edit this paragraph] The causes of the October Revolution

(1) At the beginning of the 20th century, Russia's economy was still relatively behind the capitalist power America.

(2) In the First World War, the Russian people suffered great disasters. Across the country/kloc-more than 0/0 million people were pulled into the army, with millions of casualties. Many front-line soldiers have no shoes to wear, and even a few people use guns. Large areas of cultivated land in China are barren, factories have closed down, prices have soared, and food is extremely scarce. One day, the capital Petrograd couldn't even buy a loaf of bread.

(3) The economy is on the verge of collapse.

(D) All kinds of social contradictions in China have intensified unprecedentedly.